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tails 

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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rrata 
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pelure, 
1  6 


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6 

PHOTO  BY  BAKSR,  NOV. '93. 


PREHISTORIC  IMPLEMENTS 


A  REFERENCE  BOOK. 


A  DoscriptiDi"!  of  the  Ornaments,  Utensils,  and   Implements  of   Pre 

Columbian  Man  in  America. 


BY 


WARREN  K.  MOOREHEAD, 


Assisted  by 
Professor  g.  h.  phrkins,  Mr.  a.  F.  BHRLIN,  doctors  l.  G.  YATbS  and 

R.  STHINER,  THE  REVEREND  H.  C.  MHRHDITH,   MESSRS.  G.  H.  LAID- 

,LAW  AND  M.    WILKINSON,   DOCTOR  J.   F.  SNYDHR,    AND 

PROFESSOR  T.  H.  LEWIS. 


621  Figures,  Showing  3,000  Specimens. 


THE  ROBERT  CLARKE  CO.,  PUBLISHLRS, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

1^00 


) 


Press  of 

AM.KN"   I.  VOSlURdll, 

.Siiiaimc  Luke,  N,  Y. 


EDITION,  2,050  COPIES. 


copyright,  IHOd. 

WaKKKN    K.    MociMKllKAI). 

All  riKhts  reservfd. 


iiCMAbUn  uixttrcnoiu  LIBRMS 


'•7- 


..■(: 


PREFACE 


7^ 


"i  .'.-^ 


."-^ 


(^^  ■•■•'"■' 


/l'^ 


personal  attention     and   a^   «   .  ^  '^^'''^'"'?  constant 

lion,    and   as   a   consequence  the   errata  ei;,.  / 

longer  than  it  otherwise  would  be*  ^  ^^^^^^   '5'   '^)  *« 

I  owe    Mr.    A.    F.  Berlin   and  Dr    L    C    V.f 
several  errors  which  occur  in  their  Sections  ^'  ''°'°^''"  ^°^  '''^ 

A  work  of  this  nature  is  somewhat  of  a  task  Pv       ( 

every  moment  of  his  time       It  r..    •  !  "^  °""  ^^'^  ^«  ^'^^  ^^ 

iuh  lime.      It  requires   much  researrh   •„        u      ,     . 
erature  and  a  very  exten^iv.  .  ,  research   ,n  archa-ological  lit- 

field  in  e„  ...^ .Z;:^^^  7;;-  "-^  >>-  --nPted  so  ..oad  a 

-..,o,v  a  .o„,;:jHrr;:::;:r  ^ru  ^--^  ^-""" 

Pl.es,  is  confined  ,o  a  description  of  ,he  s.one da!    ,  "  '"  "'""'  '""' 

of  ancient  times,  and  treats  not  of  cuitur  s  "'  "'"  *'"  "''J'"^'' 

^eudents  wisfiin,  to  post  <hen,selve  tL^^T^^^^^^^  ^^'""--      ^hose 

Thomas'  volume,  ''''  P°'"'=  should  read  Dr. 

Tile  professional  archa.oloiri'ils  n(  tk. 
book  is  not  for  then,.,.     ,  mentC  it     st       r'::;"  ""''-'-'  '"^  '^'' 

r::::;rT;:-rrr/^r^-'™^^^^ 

Tor  over  3  years  I  have  bee^il^fferln^f;: T" --    "een  oDtamed. 

cently  that  I  have  been  able  to  give  -ful   tLl  .'"J"'™''""''^  ^"''^'■'^"'osisTaiirit Ts^yTe 
nent  recovery.  ^""  ^""*'      'o  „,y  profession.     I  am  assured  of  peLt 

+There  are  27  men  who  may  be  con«iH»,-»^     • 
connected  in  various  capacities^vi^^Z't'.L'ur.'^^*'^  -ch.ologists.     There  are  .3  other. 


IV 


Prcthcf. 


Did  Prehistoric  Implements  pretend  to  be  more  than  an  illustrated  de- 
scriptive catalogue,  the  omission  of  earthworks,  tumuli,  villaf,'e  sites  •  and; 
other  remains  would  be  inexcusable.  Indeed,  there  are  a  few  brief  refer- 
ences which  could  not  well  be  omitted.  Hut  I  have  endeavored  to  adhere 
strictly  to  my  original  plan  and  not  depart  from  a  simple  description  of  types. 

The  primary  object  (jf  Prehistoric  Implements  is  to  inform  the  student 
and  beginner.  It  also  has  a  secondary  mission  —similar  to  that  of  my  Hulletin 
Series — to  call  attention  to  unknown  types,  and  tostinndate  the  study  of  speci- 
mens in  museums  and  private  collections.  It  emphasizes  the  need  of  an 
archteologic  nomenclature  ;  it  illustrates  various  types  from  one  section  of 
the  country  and  urges  comparison  with  forms  of  another  locality. 

I  used  to  regard  the  Hner  grades  of  flint  implements  more  highly  than 
any  other  class  of  artifacts.  But  after  years  of  study  I  am  convinced  that 
the  ornamental,  or  "  ceremonial,"  or  unknown  classes  represent  a  broader 
field  for  archaologic  study.  It  is  a  pitiful  admission,  and  one  which  I  re- 
gret to  make  in  these  pages,  that  we  cannot  tell  positively  how,  why  and 
when  these  slate  and  granite  Crescents,  Banners,  Butterflies,  Boats,  etc.,  etc., 
were  made.  All  the  cabinets  and  museums  are  full  of  them.  They  are 
graceful,  artistic  and  stand  for  the  highest  art  in  neolithic  times.  Why  have 
we  all  neglected  them  .'  Individually,  or  as  a  class,  they  are  much  more  at- 
tractive than  the  chipped  or  pecked  artifacts. 

Can  we  not,  as  archa'ologists,  get  together  and  solve  some  of  these 
problems  .'  We  are  supposed  to  be  skillful  in  the  interpretation  of  aboriginal 
mysteries — are  we  to  be  battled  by  a  bit  of  polished  slate  with  a  hole  drilled 
through  it  .'  Wherein  does  the  power  of  our  science  lie  if  we  must  interpret 
through  a  comparison  with  specimens  in  use  in  historic  times  amongst  mod- 
ern tribes  .'  We  are  not  true  students  of  "  pre-history  "  if  we  depend  npon 
things  purely  historic.  I  shall  feel  amply  repaid  if  this  volume  stimulates 
research  and  study  of  the  ornamental  or  "ceremonial"  class,  the  most  in- 
teresting and  important  of  all  the  handiwork  of  primitive  man. 

It  will  be  observed  that  I  have  written  for  the  beginning  collector  and 
student.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  remarks  on  "  Paleolithic  Man  "(which 
I  could  not  resist)  I  have  avoided  discussion  and  obscure  generalities.  I 
have  stuck  to  the  old  terms — Indians,  American  Race,  pre-Columbian  Tribes, 
etc.      Amerind  would,  doubtless,  have  been  more  proper. 

The  Editors  trust  that  the  several  hundred  titles  presented  will  afford 
readers  all  necessary  references  for  comparative  reading. 


I'rcfhcc.  .  y 

To  the  Editors  I  am  especially  indebted.  It  would  have  been  inmossi- 
blc  to  accurately  describe  the  prevailing  types  in  their  region.,  for  I  an,  not 
fam.har  with  the  areas  they  describe.  The  Sections  written  by  these  sev 
e..-U  f^entlenien  are  the  most  important  portions  of  this  volume  and  I  wish  to 
express  n,y  h„d,  appreciation  of  the  service  the  e.litors  have  rendered  me 
Professor  Perkins  has  presented  New  En.dand  as  con.pletely  as  possible  in 
the  small  space  allowed  him. 

St-.tJ''°^T7  t  ^'  ''"■""  ''  •''  ^""''"  authority  on  the  Eastern  United 
States  and  students  wdl  learn  nu.ch  from  his  Sect.on.  I  ,-e,ret  that  sun.e 
pages  and  dlustrations  had  to  be  omitted   from  his  paper. 

Dr^Loren.o  G.  Yates  knows  Southern  California   better  than    anyone 
else.      H,s  state  has  been  ne^jlected  by  writers.      I    have,  therefore,  given   it 
more  space  than  other  areas  of  e<,ual  size.      I  nn.st   apologize  to  Dr.  Yate. 
.      as  well  as  to  Mr.  Berlin,    for  o.nitting  some  pages  of  his  .MS.    and   several 
figures. 

Messrs.  G.  E.  Laidlaw   and    Mac  Wilkinson   have   n>y  thanks   for  their 
labors  ,n  treating  of  Canada  and  the  St.  Lawrence  Section. 

Dr.  Roland    Steiner  is   an   authority  on    Georgia   and    his  contribution 
sheds  much  light  on  primitive  conditions  in  the  South.      I  thank  hin> 

No  one  is  more  con>petent   to  write  on   Northern  Califonia  than  the 
Rev.  Mr.  H.  C    Meredith.      I  thank  him  for  his  efforts 

Doctor  J.  E.  Snyder.    Professor  T.  H.    Lewis  and  Mr.    Robert  Gordon 
have  my  gratitude  for  articles  and  MSS.  on  various  and  in,portant  subjects 
A  number  of  gentlemen  made  for  me  illustrations  (half-tones  and  wood 
cuts)  of  un.que  a,  well  as  typical  .speci.nens  in  their  collections.      I  a.n  much 
indebted  to  the  following  : 

Col.  Bennett  H.  Young.  Mr.   John  T.  Reeder.    Mr.  Thomas  Beckwith. 
The   Rev    Jan,es    Savage.    Mr.    George   E.    Barnes.    Jr..    Professor  W.    () 

Jas.  A.  Barr.    1  he  Rev.  H.  C.  Meredith,  Professor  A.  ].  Waychoff.  Mr.  H  S 
riurlbutt. 

The  lis.  of  those  who  kindly  ,e,„  notes,  photographs,  drawings,  etc, ,  and 
fnrmshed  .nformation  is  ,00  long  to  be  reprodnced  i„  fnll.  ,  thank  all  ladies 
and  gentletnen  who  co-operated  with  „,e  in  n.aking  ,l,e  book  a  success 
1  here  are  npwards  of  300,  representing  every  state  and  territory,  who  de^ 
scr,bed  types  which  they  thonght  had  no.  conre  .0  ,ny  notice.  All  .he^e 
con,n,nn,ca,i„„s  and  illustrations  have  been  med  for  fn.ure  reference.  They 
shall  be  permanently  preserved.     Some  of  them  are  ; 


The  Kpv.  E.  C.  Mitrhell,  Mr.  (Jeorge  Katzenber;,'er,  Mr.  R.  Wetherill, 
Dr.  P.  D.Winship.Mr.  J.W.  Feck.  Mr.  A  L.  Hopkins. Prof.  W.C.  Mills. Mr. C. 
H.  Collins.  Dr.  J.  M.  Hrooks,  Mr.  W.  F.  Parker.  Mr.  C.J.  Beencks,  The  Rev. 
Wm.  Heauchanip,  Mr.  M.  C.  Lonfj.  Mr.  Jasper  Brown,  Mr.  James  Weir. 
Messrs.  Poj^ne  &  Pogue,  Mr.  H.  I.  Smith.  Mr.  Charles  Iv  Brown,  Mr.  H.  P. 
Hamilton,  Mr.  E.  L.  Guthrie,  Mr.  (i  J.  Chadd.  Mr.  L.  S.  Drew  Mr.  W.  C. 
Herriman,  Mrs.  R.  H.  Spencer.  The  Rev.  Mr.  St.  Onge,  Mr.  C.  J.  Wertz, 
Mr.  W.  H.  Davis.  Mr.  L.  W.  Hills.  Dr  Cavey,  Mr.  George  Williamson.  Mr. 
A.  B.  Coover.  Mr.  H.  S.  Binkley.  Mr.  John  N.  Hodgin,  Messrs.  Frierson 
Brothers.  Mr.  A.  J.  Powers.  Captain  Richard  Wainwright 

I  am  indebted  to  a  number  of  museums,  individuals  and  publishers  who 
were  kind  enough  to  loan  me  certain  plates  and  figures  for  insertion.  But 
for  this  the  cost  of  illustrating  would  have  been  largely  increased.  I  desire 
to  thank  General  G.  P.  Thruston  and  The  Robert  Clarke  Co.  for  the  loan  of 
figures  from  "Antiquities  of  Tennessee"  ;  the  Hon.  J.  V'.  Browerfor  numer- 
ous plates  from  his  "  Quivira  "  and  "Harahey";  Dr.  F.  H.  Williams  for 
figures  from  "  Prehistoric  Remains  of  the  Tun.xis  Valley"  ;  The  Bureau  of 
Ethnology  and  gentlemen  connected  therewith  for  permission  to  reproduce 
certain  figures  ;  Professor  F.  W.Putnam,  of  the  Peabody  Museum  and  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  Historj*.  for  permission  to  reproduce  figures  ; 
the  Ohio  State  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  for  the  loan  of  cuts  ; 
Popular  Science  and  Dr.  L.  G.  Yates  for  figures  ;  Mr.  W.  J.  Seeverand  Mr. 
J.  M.  M.  Gernerd,  Professor  H.  C.  Mercer  and  Doctor  Thomas  Wilson  for 
loan  of  cuts. 

The  publication  of  Prehistoric  Implements  may  bring  to  light  specimens 
that  have  been  hidden  away  in  private  collections — objects  unknown  or  rare 
forms.  If  the  book  is  favorably  received,  I  trust  that  it  will  be  possible  to 
issue  a  new  and  revised  edition  at  some  future  time. 

WARREN  K.  MOOREHEAD. 

Saranac  Lake,  N.  Y.,  June  4Th,  1900. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


SECTION  I, 

Collections,  Explorations,  the  Southwest, 

The  Makin/,'  of  a  Collection,      . 

The  Keeping  of  a  Collection. 

As  to  the  Arrangement  of  Specimens. 

The  Southwest,         .  . 

Ceramics, 

Effigies  and  Unknown  Objects. 

Ornaments  of  Shell.      ... 

Perforated  Stones, 

SECTION    II, 

The  Upper  Missouri  and  Mississippi, 

SECTION   in. 

The  Great  Plains  and  Lower  Missouri, 
Implements  of  Stone  and  Flint, 
Synopsis  (Great  Plains,  etc.). 

SECTION  IV. 

Archteology  of  New  England.    .  /^-r^    .^k^ ■  A  ^'2.>^;^.w^ 

Burial  Place^. 

Shell  Object. ,    . 

Shell  Heaps, 

Objects  of  Honw. 

Objects  of  Coppc, 

Pottery,  .  "  '  ' 

Steatite  or  Soapstone  Dishes, 

Ground  and  Polished  Stone  Implemeni 

CeltF,  .  .  '  ■  •  ■ 

Notched  and  Grooved   Axi- 
Pestles,         .  _ 

Hammers  and  Pounders— Pitted  Stone-, 
Slate  Knives, 


'7 
i8 

26 

27 
29 

31 
42 
46 


49 


64 
69 
84 


86 

87 
90 

91 

91 

93 

94 

99 

102 

105 

106 

108 

109 

no 


VIII 


Contents. 


Seiniliiiirir  Knives, 

Pipes,  "  ■  • 

Discdidal  Stories.  "  *  ' 

Ceremonial  ()l)je(ts,    .  .  '  ' 

Chipped  and  l"laked  Iinpleiro„ts, 

Scrapers,      .  '  "  ' 

Hil)lio},TapIiy,     .  _  '  '  ■ 

SKCTION    V. 
The  Mi<ldle  South  an.l  South  Appahichian. 
Missouri.  Northern  Arkansas  and  !•  astern  Iowa 
Axes,  Pestles.  C"eits,  etc.,      .  .  '  '  ' 

Hematites,         .  '  '  '  ' 

Tennessee,  Arkansas.  Missouri,  etc..  Pottery 

Hone  and  Shell  Objects,  .  ■^'  • 

Axes  and  Polished  Stone  Hatchets, 

Flint  Weapons  and  Implements, 

Lar<,re  Flint  Implements, 

Ornaments  and  Ceremonials, 

Bicave.  or  Disco.dal  Stones.'      ^,  J.  Jt.  SL^,gA^ 

Additional  Information,  (f         '  "'^^^^^     • 

Stone  Tubes,  Possible  Musical  Instruments 

v^ontmuation  of  the  Middle  South,  "  "  ' 

Colonel  Youngs'  Collection,  '  "  '  ' 

Ornaments,  etc.,  from  Mr.'wiers'  Collection.   .        "  "  ' 

V\  here  Specmiens  may  be  procured 

Maryland.  West  Virf,n-nia.  Virginia. 'etc..      "  "  "  ' 

1  he  Lower  Potomac.  \'irginia    o^c  '  ' 

Appendix  to  Section  II.  Minnesota  Artifacts.    ^.ZM£u^ 

SECTION    vr. 


The  Ea5t  Alleghany. 

Habitat. 

Material. 


Paleolith.- 


Core 


or  Rude  Stone  Impl 


:s  and  Flake? 


plements. 


Flaked  Implements—Arrow-heads 

Spear-heads. 

Knives  or  Cutting  Tools. 

Scrapers. 

Drilling  Tools  or  Perforators. 

Steatite  Tools  and  Vessels 


■  "3 

"4 

i 

I  IS 

i 

I  IS 

1 

122 

% 

'-.1 

% 

125 

- 

126 

\ 

127 

'31 

'.>2 

'35 

141 

'44 

'44 

'47 

15^ 

163 

A 

168 

H 

168 

H 

169 

1 

169 

H 

^71 

^H 

'75 

wm 

^77 

H[ 

'79 

^K 

182 


185 
185 

186 
188 
189 
191 

200 

203 

204 
205 

207 


"3 

,| 

114 

1 

1  IS 

1 

1  l.S 
122 

I 

'-.1 

'^ 

135 


126 


131 


Contents. 

Anvil  Shaped  Stones. 

Net  Sinkers,  "  " 

Adzes  and  Chisels. 

Kelics  of  Copper  from  Eastern  Pennsylvania   etc 

Articles  of  Shell  in  New  York,  ' 

Gouges,        .  '  '  ■ 

Pipes, 

Polished  Stone  Hatchets  or  Celts. 

Ceremonial  Weapons. 

Pestles,  Mullers,  etc., 

Bird  or  Saddle  Stones,  etc.. 

Pierced  Tablets  or  Gorgets,' etc., 
Pendants.  Cupped  o:  Pitted  Stones^  etc 
Heads,  '  ' 

Hammer  Stones. 

The  Woman's  K;  .  c, 

Pottery, 

Grooved  A.\es. 

Articles  of  Bone  in  New  York, 

Bibliography, 


Archteology  of  California, 

Southern  California, 

Habitation, 

Utensils. 

Stone  Cups  and  Bowls, 

Food  Material, 

Weapons, 

Perforated  Stones  and  Discs. 
Pipes,   . 

Prehistoric  Money  and  Ornaments. 

Fish  Hooks. 

Scarifacators. 

Tubes, 

Pottery, 

Basketry  and  Basket  Mortars. 

Flaked  Stone  Implements. 

Charm  Stones, 

Arrow  Straighteners, 

Rubbing  Stones, 

Bibliography, 


SECTION  VII 


IX 

20(} 
2  \0 
212 
212 
213 

213 

214 

2If> 
2I(> 
221 
221 

221 

224 

224 

225. 

22  C 

226 

226 
228 
229 


230 
230 
231 

232 

232- 
234 

235 
238 
241 

244 
246 

247 
248 
248 
248 
250 
250 
250 


Contents. 


SECTION   \III, 


British  Columbia  and  the  Northwest  Coast, 
BibUof^raphy,  .... 


253 


SECTION  IX. 

Archaoluf^ry  of  CaUfornia,  Central  and  Norther 

Earthworks, 

Chipped  Implements, 

Spear  Heads,  .  .  . 

Arrow  Points, 

Drills,  .... 

Arrowshaft  Scrapers, 

Bone  Implements  and  Whistles. 

Game  Bones,  Nose  and  Hair  Pins, 

Bone  Knives,  Spears  or  Harpoons, 

Shell  Ornaments, 

Grooved  Stones, 

Perforated  Stones, 

War  Clubs,  Cylinders, 

Medicine  Stones,  Plummets, 

Pottery,  .... 

Steatite  Objects,  Pipes, 

Mortars  and  Pestles,  .   '^       'V 

Miscellaneous,  .  .  . 

Paint.  Celt,        .... 

Rubbing  Stones,  Crescents, 

Effigies,  .... 

Ceremonial  Knives, 

Bibliography,  .... 


n  California,   ^  25S    . 

.      25S 

259 

.    •  .  .      263 

263 

.  267 
269 
269 
270 

.  271 
273 

•  275 
276 

,  278 
280 

.      2.S3 

284 

■  .'     286 

288 

.  289 
291 
291 

•  293 
294 


SECTION    X 


St.  Lawrence  Basin  and  Canada, 

Pottery, 

Flint  Relics, 

Ceremonials,    . 

Stone  Pipes, 

Axes,  Celts  and  Gouges, 

Copper  Objects, 


C^^Mc 


.A^t-d-^rvz^ 


305 
306 
306 
308 
314 

317 

320 


The  Ohio  Valley, 


?r.  K. 


SECTION  XI 


330 


253 


2  5'S 

25S 

259 

263 

263 

267 

269 

269 

270 

271 

273 

275 

276 

278 

280 

2.S3 

284 

286 

288 

2  89 

291 

291 

293 

294 


Contents. 

Pipes, 

Copper  and  Mica  Objects, 

Inscribed  Stones, 

Pliiinmets, 

Too)  Sharpeners,      .  . 

l)ird  Stones, 

Pestles, 

Bone  and  Shell  Objects, 

Flint  Implements,    , 

Ornaments,  Ceremonials  and  Unknown  Objects, 
Carved  Spools, 
Celts  and  Axes, 
Additional  Information. 

SECTION  XII. 


/^     /S^-^Vt<i^     ^S^Ca^t^-yt.jzA^ 


The  South, 

Grooved  Axes, 

iMortars, 

Knives, 

Drills, 

Hicave  (or  Discoidals), 

Synopsis  of  Types, 

Scrapers,     . 

Idols  and  Pipes, 

Cup  Stones, 

Spear-heads— Arrow  Points, 

Ceremonials  and  Pendants, 

Pottery, 

Appendix, 

Information  on  Various  subjects. 

Slate  Tablets  and  Arrows, 

Fire  Making  Apparatus, 

Cord  and  How  Drills, 

Cerm  of  Shore-land  Pottery, 

Pottery  Decoration, 


XI 

331 
33  5 
3iC>- 
3i7 
n^ 

342 
342 

345- 
352 

35-^ 
360 
36^ 


364- 
367 

368 

369- 
372 

375 
376 

379' 

3S2 

3.^3 
3^9- 


395 

■     395 

396' 

•  397 
398' 

•  39'*?- 
399, 4UO 


SECTION  XI 11. 


The  Manufacture  of  Flint  Implements, 
Flaking  by  Heat  Theory, 
Flint  Ridge  Ouarries, 


40 1 
413 
413' 


mm 


■■■■ii 


XII 


Contents. 


SECTION  .:iv. 


Additional  Information,  Concliidinj,'  Remarks, 
Fraudulent  Specimens, 
Detection  of  Frauds,     . 
General  Observations, 


416 

416 
416 
421 


l!      ' 


4i6 

416 
416 
421 


ERRATA. 

Indi^:^:rMi^^:.''^-  ^       ^^^  ^-'-  -^    ^--^   -   ^o.„tain  County. 
Page  24.      ..Hon.   J.  V.  Brower."  not  '.  Bower  " 
Page  25.      Ninth  line  from  bottom.      "  Cremated."  not  -crea  "  etc 
Page  29.      "Ceramics,"  not  "ceremics"  "ea,     etc. 

Pages..      Undercut:      "Tempe."  not  '•  temple." 

Page  41.      5th  line  from  bottom  :    -Fig.  50"  instead  of  "  C  " 

correct^m^tofrshdl.'""  '^^^^"^  ^  '^^^""^"^"^  ^'^^^"^^^  ^--  is  the 
name'^Jshell.  '''  '"^  '''"  ^'^  '°"°"^  ^  ^"^'^  "'^^^"'^  ^meline  is  proper 
^^^    Page43.      7th  line  from  top  :    -  I  have  taken  two  from,"  not  '•  two  for." 

ITZ  !'■      ?!' ,""'  'T'  ^°P  ^    "  ^^'"^°  •  should  be  . .  Umbo. " 
PaJe  '?■        f ''"^^"-^- -'^  ••    -Water-shed"  instead  of  .'water-hoad  " 
age.S.      2d  hne  from  bottom  :    '•  exigencies,"  not  •.exe.,"etc 

pologist'"    '•      '*'  '^'^''''''  ^^^"^  ^^P  ^    "  ^-ha.o,ogist "  instead  of  •  -Anthro- 

IZt      '"*V'"V""; '""""•    "-«P--nted."not  ..is,"etc 
P  L  80      S      '"-/--  bottom  :    -Sacred  pole."  not  -.pie." 

of    •'^:  'nite."r       "^  ^''°^'^  ^"V^    ""^^^^  were.,nitesu;:nor."  instead 
^^^J^-».e  93.      Fourteenth  line  fromtop  :    -  tribes  which."  instead  of  -tribes 

Page  93-      Fig.  i  ,4  should  be  added  to  description  •   a  tvnP  nf  .,      u 
b.  harpoon  or  sDe.r  •  r-    ri    ,,^;   *    i        >  ^"pi'oii  .   a.  tjne  of  staghorn  ; 

I'aS  ,'!!■     s?  I""  '"'"  '"''  '■    "  ''-'•-"■'■^'-■"  no.  •■  Pre.' 
» age  144.     Statement  concerning  Fig     6  should    r^a^     .. 

\Z    tl'     ir      "  '"'"  '"P  ^    ■■  "■  »'■  ^^'"^'Pl^^-  i-'ead  of   .•  W    H  ■ 
■'^e  MS.      iMg.  ..5  represent,,  a  trojj,  no,  a  h.nnan.    Scale  ,.3  n„,  ,  ,. 


1 


XIV 


Ennta. 


1 6th  line  from  bottom  : 
Sth   line   from   bottom 


Moccasin  Bend,"  not  "point." 
'now   for   sale,  '  instead  of  "sale 


Page  169. 
Page  175. 
now  for." 

Page  191.  3d  line  below  Flaked  Implements,  a  comma  between  the 
words  "  another,  in." 

Page  194.     4th  line  from  top,   "  apperature  "  should  have  only  one  "  p." 
Page  197.      Last  line  under  Fig.  288,  letter  "o"  should  be  "of." 
Page  198.      6th  line  from  top,   "  the"  should  be  "  a." 
Page  199.      10th  line  down,  "  Kuntztown  "  should  be  "Kutztown." 
Page  199.      14th  line  from  top,  "  Brush  "  should  be  "  Bush." 
Page  199.      17th  line  from  top,   "three"  should  be  "two." 
Page  199.      Fig.  299  is  from  Deisher  Collection.    Found  near  Kutztown. 
Page  202.     3d  line  from  top,   "  hunting  spears  "  should  not  be  in  italics. 
Page  202.      Opposite  cut  ;   3d  line.  Fig.  306  drops  the  word  "  was  "  be- 
fore the  word  "chipped."     In  the  lower  line  of  the  same  description  "Lock" 
should   be    "Loch    Haven."     9th  line  from  bottom  of  page,   "  Hunnepin  " 
should   be  "  Hennepin."     The  word  "again"  in  the  loth  line  from  the  bot- 
tom up  should  be  erased. 

Page  203.  2d  line  from  top,  should  be  "  implements."  "  Teshous  "  in 
loth  line  from  bottom  is  printed  "To  the  left  of  them, "should  be  "Those 
figured  on  the  lower  part  of  the  cut  are  4  water-worn,"  etc. 

Page  206.     Sth  line  from  top,  ' '  exapnding, "  should  be  ' '  expanding. " 
Page  206.      Fig.  311.      "  Stjuamusae"  should  be  "squamosal." 
Fig.  313  is  shown  full,  not  \  size. 

Last  line  on  this  page  should  be  ' '  Bucks  "  and  not  ' '  Buck's  " 
Sth  line  below  Fig.  319,  should  be  "J.  M.  M."  not  "  T.  M." 
4th  line  from  top,   "niched"  should  be  "nicked." 
5th   line   below  Pipes  should  be  "evinced"  and  not  "con- 


Page  207. 
Page  209 
Page  2  I  o, 
Page  2 1 1 
Page  2  r  4, 

vinced." 

Page  216. 

line  from  bottom 


utor     an 


almost"  should  be  "always."     Sth 
Dt  "  monotor. " 


Page  232. 


Third  line  from,  top, 
)uld  be  "  monitoi 
line  from  bottom  for  "  crustaceous  "  read    "  crustaceans 


Page  233.      2d  line  from  top  for  "Tuolunne"  read  "  tuolunme. 
Page  233.      5th  line  from  top  for  "  trappeau  "  read  "  trappe 


an. 


13th  line  from  bottom,  for  "have"  read  "  I  have." 
5th    line    from    bottom,    for    "  Haliotio    refuscene "    readi 
"Haliotis  rufescens. " 
Page  235.      loth    line    from    bottom,    for    "Santa   Rose"  read  "Santa 


Rosa. 


Page  23S.      3d  line  from  top,  for  "  rufes-cens  "  read  "rufescens. 


7th 


nne 


fr 


om 


top,    for   "  crass-atelloides  "  read    "  crass- 


atelloides. 


Errata. 


XV 


l'd<ic  338. 
Pa^'e  239. 
Viv^c  240. 


Paf(e  241. 

and  for  "  conu 

Pa^'e  242. 


Pafje 


8th  lino  from  top,  for  "cone  "  read  "  Conr." 
3d  line  from  top,  for  "out  ine  "  read  "outline." 
2oth  line  from  top,  for  "  S.   1-2  "  read  "S.   1-4." 
i6th  line  from  bottom,   for   "  Anacapa  Island  "  read  "  Ana- 
capa  Islands." 

17th  line  from  top.  for  "  Pachy  desma  "  read  "  Pachydesma  " 
read  "Conr." 

8th  line  from  top.  for  "  La.xidomus  "  read  "  Saxidomus  " 
13th  hue  from  top.  for   "Liphonalia"  read  "  Siphonalia." 
1 2th  hne  from  bottom,  for  "wood"  read  "  Wood." 
M4-      2d  line  from  top,  for  "gray"  read  "  Gray." 

3d  line  from  top.  for  • '  La.xidomus  "  read  '  ■  Saxidomus. " 
4th  hne  from  top,  for  "cour"  read  "Conr." 
8th  line  from  top,  for  "  S.  W."  read  "Sw." 
17th  lire  from  bottom,  for  "Fig.  370"  read  "Fig.  528  " 
2d    line    from    bottom,     for    "five-pointed"    read    "fine- 
pointed." 

loth  line  from  top,  for  "  S.   r-2"  read  "  S.   i-r." 
5th  line  from  bottom,    "Jesup,"  not  "Jessup." 

Page  256.      Second  line  from  top,   "  James  Teit."  not  "  Yeit." 

Page  306.     6th  line  from  top,   "  We,"  not  "I." 

Page  314.      Beginning  6th  line  from  bottom  omit  the  word  "clay  " 

1  age  335.     Fig.  485  is  inserted  upside  down 

"  not  consider  "  '^^^  ""^  ^''°"'  ^^"^  ^°^  "  '"''  '^''''  ""'^  consider."  instead  of 

Page  367  6th  line  from  bottom  "that  it  is  impossible."  not  -  that  it 
It  was  impossible. 

Page  371.  4th  fine  from  top  read  "  may  "  after  the  word  "they  "  sth 
Ine  gaming  instead  of  "  grinding."  9th  line.  "  made  from  flint  "  n- 
stead  of  "more  from  flint. " 

Page  377.  15th  line  from  bottom,  "  were  used  for  cupping,"  not  "were 
used  for  pumping."  ^*     '^  "^ 

Page  416.  Sub-head,   "  Fraudulent,"  not  "  Fraudulent." 

Page  419.  2nd  hne  from  top,   "  W.  C.  Herriman,"  not   "  H    S  " 

^age  422.  1 2th  hne  from  top  "dendritic"  not  "  deutritic  " 

Page  423.  sthJine  from  top,  "  become."  not  "becomes  " 


Page  246. 


Page  247. 
Page  255. 


I   ' 


SECTION  I. 
1.    Collections  and  Explorations.    2.    Thk  Soi'th-West. 

There  arc  some  5-t50  persons  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  more  or 
le:^s  intjrestjd  in  thj  study  of  ])rehist()rie  archaeoh)j^y.*  Ajjijroximately,  50 
arj  connueted  in  some  ea])aeity  with  scientific  museums.  About  500  read 
])ublications,  behmj^  to  societies  or  are  actively  en^a^^ed  in  serious  study. 
Th.' remainiiig  89  per  cent,  make  collections  for  their  own  amusement,  or 
])iirsiK"  irrv'.J^ular  studio's.  W-arly  4-500  own  collections.  These  var_v  in  size 
from  50  c)  25,01)0  sp^'cimens.  Possibly,  it  is  noexaj^ojoration  (in  avera,u;in_!j;) 
to  a'Mow  200  spv-'cimens  p;.'r  cbllection.  There  are  uj^wards  of  4-00  exhibits 
which  contain  over  4-000  sjiecimens  each,  and  I  should  place  the  total  of 
areh:ieoK);^ie  materi.al  in  tlu' hands  of  ])rivateownersatmore than  2,000,000 
objects. 

As  ha.-;  I)jen  stated  in  the  Preface,  this  elementary  work  is  issued  for  the 
b-'n-'Iit  of  tlij  collector  and  sUident.  Those  of  the  museum  clientele  and  a 
pro])f)rlion  of  the  "  500  students,"  will  discover  little  that  is  either  new  or 
valual)lj.  Hut  to  the  person  of  limited  o])i)()rtunities  it  may  olVer  a  few 
sii;^;,'js'a'.)ns,  and,  I  trust,  aid  him  in  naniin;,;-  and  classifvin^  his  s])ecimens. 
To  such,  the  midLituilinous  reports,  books  and  pani])hlets  dealin.y  with 
arch  ie;)l.)'.;"c  matters,  are  a  bewilderment  in  themselves.  To  ^^et  a  comprc- 
hcnsivj  i:La  of  the  subject  he  must  buy  and  read  them  all,  and  the  avera;j;c 
man  has  neither  the  time  nor  the  means  to  accom])lish  this  end. 

I  am  not  able  to  pr<)])^rly  cover  the  entire  ranye  of  American  i)rehistoric 
im])l,MiijnLs,  ornanunts  and  utensil.'S.  So  many  sli<.;ht  diircrences  exist  that 
to  de'-xribe  uU  the  forms  or  variations  one  would  be  com])elled  to 
write     m my     volumes     instead     of    one.  Hut      I     shall     endeavor    to 

jivesjut  the  characteristic  types  both  local  and  j^eneral.  I)ou1)tless, 
ni;iny  siJeeimens  are  omitted  which  should  have  been  figured.  Ii)s- 
IJ.'.'ilIyi;  this  tr.ij  oi"  r.-^i on-!  whijh  arj  not  m.'n.ion.'d  (or  su])jr- 
ficially  so)  in  the  rejjorts,  or  where  no  collectors  reside.  As  has  been 
intimated  in  the  Preface,  I  lind  many  simiL'ir  forms — es])eei,ally  in  the 
more  common  implements — oeeurin;;'  in  widely  se])arated  areas.  As 
it  was  necjssary  to  limit  the  illustrations  I  have  omitted  ])resentin<^  2  or  ;{ 
cuts  of  objects  nearlv  alike,  vet  from  different  sections.     Ihit  I  have  sho 


wn 


many   s-peeimen 


IS  in  some  of  the  plates  and  the  total  presented  is  not  far 
short  of  3000.  My  idea  is  to  describe  the  characteristic,  or  ty])ical,  or  ])er- 
feet  forms,  as  the  case  may  be.  Vet,  the  connnon  or  crude  objects  have  not 
1)jen  omitted. 

'  Accord  inji  to  my  cai'.I  iii;li.-x.     Tliis  li  is  hi-eii  in.ulc  (lining  the  pist  sixteen   years   and    is 
Mij)|i()M-d  lo  cniilaiii  tlic  iiaiiK's  ()l  nearly  all  s-iiili  jicrsoiis 


IS 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


The  Making  ok  a  Collection. 

Space  forbids  more  than  a  resume  of  what  mij^ht  be  said  under  this 
heading. 

A  collection  ma}'  be  enlarjj^ed  by  several  methods.  An  individual  can 
travel  and  buy  specimens  of  farmers  or  search  the  surface  of  village  sites 
and  fields.  This  is  by  far  the  V)est  means,  and  a  cabinet  secured  by  personal 
efforts  is  much  more  highly  prized  than  one  purchased  of  dealers.  Students 
of  means  can  best  increase  their  collections  by  securing  local  exhil)its  in  the 
country.  Store-keci)ers,  doctors  and  school  boys — hundreds  of  them — now 
make  a  practice  of  saving  up  all  the  archaeologic  material  found  in  their 
neighborhoods.  This  is  true  of  sections  in  the  Middle  West,  South  and 
North  and  to  some  extent  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  England.  When  gather- 
ing large  quantities  of  specimens  for  museums  I  found  this  plan  satisfactory 
and  expeditious. 


/"-o" 


Fig.  1. 


Snialliiioiiiul  ill  Ckr- 
iiioiil  Co.,  Ohio.  1-;k  h 
s(|iiarc,  5  feci. 

.\.     Skcltoii. 

H.  L\'lt,  or  jMilislKil 
stone  li.'ilclK't. 

('.     Moiic  ;i\vl. 

I).  Linifsloiic  ^l!ll)s 
stiirotnuliii"  tlic  hodv. 


For  the  advanced  collector,  or  student  of  some  experience,  exploration 
affords  pleasure  and  information.  How  to  open  mounds  or  trench  village 
sites,  or  examine  cemeteries,  has  been  frec|uenth'  told  by  the  .authorities  and 
I  shall  onU'  very  briefly  sum  up  their  conclusions  here.* 

Do  not  attempt  exploration  unless  you  can  observe  the  following  rules : 
1.        Photograph  (or  draw  accurately)  the  site  or  mound  before  com- 
mencing excavation. 

*    Hee  Dr.  Thoinas  Wilson's  pamphlet  on   Methods  of  Exploration.      i'n))lishccl   i)y  the 
.Smithsonian  Institution. 


Collections  nnd  BxplorfUiom. 


19 


IN 


u 

<ii 

« 

s 

U9 


C3 


.0 

o 

d 


IS 

o 

u 

oa 


o 
S 

u 
C3 

O 


Our; 


f    1^ 
"  a. 

-M     - 


O    ij    +J     ■'.    r. 

o   s   « 
a.  .1- 


:    K  fei 


—     ^     ^ 

<   X   73 


a 
►J 


<X!jQWfecKH-- 


Stake  off  the  spot  (or  mound)  in  scjuares  of  3,  5,  or  10  feet  eaeh 
Run  a  broad  treneh  North  and  South,  or  East  and  West  at  le-ist 
two-thirds  of  the  diameter  of  th,  mound.  Di^  down  to  the  oH^ 
.nal  surtaee,  or  below.  In  some  mounds  there  is  a  "sod  Hne  -  or 
dark  streak  at  the  base.  In  others,  a  hard  burned  floor.  In  man  • 
others  you  eannot  determine  bottom  positively  and  must  eont^^e 
on  down  until  the  undisturbed  elay  or  gravel  is  reaehed 


20 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Throw  the  earth  behind  and  keep  a  ele.'ir  spaee  of  four  or  five  feet 
between  the  earth  and  the  front  wall  or  faee  of  the  trtneh.  When 
through,  the  exexivation  will  be  nearly  filled  and  little  damrij^e 
have  iK'en  done  to  the  strueture.  Mounds  should  not  be  ojjened 
by  means  of  an  irrej^ular  i)it  sunk  from  the  summit  (or  eenter.) 
For  village  sites  and  grave-groujjs  the  rules  3  and  4-  must  be  some- 
what changed.  Ltmg,  n.'irrow  trenches  sunk  down  as  far  as  char- 
coal and  ashes  occur,  must  be  run.     Throw  earth  behind  as  you 


<. 


Fig.  H      Iinjiroperly   arrniifjtd     Collection,  Ohio.      S.  2-7 

I>roceed.  Excavate  all  ash  pit;^  carefully,  as  valuable  objects  are 
frequently  found  in  them. 

Small  hand  trowels  or  broad,  dull  knives,  and  whisk  brooms  are 
indispensable.  Ordinary  large  d-sjging  tools  need  no  explanation. 
Enter  all  finds  upon  a  map  or  ground  plan  and  note  in  the  squares 
(by  numbers  or  letters)  the  skeletons  or  objects,  etc.,  found. 


Fijr.  4.     Tviik-;il  collection.     S.  1-1-. 

Owntd    l)y  Charles  L.   Kntzeiilierjiei'.  fireenville    Ohio,     .-^iitlioiiy  Katzeiihtrjicr   assisted  in   inakiiijj  the  collection.     It  has  since   been  ,-i (Med 
to    l)y  the  son.  (ieorj;e  A, 


B  r- 


■■■Mi 


2( 


CoUectiona  and  Explorations. 


21 


8.  Number  or  letter  the  oljjects  or  crania  (or  entire  hcnts)  and  als-o 
designate  the  mound  or  site  so  that  it  and  its  content;'  may  not 
become  confused  with  the  resv:hs  of  cxph)rations  in  other  mf;nu- 
ments. 

9.  Photojj^raph  skeletons  or  objects  in  situ. 

10.  Keep  a  careful  field  catalogue  or  diary  and  retain  the  sf.me  series 
of  numbers  or  letters  in  the  patkinj>;  boxes,  etc. 

11.  Pack  specimens  for  tram-portatitm  so  that  thee  is  no  (L'in<;cr  of 
breakaj^e. 

12.  Shellac,  or  a  light  solution  ofjilue,  or  a  dozen  other  good  prtter- 
vatives  for  bones,  ])ottery  or  soft  substances.  Paekir.g  i,<".])er,  ex- 
celsior, string,  boxes,  etc. 

ah 


f  g  b 

Fiil,  "i.     Stone  ^ravc  finds,  Tt'iiu.    S,  1-5,  (aliodt).     Mr.  (U'o.  I).  liiiviics,  Chntl.-nKioua. 

There  is  subject  matter  for  nriny  pages  in  nearly  every  one  <jf  these 
rules.     But  the  mere  mention  of  them  will  have  to  'uttfiee. 

.\  collector  who  wishes  to  be  well  inlbrmed,  or  to  become  a  student  in 
tile  full  sense  of  the  word,  should  read  the  books  find  reports  mentioned  in 
tlie  Preface,  I  will  not  repeat  the  list  here.  If  one  has  time  to  carefullv 
peruse  even  a  few  of  them  he  will  store  his  mind  with  .-i  great  deal  of  reliable 
jiseful  and  information. 


22 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


If  I  were  asked  to  deseribc,  in  as  few  words  as  postiible,  the  collector 
who  jjjot  the  most  out  of  his  archaeolo^ic  life  or  inclinations  I  would  name 
two  jj^cntlemen — both  now  dead.  Either  one  lead  an  ideal  life — if  I  am  per- 
mitted to  use  such  a  term.  One  was  a  village  shoemaker  in  southern  Ohio. 
The  other,  a  business  man  in  a  western  city.  Both  were  intelligent,  loved 
nature,  were  kindly,  courteous,  and  siood  high  in  their  respective  com- 
munities. Neither  collected  as  a  fad  merely,  but,  on  the  contrary,  was 
well  versed  in  current  literature  on  the  subject.  They  employed  spare  days 
in  ac([uainting  themselves  with  local  sites  where  specimens  could  be  found 
in  largo  numbers;  they  occasionally  explored  mounds  or  grjives;  the}'  found 

a 


Fig.  (>.  Neat  nrrnngciiiciit  of  axt-s 
and  rollcr.s  (or  otoiigatcd  jji-stlcs),  Tiiin 
S.  1-6.     Mr.   C.  D.  Barnes,  Chattanooga. 


great  satisfaction  in  securing  the  results  of  farmers'  spring  or  fail  plowing; 
they  watched  Dr.  Smith's  rival  collection,  and  l)()ught  him  out  when  he  was 
liard  u|);  they  loved  to  tramp  all  day  .dong  the  streams  or  over  the  hills, 
and  returned  with  a  keen  relish  for  a  substantial  supper,  after  which  they 
settled  themselves  down  to  their  ])ipcs  and  reminiscences. 

riiesc  two  men,  I  say,  got  much  out  of  life.  Their  collecting  meant 
more  than  the  mere  purchase  of  a  rare  object.  Readers  can  do  no  better 
than  to  enudate  their  exam])les. 


• 


Keeping  of  a  Collection. 


29 


Figure  1  is  a  ground  phm  of  a  tyi)ical  mound.  Figure  2  is  a  cross  sec- 
tion of  another  mound.  It  is  not  difficult  to  make  such  diagrams  or  maps 
and  they  add  to  the  scientific  value  of  a  collection.  Little  was  found  in 
either  of  these  mounds,  and  for  that  reason  I  select  them  at;  illustrations. 
The  "great  finds"  are  seldom  made.  Indeed,  for  the  average  colljetor, 
village  sites  offer  a  more  productive  field.  Certainly  more  is  to  be  fc.uiid  on 
and  in  them.  Having  begun  the  opening  of  a  mound,  it  must  be  completed, 
whereas  in  a  village  site  the  student  is  not  compelled  to  examine  the  entire 
field. 


IIS 

Is, 

\y 
lit 


Fljj.  7.     Card  oforic'lic  ini;)li'iiieiits,  well  Rroiipfd.     Mii  liii;,'iii.  S.  1-5. 
.MiUlic'll,  St.  I'aiil. 


lie    Riv     Mr 


Really,  the  mounds  should  be  examined   l)y  scientilic   nniseuin;-.     Col 
lectors  had  best  let  them  remain  undisturbed,     .\fter  all,  mound  exjiloiiiig 
is  a  delusion  and  a  snare.    Out  of  some  400  which  I  have  seen  opciiul,  less 
than  50  yielded  man\'  objects.     That  is,  from  the  collector's  point  of  \  ii.  w. 


24 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


trrJ^-T'-'ry 


">'t,t/: 


?T^"-  ' — ^ 


l-iii.  S       lioiif  .Mill  slicll  lif.ids  iVniii   siti's   fill    till-   i)l;iiiis    niotniU'd      lo   l,i>t   .-Klvniitnai-. 
k  iiisas  i  li  Uorical  Sdiii'lv  collcTliDii.     (Scalt- sli.iwii ) .     Colii'lcsv    ot    llif     lloii,    j.    \'.    Howt'i  ■ 

St.  r.-iiii. 


Keeping  of  a  Collection, 


25 


the  other  350  did  not  justify  the  time,  money  and  labor  expended  in  t'eir 
examination.  Colleetors  have  a  suffieientJy  broad  Held  in  suri'aee  hunting, 
buyinjif  of  farmers,  ete. 

The  Keeping  of  a  Collection. 

As  in  everything;  else,  one  may  be  neat  and  orderly  in  arranj^infr  his  cx- 
liil)it,  or  he  mriv  be  the  reverse.  On  this  seore  I  shall  write  as  much  as 
si)aee  ])ermits. 

I  ])resent,  in  Fi^s.  3  to  9,  several  exhibits.  All  of  them  contain  ;;ood, 
tine,  or  unicjue  s])ecimens.  It  would  be  diffieul  to  im])rove  u])on  the  ar- 
ran<jements  exhibited  in  Fi^s.  7  and  S,  save  in  a  lar^e  ])ublie  museum  where 
certain  uniform  vschemes  of  grouping  display  and  .scientific  accuracy  were 
followed. 

Fig.  3  has  evidently  been  hastily  mounted.  Not  a  few  collectors  exercise 
little  care  in  kcejjing  and  exhibiting  their  si)ecimens. 


Fig.  9.  Ollas,  liiokcii  liowls,  etc.,  from  a(lol)e  f])iicl)l  >)  ruins,  near  Phoenix,  .\rizon;i: 
valley  of  the  Salt  river.     S.  l-(i. 

1  and  li,  water  coolers.  The  same  form  is  in  use  amont;  .Mexicans  andlndians  tocl.-iy;  8, 
jar  in  which  ashes  and  hnrnt  hones  were  found.     (IJouhtlcss  acreaniated  l)od_v.) 

Fig.  4  is  ;i  section  of  Mr.  Katzenberger's  large  collecticm.  It  is  much 
more  neatly  arranged,  although  some  change:?  might  jjroperh-  be  made. 
Figs.  5  and  G  are  yet  better.  They  are  a  portion  of  Mr.  Barnes'  southern 
collection.  (All  these  various  groups  will  be  described  in  their  proper  sec- 
tions.) It  will  be  observed  that  he  has  jmt  his  stone-grave  finds  such  as  en- 
graved shells,  beads  and  pottery  in  one  grouj);  his  axes,  etc.,  in  another.  A 
little  more  space  between  the  stone  tools  in  Fig.  (J  would  have  l)r()ught  out 
the  details  more  clearly. 


i 


"^ 


.'jf*»'  Jfv- 


3:  ^^'y^* 


26 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fig.  7  is  a  cache  of  splendid  flint  blades  from  Michigan — collection  of  the 
Rev,  Mr.  Mitchell.  He  hjis  grouped  them  simply  but  effectively.  Any  class 
of  flint  objects  in  a  collection  of  average  size  might  be  displayed  in  this  man- 
ner. In  cabinets  of  more  than  2000  specimens  the  knives,  or  spear-heads,  or 
perforators,  or  (jther  forms  might  Ix*  sorted  out  and  fastened  to  cardboard; 
the  largest  ones  lieing  in  the  center  and  the  smallest  forming  crescents  or 
other  designs  in  the  comers. 

Bone  or  shell  beads  are  not  highly  esteemed  b}'  most  collectors.  But 
they  can  be  so  displayed  as  to  make  them  attractive.  In  Fig.  8  is  illustrated 
an  exhibit  of  Ix'ads  in  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  Museum.*  It  is  a  very 
good  presentation  of  the  various  kinds  of  ancient  beads  found  on  the  Plains. 
Eastern  or  southern  bead  finds  should  be  mounted  in  this  manner. 

Most  collections  are  not  larger  than  can  be  accommodated  in  an  ordin- 
ary book  case.  Special  cabinets  cost  little  more  than  "stock  book  cases." 
Furniture  men  or  the  more  skillful  carpenters  of  any  communit}*  are  able  to 


Fig.  10.  Jar  of  coiled  ware,  New  Mexico. 
S.  1-J-.  These  were  made  by  coiling  Ion ',  thill 
strips  of  stiitaliie  clay  arotnid  sonic  plain  jar. 
liasket,  stone  or  other  object,  of  the  desired 
shape. 


make  them.  For  500  to  1000  s])ecimens:  5  feet  high;  4  kci  wide;  5  shelves 
(sloping)  ranging  from  7  to  10  inches  apart;  2  drawers  in  base  for  heavy 
()l)jects  or  poor  and  duplicate  specimens; glass  doors, etc.  For  1200  to  3000 
specimens:  OVafcet  high;  5  feet  wide,  strip  through  center  (top  to-  bottom) 
to  support  shelves;  glass  doors  and  ends,  etc.  Place  the  cabinet  in  a  very 
light  room— not  in  a  dark  corner,  as  many  collectors  do. 

As  TO  THE  Arranokmknt  ov  Specimens. 

Flan  to  have  sloping  shelves  in  the  cabinet  and  devote  each  shelf  to  cer- 
tain kinds  of  olyects.  Canton  flannel  (or  thin  cotton  strips)  is  surticiently 
rough  to  prevent  ornaments,  flint  implements  or  other  small  artifacts  from 
slipping.  They  can  be  placed  in  rows,  circles  or  other  artistic  groups  ac- 
cording to  the  fancy  of  the  collector.  When  not  sewed  on  canlboard  the 
si)ecimens  can  be  more  c(mvenicntly  handled;  lout  there  is  great  danger  of 
l)rcakagc.  Light  objects  on  a  dark  background,  or  dark  objects  on  a  light 
l);ickground  will  bring  out  the  details  of  workmanship  into  strong  relief. 

'  I  am  indebted  to  the  Hon.  |.  V.  Hrower  for  the  loan  ol  this  ai.d  otlier  iilates. 


The  Southwest, 


27 


ollection  of  the 
2ly.  Any  class 
ed  in  this  man- 
spear-hcads,  or 
[  to  cardboard; 
ig  crescents  or 

ollectors.  But 
8  is  illustrated 
.*  It  is  a  very 
1  on  the  Plains, 
inner. 

;d  in  an  ordin- 
{  book  cases.'* 
itj'  are  able  to 


,'are,  New  Mexico, 
coiling  Ion  r,  thin 
i  some  plain  jar. 
;l,  of  tlic  desired 


ide;  5  shelves 
ase  for  heavy 
1200  to  3000 
)  to'  bottom) 
let  in  a  verv 


shelf  to  cer- 
Is  sufficiently 
Irti  facts  from 
Ic  groups  ac- 
Irdhoard  the 
[it  danger  of 
Is  on  a  light 
ftrong  relief 

les. 


Put  heavy  axes,  pestles  or  mortars  on  the  l)ottom  shelf.  PotteT\'  (whole) 
can  be  arranged  on  top  (outside)  juwl  protected  by  3  or  4  wires  strung 
idong  in  front.  The  finer,  or  more  delicate,  whole  pottery  can  be  ])lficed  on 
one  of  the  shelves. 

Number  light  specimens  with  India  ink;  dark  ones,  with  white  paint. 
Record  in  a  book  the  numbers,  locality,  etc  Large,  unsightly  laJx'ls  deface 
specimens  and  are  an  <'d)omin.'ition.  All  scientific  museums  paint  num- 
bers on  the  sjjecimens  .'ind  record  same  in  books  or  kecj)  a  cfird  indejc.  On 
large  specimens  the  site  may  properly  be  painted  or  inked,  {is; 

I        1417       I 
But  small  objects  look         I    Allen  Co.,  |         better  if  only  numbered. 

I Mich^ I 

Spool  cases,  or  similar  sets  of  drawers,  are  convenient  for  duplicates  or 
common  forms. 


Figs.  12  am!  11.  Canon  He  Chellcy  niin,  New  Mexico.  S.  1-1.  "  Fonn  sinj;nlar.  lieinji 
an  accurate  copy  of  a  gourd  split  longitudinally.  The  ])atlern  consists  of  parallel  lines  in  two 
<lirections  at  right  angUs  to  each  other.  This  arran|,'enient  of  the  lines  suggests  that  tlu- 
■ornatncntotion  is  derived  from  some  plaited  object.'.  Fr<iin  .Nonlenskiold's  pU-ile  XXX. 
From  a  grave  at  Step  House,  Southxwstern  Coki. 

The  Southwest. 

By  this  term  I  mean  all  of  the  country  included  in  the  Colorado  river 
basin  and   its  tributaries;  the  Rio  Grande  vallev  and  .sections  of  Nevadfi. 


28 


Prehistoric  Impfementf!. 


The  literature  of  the  Southwest  is  extensive.  Haron  G.  Nordenskiold's 
"  Clift' Dwellers  of  the  Mesa  Verde"  ranks  first.  There  are  numerous  books, 
reports  and  jiapers  by  Cushin^jf,  Fewkes,  Holmes,  Bandilier,  Hodjj^e,  Han- 
croft,  Chapin,  I'eet,  Pepper,  MindelefT,  etc.  Readers  are  referred  to  the 
Smithsonian  and  Bureau  of  Ethnology  reports,  the  American  Anthrojx)- 
logist,  etc.,  for  technical  descriptions. 


Fip.  18.  From  Kio 
Vtrde  Cliff-lionscs,  Ar- 
izona. S.  1-2.  Till- 
"(liiiiblt  vcssfls  "  likr 
I'iji;.  18  arc  rare. 

Fit;.  I.T.  From  the 
Cliaco  jfroii))  70  miles 
.>;oiitli  of  I'aniiinfjtoii, 
New  .Mexico.  There 
are  17  rtiiiis  in  this 
"jroiip.  S.  1-2.  .\  lew 
red- ware  ceremonial 
vessc's  may  e.vcell  lliis 
miiu;  or  "  slcin." 


Fig.  18. 


Ki-r.    15. « 


m 


I'i^'.  14,     From  Kio  Veriie  C'lilVhons-es,  .\rizoiia. 


S.  1-2. 


Wishing  to  avoid  all  controversies;  for  this  volume  is  descriptive  of  im- 
plements, wcap(ms,  ornaments,  etc.,  rather  than  of  tribes,  monuments  or 
cultures,  I  shall  attempt  no  classificaticm  of  the  stone,  adobe,  boulder,  cave 
or  other  ruins  found  in  such  prodigious  numl)crs  in  the  famed  Southwest. 
Investigators  diffcrccmccrning  them.  Some  say  there  are  foiu"  distinct  tvpes, 
representing  four  tribes  or  epochs,     (thers  maintain  that  cliff-houses  arc 

*  .\Ir.  Ci.  H.  I'c])|)er  lias  s])enl  loin'  seasons  at  the  Cliaeo  {ironii,  lor  tl.e  .Xniericin  .Mtis 
cinii  of  Natural  Flistorv.  His  discoveries  ol'  ]iottir_\  ,  tiircnioise.  woodcxi  lonls,  etc..  wire 
reniark.alde. 


The  Southwest. 


29 


hut  fortified  puchlos  and  arc  to  be  grouped  as  l)elonginjj  to  oneeulture— sim- 
ilar throu^jhout  the  whole  seetion — ah)ng  with  boulder  and  abode  ruins.  A 
few  eonsider  the  eave  dwellinjjrs  (exe.'iv.'ited  rooms)  asmarkinj.^  oneepoeh  or 
tribe  different  from  any  other:  they  also  reeojj^nize  the  boulder  ruins  as  dis- 
tinet,  but  group  all  eliff,  valley,  or  mesa  ruins  of  dressed  st(me  or  adobe 
l)rieks  under  one  head.  Thus,  when  the  authorities  disagree,  how  shall  we 
laymen  deeide? 

The  Southwest  is  a  field  very  extensive  and  rieh.  Roughly,  it  is  700  by 
oOO  miles  in  extent  and  eonti'iins  thousands  of  ruins  and  sites.*  Man  has 
but  a  faint  ecmeeption  of  its  arehaeologieal  treasures.  Of  all  seeti(ms  in  this 
book  it  is  done  the  least  justiee.  The  (lila,  Upi)er  Colorado,  Lower  Colo- 
rado, San  Juan,  I'eeos,  La  Plata,  Animas,  de  Chcllcy,  Salado  and  a  dozen 
other  valleys— (m  eaeh  might  be  written  a  volume  or  two. 


in  the 
miles 

i}it<)ii. 
TIru- 

II  this 
A  tc-w 


this 


F 


1(>      Howl  iVoiu  clirt-rtiiii  in  Kio  Venle  icsrioi 


S.  1-'.'.     I 


owls  of  this  tviM 


ire  eonunoii  in  the  elilV-dweller's  eouutiv,  liiit  the  .leeoiatioii^  on  this  ate  sti  ikin 


)f  im- 
Its  or 

C.'lVt." 

Ives  I. 

(.vpes, 

;  are 

M»is 


Ckkkmics. 

I'ottcry  in  the  Southwest  is  very  numerous  and  takes  various  forms. 
The  decorated  bowls,  urns,  jars,  bottle  I'orms  jjerforated  for  susjiension. 
ladles  and  many  other  types  are  pcjidiar  to  the  Southwest.  The  percentage  of 
types  similiar  to  those  discovered  in  Mexico  or  elsewhere  is  very  small.  It 
is  also  noted  by  observers  that  with  the  sole  exception  of  plain  jars,  bowls 

*  .\'.)rtli,.'rn  Utah  to  (Inlf  ot' Calilorriia  ;   Iv  is  tern  Calil<-rnia   (state)  to  the  Kio  (ir.-mdc. 


80 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I    ,, 


and  dishes,  none  of  the  forms  are  like  those  found  in  such  numbers  along  the 
Mississippi  river,  or  at  any  point  in  the  Hast. 

Fig.  9  shows  a  number  of  broken  bowls  or  dishes  and  some  large  jars  or 
ollas.  Some  mano  stones  or  grinders  (used  ujjon  the  large  Hat  nietattes  for 
crushing  grain)  are  lying  in  the  foreground. 

These  large  ollas  were  used  for  several  purposes.    Thej'are  quite  porous 


V\)i.  17.  Howl  from  a  cliff-riiiii 
ill  the  Kio  Verde  canon,  Arizona,  S. 
1-2.    A  common  form. 


I 


Fig.  18.  This  jar  has 
enclosed  perforations  for 
suspension.  Itwasfcund 
in  a  honlder-rnin  near 
Fai  inington,  New  Mexi- 
co. The  decoration  does 
not  extend  to  the  base;  a 
feature  sometimes  noted 
in  Southwest  pottery. 
S.  1-2. 


I 


and  make  excellent  water  jars,  keeping  their  contents  cool  even  in  the  ex- 
treme heat  of  summer.  Occasionally,  the  remains  of  cremated  bodies  wc;re 
placed  in  them.  The  same  form,  but  of  coiled  ware,  is  common  in  the  cliff- 
houses.  Ollas  of  valley,  desert  or  cliff  ruins  £ire  sometimes  very  large.  I 
have  found  specimens  more  then  2  feet  in  height  and  20  inches  in  diameter. 
Rroken  fragments  of  thick  ones  at  least  25  by  30  inches  have  been  reported. 


The  Southwest. 


ai 


These  largest  ones  were  douljtless  for  the  storage  of  j^rain,  seeds,  roots,  ete. 
So  far  as  I  am  aware  but  few  of  the  coiled  ware  jars  and  ollas  are  found  in 
the  numerous  ruins  of  j)ueI)los  of  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Most 
of  valley  or  desert  jars  arc  ])laiii,  rdthou^^h  some  specimens  of  coiled  ware 
occur. 

In  the  elifT-houses  and  about  the  boulder  ruins,  Jind  in  stone  pueblos  of 
the  hij,di  mesas,  are  found  many  beautiful  exami)les  of  the  potter's  .'irt. 
They  arc  made  from  the  best  clay,  well  tcmi)ered  and  artistically  decor.'ited. 
I  present  I'l  characteristic  series  from  widely  separated  ruins  in  the  South- 
west. I  woidd  call  special  attention  to  Fig.  15  as  bcinj^  one  of  the  fmcst 
sijecimens  that  I  have  ever  seen. 


[jar  has 

ms  for 

I'cuiul 

11  f  a  r 

Mtxi- 

11  (It)CS 

liasc;  a 
noted 


I'ig   T.)      Amii'iit  t'iliol;'  I'.atinji  Howl,  sliowiiiff  (a)  "exit  trail  i)t' litl'."     S.  1-1,     ImuiiuI 
ill  a  Sail  river  ruin,  near  rc^fniule,  Arizona,  hv  I'ri.f.  Ctisliiim  in  ISSS. 


ex- 
Iwere 
Icliflf- 
I 

.'ter. 
ked. 


Dippers  .'ind  ladles  such  as  Pigs.  11  and  12  are  common.  Plain  ones  arc 
rare.  Of  the  mug  or  cup  forms  Xordenskiold  and  others  figure  many.  They 
arc  usually  low  and  broad,  not  high  like  Fig.  15.  Hut,  fully  one  half  of 
them  arc  as  perfect  and  well  made  as  Fig.  14. 

Efkioies  and  Unknown  Objects  of  Stone. 

The  famous  "  desert  region  "  proper  (Southern  .\rizona  and  New  Mexico), 
and  particularly  the  southern  portion  of  Arizona,  abounds  in  certain  cfHgies 
or  ceremonials,  or  unknown  objects  which  have,  as  j'et,  not  been  descril)e(l 
by  archaeologists.  There  are  numy  of  these  peculiar  specimens  which  arc 
not  found  elsewhere  in  the  Southwest.  Some  of  them  occur  in  Southern 
California  or  Old  Mexico.    A  few  of  the  more  simple  forms  have  been  (lis- 


33 


Prehistoric  hnphnwnts. 


covered  in  the  L-lifl-niins  to  the  north  of  the  (iila,  S.'ilt  and  Verde  rejjfions. 
Absolutely  nothing  is  itnown  rej^.'irdin^j;  them.  I  shall  present  H^iires  of 
twelve  or  fifteen  in  order  th.'it  collectors  may  l)e  able  to  recognize  the  forms 
in  the  future,  hut  shall  atteni])t  no  solution  of  the  purpose  of  their  manufac- 
ture. A  few  of  these  things  are  made  by  the  Pima  and  Maricopa  Indians 
for  sale.     Hut  these  are  in  imit.'ition  of  the  oUl  ones, and  tosav  that.'inveon- 


1    i 


I'ip.  '20.  Froin  tlu'  Di'Si'it 
mills  near  Mesa,  Arrzoiia.  S. 
1-2. 


if^f,*.- 


Fi)».  21.     From  the  Desert  ru- 
ins  near    Mesa,    .\ri:.oiia.     S.   1-2. 

KiK-  20  is  an  owl  and   Fijj.  21 
a  bear. 


-a 


siderable  numbers  of  them  are  modern  products,  is  to  assume  a  position 
substantiated  l)y  neither  reason  nor  the  facts  in  the  case. 

They  are  of  malpi,  tufa  or  other  volcanic  and  lava  stones;  seldom  of 
granite.  They  are  found  about  the  ruins,  along  the  old  irrigating  canals, 
or  on  the  desert  near  no  ruins.  Some  of  them  are  readily  recognized  as 
being  owls,  Gila  monsters,  bears,  lizards,  turtles,  wolves,  etc.  Others  are 
rude  or  manifestly  made  grotesque  so  that  we  cannot  distinguish  them. 


Hi- 


!?1 


The  Southwest. 


33 


Fig.  22  is  a  j^roup  of  various  ohjcvts  from  the  pueblos  of  the  Salt  Valley. 
Ordinary  axes  are  on  the  top  shelf,  /*.  Those  marked  h  are  .several  perfor- 
ated stones  (like  rin>;s)  and  two  double  mortars.  These  hatter  are  very 
small  and  hardly  deserve  the  name  of  mortar.  But  what  shall  we  eall 
them?  At  c  there  is  another  of  the  rinjjs,  and  a  peeuliar  euj)  stone  havinj?  a 
rude  handle,  or  ])ro)eeti(m  at  the  top.  In  the  eenter  there  is  a  long  stone 
•lecorated  with  a  rude  human  faee.  It  has  been  suggested  th.at  it  represents 
phallie  worshi]).  In  the  lower  shelf  (marked  d)  are  two  oval  stones  having 
smooth  bases  and  handles.  Doubtless,  they  were  used  in  j)reparing  elay  for 
the  manufaeture  of  pottery.  At  f,  a  small  ring,  and  two  "mortars",  or 
unknown  objeets.    The  third  speeimen  to  the  right  off  is  perlorjited. 


FiR.  21 


Isiticm 

[)m  of 
[inals, 
led  as 

rs  are 


I 


Fig.  22.     From  ruins  near  Tciiipe,  Arizona.     S.  !-,">. 

Figs.  23  and  24  vshould  be  studied  by  some  one  competent  to  classifv  the 
effigies  of  the  Salt  Valley.  23  may  be  a  turtle  and  24-  a  liird.  I  do  not 
know.  23  is  remarkable  in  that  it  is  slightly  hollowed  out  as  if  designed  to 
hold  a  small  quantit3'  of  liquid,  or  "ceremonial  food,"  or  something  else. 

Fig.  26  is  an  owl,  but  Fig.  25  is  unknown. 

Fig.  27  is  a  common  ring  or  circular  object,  perforated.  These  are  very 
common  in  the  Southwest  and  range  from  one  inch  to  twenty  inches  in 
diameter.  They  are  seldom  thin,  usually  thick  and  roundetl  on  the  edge, 
not  flat  like  the  Eastern  discoidals  or  ehungee  stones.    Fig.  28  is  unknown. 

Fig.  29  is  a  metatte  having  legs.  The  common  form  of  a  metatte  is  a 
flat  or  hollow  stone  from  10  to  30  inches  in  len^h  upon  which  the  mano  or 


II 11 II  ■■II  luj ^■lui.yum.JiHiwaBi 


34. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


f'if^.  2'^.    iMoni  nc.'ir  I'dociiiv. 
Aii/oii.i.     S.  l-l . 


Fif(.    24.       From   iicav    I'lKiiiix. 
Arizojin.     S.  11. 


The  Smith  west. 


35 


n  near  rhotiiix. 


F'v'  2;'). 


I'joiii  iicrir  Mesa,  Arizona.     S.  1-2, 


Fi^.  26. 


Fijj.  27.    I'roni  an  did  canal 
lu-ar  rjiofuix.  Arizona.     S.  1-2. 


'i"     .A ','4,  X 

'  ■«;■-.■ " -O^i 
;1 


i^ 


W 


V]fi.  2s.   Pmni  an  old  ranal 
noar  l'ii<K.'iii.\.  .Arizona.     S.  1-2. 


T" 


36 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


hand-stone  was  rubbed  back  and  forth  to  crush  grains,  seeds,  roots,  etc. 
Circular  mortars  like  those  of  the  coast  regions  are  also  found,  but  I  shall 
show  none  of  them  as  the  C^difornia  varieties  present  a  greater  range  of 
form,  material,  and  workmanship  and  arc  to  be  fully  illustrated  in  the 
Pacific  Coast  Section. 


Fig.  29.  Mctattc  with 
Icgfs.  From  near  .\lhainl)ra, 
Arizona.    S.  1-2. 


I^'ifj.   30.     From   near    ['itociiix, 
.\rizona.     S.  1-2. 


Fig.  ,'{()  is  taken  to  1)e  a  turtle  effigx'  or  idol. 


V\\i.  .'{1 .     I'roiii  a   site  near 
Tennic,  .\ri/,oiia.  l-;{. 


Fig.  .'}1   is  ruder  and  if  it  docs  not  represent  a  turtle  or  lizard,  I  do  not 
know  what  it  stands  for. 


'.^w -TV/  r^-^h 

Fi.n.  82.     From  a  |)ncl)Io  sotitli  of  llic     I  ';^^-,  V»   y  ■.;  *»  V' 
Salt  river,  near  I'liocjiix,  .\rizona.     S.  \-\ .        W  ■    .'  Iv  :  n^-'.' 

Fig.  32  is  a  small  wolf  clVig\'  in  jjottcrv.     Little  pottery  animals  and 
reptiles  are  exceedingly  common  in  the  Southwest, 


:#' 


I 


.4. 


[)ots,  etc. 

it  I  shall 

range  of 

;ed  in  the 


The  Southwest. 


37 


Many  grotesque  human  idols,  cut  out  of  vario'  '  lavas,  are  found  in  this 
region.  Governor  Prince  has  a  great  many  o.  tiiem;  something  like  100.* 
Mr.  Tait,  of  Phoenix,  has  over  40  in  his  collection;  Mr.  R.  S.  P.  has  23; 
F'rofcssors  Gushing  and  Fewkes  discovered  a  number  in  their  cxplortitions. 


eta  tic  with 
Alhambra. 


Fijir.  ;-?3.  Spill  He  vvliori  of  pot- 
tery. Vjry  conimoii  in  pueblo  ruins. 
S.  i-1. 

Fiji;.  34..  Side  view  of  I'ig.  38. 
I'roni  near  I'lioenix,  .\rizona. 


I'tii.  34.. 


In  ii  site  near 
t-3. 


1(1,  I  do  not 


Fi-.  3: 


Fig.  35.  Stone  l)all.  Phoen- 
ix, .Arizona. 

P\)I.  3(i.  F'lat  disc  of  pot- 
tery. I'enipe,  .Arizona.  S.  1-1. 
N'ery  eoniinon.  Supposed  to  he 
a  rude  spindle  whorl. 


I'it;.  37.     This  ))ecidiar  stone  is  grooved  in  the  middle,  ;/, 


and  lias  a  depression  near  eaeli  en< 
.Vrizoiia.     S    1-3.     .M.ilerial,  luta. 


I,  h.    V 


se,  nn Known. 


Ml 


nmals  anc 


I 


None  of  the  effigies,  either  animal  or  human,  in  degree  of  workniaiisliii), 
c(iiial  the  stone  idols  found  in  the  southern  states  east  of  the  Mississii)|)i. 
The  tril)i's  ol  the  Southwest  made  superior  pottery  and  were  able  to  worU 
tur(|uoise,  but  tlieir  stone  imi)lements,  tnken  as  a  whole,  fall  far  short  of 
that  standard  of  excellence  exhibited  in  the  artifacts  of  the  East. 

*  file  Slone  Idols  of  New  Mexieo.     .\  deseription  of  those  lielongiiig  to  ihe  Ilistniuaj 
Socielv.     Sante  Fe,  ISDO.     IllusLi ales  some '_'U  or  30  idols,. 


:j8 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


•  I 
'■  I 


Little  ]i()ttcry  wheels,  discs,  eili-jies,  etc.,  are  found  in  abundance.  They 
may  1)j  toys  for  chihh-en.  sjjindk'  whorls  or  what  not— let  others  decide.  At 
leas' ,  they  ])laye(l  their  i)art  in  the  culture  of  the  Southwest. 


l-"i<f.  .'V-*.  Doulilii-ss  ;m  arrow- 
sliali  siraijiliUiitr.  (iiDovcd  at  .'( ; 
a  smalUr  uroovo  al  /).  I'oinui 
soiitli  ol  IMloinix.  S.  1-1.  ("iiaiiilf. 
.ml  (iL'i'oralcd  by  imiHcd  liiiis  .-iloiij^ 
tlio  si(l<.',  c. 


c  b  (tK'oovki)  Axks. 

They  are  common  in  ihe  cliff-housL-s  of  the  mountains  and  canons,  also 
in  thj  (L'sort  ])ue!)los  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  The  averaL>e  elift-house 
axe  !s  inferior  to  eastern  forms.  Tlie  desert  pueblo  axes  are  suiicrior,  as  a 
whole,  but  individual  axes  are  found  in  the  JMississipj)!  and  St.  Lawrence 
basins  sui)erior  to  any  ])■  oduction  of  the  Southwest's  axe  makers.  I  am 
sorry  that  limited  s])ace  i)revents  a  ,/resentation  of  several  Arizona  axes, 
lull  size. 


Kio,  ;l;).  Tvpical 
;\  X  c  iVoni  niiiu'd 
|iiii.l)l()  lu-ai'  I'lioc- 
iii.\,  .\ii/()iia.  S. 
1-1.'.  I'olihlu-il  uraii- 


(l;ir 


Iff  11 


V\'fX,  .'51)  is  an  axe  havinj.i-  a  Hat  back.  The  heads  or  jiolls  of  Arizona 
];  eblo  axes  .are  usurdly  rounded.  ])ointed  or  s(|uared.  But  the  clifif-house 
,'i  ;j  .  not.  ordy  of  .\rizor.a,  l)i  t  of  this  whole  Southwest  reiiion  .are  very 
inferior.     Collectors  must  bear  in  mind  the  distinction. 

NonL'nskiold  found  SL'vcr.-il  .'ixesmounled  in  their  ()rij.;inalhandles.*  The 
Stale  Musj.im  , at  Henvcr  li;id  on  exiiibition  (in  1S1)7)  some  mounted  .axes, 
also  many  throwinj.i'  sticks,  .e.ather  robes,  knives  and  sjiears  in  h.andles,  etc. 
All  skin,  wood,  elotli,  fibre,  etc.,  jjossessions  of  the  eastern  tribes  jjcrishcd 
b^'cause  of  clim.itic  conditions.  The  Southwest,  bein.u:  arid,  presents  for  our 
study  the  v^ry  el.asses  of  m.ateri.al  which  we  hack  in  other  localities.  In 
addition  to  dryness,  the  textile  fabrics,  wooden  .and  feather  objects  had 
.'  ddition.'il  protection,  beinj^  left  in  undernround  rooms,  or  within  shelterin^j^ 
caves,  or  covered  by  desert  s.and.  Thus,  <arch<aeoloj4;ists  .are  en.abled  to 
determine  the  method  of  h.aftin;.^  imiikments,  wcavinj;  .and  .all  kindred  arts, 
extent  of  aj^riculture,  etc.,  etc. 

•  Clin-dwi'licrs  ol  the  .\lcsii  \it(1i.-,  Colonido.     ('..  Nordtiiskinld,  Stockliolni,  IH93. 


The  Southwest. 


81) 


**':■'."'• 


~rft33Pli^^T'   Vi*'? " 


•  ffv-x  iJtitLiCiiaLji: 


mW!jJUt.^xitJaiiM^£iiMMSiSmi3l 


i  •^*..  ,i-'-*    .tf^^- 


V\ii.  +0.     ?i-;ilo,  jilxntl  1-a  (mc  riiU). 

From  clilT-hou.scs  of  Soutlnvcstcrn  Colorado. 

1 .     SniiiU  point  (drill?)  of  Hint  ;ilt;K'iif(l  liy  slri))s  of  \  nira  IHut  to  a  stii  k. 

'J.     Drill  iioiiit  of  jasper,  with  the  viRt-a  strijis  for  l,i>tiiiinj;  it  to  the  sliaft  still  adlicr- 

iiit;  to  it. 
.'?.     Kuilc  t)f  (|uart/.ito. 


■anm 


jnumiJimiM 


40 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


4.  Axe  in  handle.    Decorated  blade.    Handle  composed  of  twigs  bent  around  the  axe 

and  bound  with  strips  of  vucca  and  hide. 

5.  Scraper  of  flint,  with  a  cotton  string  bounf'  around  it. 

6.  Sandstone  axe  in  handle. 

7.  Quartzite  knife.     Traces  of  jjitch  or  asphalte  remain.     Knives  were  fastened  to 

handles  with  such  substances. 
8.    Skinning  knife  of  hornstone.     Perhaps  a  celt-like  object  (curved,  polished  stone 

hatchet). 
0.     A  polished  stone  hatchet  or  celt.    These  arc  frecpiently  found.     They  are  thin  and 

sharp.    The  eastern  type  of  celt  does  not  occur. 
10.    okinning  knife  rf  hornstone.    The  handle  was  found  still  attached  to  the  knife, 

i)ut  was  entirely  decayed.    I  have  reproduced  all  of  tnese  from  Baron  G.  Nor- 

denskiold's  Clifl-Owcllers  of  the  Mesa  Verde,  plate  XXXVI. 


Fig  4-1.  Prom  adobe  ruin  (jnieblo) 
near  I'hoenix,  Arizona.  S.  1-2.  Polished 
;,'rcen  granite.     Very  sharp. 


i    I 


I    i 
f     ! 


Fig.  42.   Typical,  grooved  hammer.   From 
a  ruin  in  Southwestern  Colorado.    S.  2-3. 


Fig.  43.       Group  of  stone  axes  from  cliff-dweller 
buildings  in  Colorado  (Nordenskiold). 

II.   Unusually  long. 

/>.   Similar  to  specimens  from  Arizona. 

c.   A  rarer  form,  being  narrow  at  the  top  (])oll) 
and  having  a  broad  blade. 

(1.  Originally  an  axe  but  afterwards  used  as  a 
hammer.  The  end.s  battered  and  cutting 
edge  worn  until  the  groove  is  about  the 
middle. 


The  Southwest. 


41 


Not  a  few  do«bk'-l)ittc(l  axes  are  fouiul  in  the  valleys  <ir  about  desert 
ruins.  They  are  not  ecjnimon  in  the  boulder,  stone  or  other  ruins  of  the 
mountains.  All  of  them  are  well  made,  li^ht  and  ])r<)l)ably  intended  <'is 
■\ve;ii)ons. 

For  hand-to-hand  fi<;htin<^  the3'  would  be  very  cfii'eetive. 
The  rou<^her  eliff-ruin   axes  and  hammers  are  of  all  sizes  and  sha])es. 
Doubtless,  many  were  used  to  dress  tlie  sand-stone  slabs,  bloeks  or  brieks 
of  whieh  the  buildinj^s  were  eonstrueted.     Battered  and  broken  ed^es  are  in 
cvidenee  and  all  of  them  look  as  if  thev  had  seen  hard  service. 


•  *"    .,V»,^';^\  Fi.ij. +4-.   Small  nxi- oljjraiiin'.  (Jtiiiv 

,'_•.    >;^  t'V •  ,' I    sharp.        Snrliice   hud   ca.st   ol'  i'hocuix, 
Arizona.     S.  1-1. 


Fij;.  4r>.  From  near  Phoeui.x,  Ari;:niia.  K.  1-2. 
These  <U)iihle-j?roovc(l  haiiiiiiers  are  r.-ire,  ami  seem  t«.  lie 
peculiar  to  the  Soutliwest.  Nothiiifj  like  them  is  ioiiiid 
outside  of  the  Co)ora<lo— Kio  Craiide  region. 


Fiu.  4-(i.  DeenraU'd  oljjeel  nl"  lilaek  slate.  I'oiiiid 
south  of  Salt  river,  near  Phoenix.  It  is  sli<; Inly  worn  in 
theevnter.  Several  ofthese  "slates"  have  hern  fonnd. 
I'ossihiv  eeremoni.'d  paint  was  put  on  tlieni.     S.  l-U. 


Arrow-points  arc  not  very  common.  Lon^  slender  ones  like  c  are 
typical  in  the  res^non.  Serrated,  such  as  d,  are  rare.  In  fact,  the  form  is 
somewhat  drill  or  "  hair  pin  "  like.  I  have  seldom  seen  such  slender,  delicate, 
yet  deep-barbed  points.  Mr.  Tait  has  many  sui)erior  to  Pi^.  c.  While  n,  h, 
fl  and  c  are  not  sjjccially  fine,  c  is  seldom  surpassed  even  on  the  Coast. 

The  materials  are  volcanic  substances.  Obsidian,  ajj^ate,  silicious  wood, 
tjuartz  and  chalcedony  predominate.  The  central  point  between  h  and  e  is 
common ;  also  the  triangular  one  just  above  it. 


mmm 


I 
i. 


't2 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Oknamknts  of  Shell. 

Shells  were  transported  from  the  Gulf  of  California  and  the  Paeifie  in 
ineredible  nnmbers.  About  IMioenix  and  Mesa  (also  alon^  the  entire  Salado 
\'alley)thc  desert  is  white  with  them.  I  have  eounted  a  hundred  fragments 
on  the  surfaee  within  a  few  yards 
many  in  the  ruins.* 


Professors  Cushing  and  Fewkes  found 


Pig.  -l-".  S.'md-stonc  ttfi;;\ — 
])C'ili;i|)s  .-111  arniiidiilo.  Sc'vtr;il 
siK'h  have  l)i"tii  t'omid  in  I  lie 
ailohe  niiiis  of  llic  low-lands, 
I'roin  cast  ol'  l'hoctii.\.      S,  1-2. 


Hracelets  were  made  from  the  Peetutlenlus  j>fag'anteus,  Reese,  The 
smaller  ones  were  wrought  into  fro^s,  finj^er-rin^s,  ete.  Beads  were  eom- 
monly  made  of  the  Oliva  biatula,  (nirelin  and  Oliva  biplieta,  Sow.  Dr, 
(irilhth  found  some  fossil  shells  in  the  ruins.  Other  shells  are  numerous  ;  I 
have  s])aee  for  no  more.t 

*Pacitic  Coast  sllells  from  I'rchi.storic  TusavaK  Piiel)los.  Dr.  ].  W.  I'ewkes,  American 
Aiitliropologist,  ISDG,  \>.  35!). 

llUlnio-fom-liolojiy.  .\  study  of  I'ritiiitivc  .Money.  Kobcrt  U.  C.  St«'arns,  Sniitlisoiiian 
Report,  1SS7,  j).  li'.)7,  fzives  a  very  satisfactory  account  of  the  Southwest,  th«  Coast  ami  of 
uU  America. 


The  Snuth\vc^.t 


The  bracelets  and  fin^er-rin^  were  reduced  to  sha];e  by  j^iindiii;^— the 
shell  hein>i  rubbed  ujjon  a  rouj^li  surface  until  only  the  rim  remained,  S<inie 
.'ire  finely  wrou^jht,  others  hastily  made. 

Of  the  little  rin>is.  Dr.  Fewkes  says: 

"These,  as  a  nde,  were  not  iinely  made,  but  wetx"  invariably  perforated 
fit  the  rembo,  possilily  on  account  of  the  thinness  of  the  shell  at  that  ])()iiit. 
They  seem  to  have  been  worn  on  all  tinkers,  and  I  have  taken  two  for  the 
same  dijjfit."* 

Hih|fies  in  shell  are  fairly  eoninum;  of  turquoise  and  onyx,  rare,  1 
j)rcsent  fibres  of  .'i  number. 


^^P/ 


/ 


^yyl/i^ 


J2>0 


Tlicsf  Inivf  livi'ii  tiiliid  >!iii 
(l;il  lasts.  Many  arc  tbtiiu 
ahoiit  (.litl'-riiiiis.  W  liat  iJiiv 
arc  I  (l<j  not  know. 


V\ii.  -l-S.     S.  1  -1-. 


Fiju.  49.    S.  1-8. 


r)r.  j  .  P.  Siivdcr's  article  ill  .American  Arcliaeolopist,  1S07,  \).  IL'S,  presented  two  illiis- 
Iratiotis  of  these.  1  ofl'cr  hi;- fijimes  here.  He  (iiiotcs  Nordcnskiold,  l)iit  adds:  "liow  siicli  a 
model  cotdd  he  re(|iiircd  or  utilized  in  weavinjj  a  .Kiniijle  flat  mat  (base  of  sandal)  is  not.  at 
first  glance,  ((Uitc  a])))arent."  Dr.  Snyder  thinks  that  a  long  strand  of  yucca  tihrc  was  first 
wound  .'iliont  the  stotic  at  intervals  of  half  an  incli  or  more.  Tpon  this  hase  the  plailiiij;  was 
done.  Mr.  K.  Wethcrill,  who  has  vx])lored  vlift'and  mesa  rnins  for  many  years,  also  des<.'ril)e4. 
the  "  lasts  "  in  the  September  niimlier  of  the  .Archaeologist  ( 1S97). 

*  Fewkes,  American  Anthropologist.  1896,  p.  .302, 


■!P"i*«i 


J.4. 


Preh is toric  fmpfcincti (s. 


4 


» 1  »w 


Fig.  fjO.     Ftylit  arro\v-i>i>iiits  froin  soiitlicni  Arizona.     Tlitv  are  tiDt  equal  to  the  ()rej;4iu 
ami  North  PaeJIic  coast  I'orms.     S.  1-1. 


i 


The  South  west. 


.4^.M*Si^:^iti,K^^'^iMf&.S.--^  suU 


I  iir.  51.     Vi'irious  shell  trinkets  from  ruins  nj  ir  Phoenix.      S.  1-1. 


•^6  Prehistoric  Implements. 

II.  I'lIiK.v  (fish?).  ' 

I).  l'r;ij,Mii<rit  ot  sliill  liniiili-l. 

c.  Siiiiill  licjid,  VII  V  coniinoii, 

(/.  I,!ii-n;f  !*lu'll  lii'jiil. 

«•■  Slu'll  liciid  (iraiiollur  ty|if. 

/'  LlMHi'  slli'll  hi'.'icl, 

^'.  I.iirj^c  slid!  inndinil  in  llic  ciuUt  ofllii'  il'ii^tiiUion. 


h'  A  J 


Cf 


/.^■^ 


iy' 


PiK.  r,2. 

It.  Slicll  l)r;ici'li'i.      Witliiii  ii   arc 
sliowii  two  tiir(|iioisf  Ix'.-ids. 

/).  I'ottcrv  disi',  pi'il'oiatfd. 

c.  Slicll  onianieiil. 

(I  Slate  oiti.'iniciu. 
A''  1  dfscrl  niiiis  near  Plioeni.v. 

S.  1 


i 


/  V  <  Note  on  Perfokatkd  Stones.— "I  read, with  ^rcat  interest,.'!  paper 

i\  t^  on  Perforated  Stones  from  California,  by  Henry  W.  Henshaw,  published  In' 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  under  date  of  1887,  and  received  by  me  some 
two  or  three  months  ago. 

"  I  have  in  my  possession  a  nuniberof  war  cluljs  from  New  Britain,  which 
consist  of  a  wooden  handle  armed  at  the  head  with  perforated  stones  which 
have  been  ground  down  to  a  smooth  surface. 

"  The  handle  is  4  ft.  3  in.  long  and  projects  at  the  head  3  in.  beyond  the 
stone.  The  stone  weighs  exactly  12Vi  oz.  Some  of  these  stones  in  my 
possession  are  larger  than  the  specimen  drawn,  while  others  are  smaller; 
but  one  has  only  to  handle  a  club,  armed  even  with  the  lightest  of  them,  to 


"!9 


The  Southwest. 


1-7 


hccoiiviiKvd  that  it  is  a  r()nni(lal)k'  weapon.     Tlic  smallest  ol  the  stones  in 
my  possession  \vei>.;ii  i)  oz.  1')  j^rains.     '  It  is  to  be  partieularly  notieevl." 

"Mr.  llenshaw  says:  'that  many  of  the  stones  have  j^rooves  worn 
jironnd  tlie  perforations,  whieh  ^.Mooves  appear  on  tlie  one  side  only,  and 
that  the  i)olishe(l  side.'  My  speeimens  fnmi  New  Hritain  also  have  this 
;.froove  on  one  side  otily,  and  its  use  may  he  seen  in  the  aeeom])anyinj.i 
sketeli.  The  stone  is  always  fixed  on  the  handle  with  the  ).,'roove(l  side 
undermost,  and  this  groove  is  fdled  u])  with  a  sort  of  eoUar  eomposed  of 
strongly  adhesive  gum  in  whieh  is  set,  for  ornament,  I  sui)pose,  a  cirelet  ot 
the  small  shell-tips  whieh,  threaded  on  a  string,  are  the  money  eurreney  of 
New  lU-itain.    This  keeps  the  stone  firmly  in  its  plaee  and  prevents  it  from 


1    IMiociii.v. 


Kij;.  ">;!.  !i.  Shell  onmiticiit. 

h.  Bird  effigy  of  slii'll. 

c.    Fiiifjcr  riiij;  ot  shell. 

il.  Shell  oriiiiiiR'iit. 
Phoenix  ruins.     S.  l-l. 

It  should  he  ohserved  thit  n  ;ind  l>  are  (liy  error)  shown  twiec 
llie  size  of  the  orij;inals.     The  rin>;  .'md  shell  pendant  are  tnll  size. 


Ine  some 


slipping  down.  The  groove,  of  course,  is  necessary  for  the  reception  of  Ji 
sutlieient  tpiantity  of  gum  and  shell.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  more  eorcet  to 
say  that  the  groove  is  filled  with  gum  and  that  the  '  money '  is  then  stuck 
on  around  the  staff  and  pressed  into  the  gum  before  it  hardens. 

"  The  h)wer  end  of  the  liandle  is  sharpened  and  is  used  as  a  thrusting 
spear  at  close  (juarters. 

"  These  clubs  are  still  in  active  use  cracking  skulls  in  New  Britain  at  the 
present  day ;  and  this  fact  proves  that  whatever  other  use  perforated  stones 
may  be  put  to,  they  are  certainly  used  as  war  clubs.  The  evidence  is  con- 
clusive that  they  are  used  by  the  Hottentots  as  weights  for  digging  sticks, 
but  I  have  not  met  with  any  proof  that  they  manufacture  them  for  that 


1^ 


^imammsmmmmmm 


48 


Prehistoric  Imphmcn  ts. 


purpose.  I  have  seen  a  statement,  thoujj^h  where  I  cannot  remember,  that 
these  stones  are  fre(|uently  ibund  exposed  after  tlie  soil  has  heen  washed 
away  by  heavy  rains,  and  it  is  (|uite  ])ossible  that  Burchell's  Hottentot. 
c|uoted  by  Mr.  Henshaw  on  j).  12,  may  have  been  utiHzed  for  his  grnnfstok, 
the  club-head  of  some  Icm^-forgotten  warrior  of  another  race. 

"Itisquitelikely  that  the  stones  in  some  jjlaces  maybe  perforated  especi- 
ally for  dij>:;,Mng^  sticks,  but  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  the  same  stone  would 
be  used  for  that  purpose  and  for  a  war  club  as  well,  as  sug;,a'sted  by  the 
Rev.  Lanj>:ham  Dale,  quoted  by  Mr.  Henshaw  on  p.  i:}.  The  sava^a-  needs 
to  have  his  war  club  always  ready,  and  the  stone  must  be  a  fixture  in  a 
position  which  unfits  it  for  dijjffin^  purposes. 

I' The  di^;,Mng  stick  is  used  throughout  the  South  Sea  Islands  and  in  Aus- 
tralia, Init  I  have  never  met  with  it  weighted  by  a  perforated  stone.  Among 
the  Australian  blacks  it  is  a  woman's  implement.  The  women  use  it  for 
tl'S^i"^'  wild  yams  and  edible  roots.  They  also  em])loy  it  very  effectually  as 
a  weapon  when  their  husbands  are  hard  pressed  in  a  fight  and  they  come  to 
the  rescue.  They  rush  in,  shrilly  screaming,  and  raake  excellent  i)lay  with 
their  yam  sticks  on  the  heads  of  the  foe.* 

LORIMEK    F'iSON,   M.   A." 

The  .^niericaii  .\iilhi-oi)oloj;ist.     Vol.  II.     N'o.  2.     .■Xiiril,  ISSi).     Pii}>c.s  1  77-S. 

'This  aijplicK  c(iually  well  to  tlit  .\iizoua-Ni-vv  Mexico  "  wheels."  iR-rfoiateii  stones,  etc. 


SECTION  IL 


The  Upper  Missouki;   The  I'pprr  Mississippi. 

There  is  little  to  be  sriid  re<^arding  these  regions.  Not  many  stone,  flint 
or  clay  objects  arc  found.  A  number  of  shell  and  bone  beads  or  ornaments 
occur,  Sucli  types  as  arc  duplicated  on  the  Pacific  coast  will  l)e  dcscrilx'din 
the  section  treating  of  that  region. 

The  Upper  Missouri,  as  a  whole,  is  high  in  altitude  and  ranges  from 
'i. 000  to  11,000  feet  above  sea  level.  Not  enough  implements  have  been 
found  to  justify  archaeologists  in  paying  special  attention  to  it,  I  doubt 
not  that  a  careful  examination  of  the  territory  would  reveal  a  number  of 
new  tvjjes,  but  the  information  at  hand  is  scant.  Concerning  the  Upper 
Mississi])])i  more  may  be  said.  It  must  lie  borne  in  mind  that  Minn  'sota 
was  settled  at  an  earlier  date  than  Montana,  Wyoming,  or  North  and  Soutii 
Dakota.  Conscfjuently,  much  more  is  known  regarding  prehistoric  man  of 
the  Upper  Mi.ssissippi  than  of  ancient  man  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 


p 


Fig  r)4.  Delicfilc  .•xrrow-points.  lU'aiUvattfs 
o(  Missouri  River.  S,  1-1.  Tlio  various  tiiriii.s 
are  i)rc'setiteil. 


The  Centennial  Valley  is  within  a  few  miles  of  the  water-head  separating 
tlie  Pacific  from  the  Missouri.  On  the  headwaters  of  the  racific  streams 
are  found  small  ])oints  like  those  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  I  ]>rcsent 
•sever.il  in  Fig.  54. 

In  l-'ig.  o5  arc  si.s  obsidian  implements  from  the  Centennial  Valley, 
rj)pcr  Missouri,  Montana. 

Fig.  5(5  illustrates  nineteen  flint  and  obsidian  implements  from  the 
Centennial  Valley  and  vicinity.  From  the  headwaters  of  the  river  on  down 
through  the  Dakotas  fornearly  1,500  miles  quite  a  number  of  stone,  clay 
and  bone  objects  have  been  found.  But  descriptions  of  these  are  brief  and 
mostly  fragmentary,  being  scattered  through  various  reports  and  journals. 
I  can  do  no  more  than  call  attention  to  some  of  the  prevailing  tyi)es     I 


50 


Pnhis t one  Implements. 


Fig.  5'>.    Obsidian  implements,   Montana.     S.  1-1.     I  am  indebted  to  the  Hon. 
Urowcr  lor  Kigs.  55  to  62. 


.!■  V. 


The  Upp2r  Missouri  and  The  Upper  Mississippi. 


51 


t 


Ion.  J.  V. 


have  thous^ht  that  a  prop^'rly  appointed  survey  should  embark  in  a  steam 
launeh  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone  river,  in  Montana,  and  follow  the 
Missouri  down  to  Kansas  City.  This  trip  eould  be  aeeomplished  in  I'uwr  or 
five  months.  Government  eharts  of  the  region  traversed  eould  be  procured, 
and  all  the  prehistoric  sites  marked.  Although  varitms  expeditions  have 
passed  up  and  down  the  Missouri  in  the  last  fifty  years,  there  has  been  no 
svstcmatie  record  of  the  villages  either  ancient  or  modern.  The  character 
of  the  artifacts  found  on  camp  sites  of  the  river,  or  upon  its  tributaries, 
have  not  been  described.  Readers  will  understand  that  in  attempting  to 
describe  the  specimens  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  I  am  laboring  at  a  great  dis- 
advantage, and  I  must  therefore  be  pardoned  for  presenting  the  facts 
obtainable  in  the  form  of  a  synopsis. 

These  were  reproduced  from  the  following  books  b^*  Mr.  Browcr: 
Missouri  River  and  its  Utmost  Source.  St.  Paul,  1897.  Pre-historic  Man 
at  the  Head-Waters  of  the  Mississippi.    St.  Paul,  1895. 

Mr.  Browcr  is  well  known  as  an  historian,  geographer  and  archaeolo- 
gist and  his  explorations  have  been  ver\'  extensive  and  quite  successful. 

The  tribes  living  on  either  side  of  the  Missouri,  and  using  it  as  a  highway 
for  communication  with  other  peoples  either  above  or  below,  were,  i)rimar- 
ily,  plains  or  hunting  tribes.  In  the  later  times  these  were  designated  as 
Horse  Indians  to  distinguish  them  from  other  savages  living  in  the  moun- 
tains or  woods. 

in  this  region  arrow-points  or  small  spear-heads  and  knives  arecommon. 
Grooved  axes  are  rare.  Celts  or  ])olished  stone  hatchets  are  fairlyconnnon. 
Hematite  is  rare.  Copper  olyects  are  very  seldom  found  far  uj)  the 
.Missouri.  Eiut  it  occurs  in  the  Dakotas  and  is  very  common  from 
Minnesota  eastwards  throughout  the  lake  region.  The  pottery  is  jilain 
iind  of  an  inferior  grade.  But  few  specimens  are  decorated,  and  many  of 
the  fragments  exhibit  basket  mouldings  or  other  marks  U])on  the  exterior, 
showing  thjit  the  vessels  were  fashioned  within  moulds  of  rush,  or 
reed,  or  cane,  or  hide.  Pipes  are  largely  made  from  catlinite.  Hut 
few  foreign  substances  are  found,  indicating  that  barter,  trade  or 
commerce  was  not  extensive.  Stone-mauls  or  hammers  are  common. 
These  may  have  been  used  in  hunting  buffalo  or  antelojje  in  the  snow,  or 
for  breaking  large  bones,  pounding,  etc.  The  arrow-j)oints  are  (piite  small 
and  do  not  present  that  diversity  of  form  and  material  found  in  the  Soutli 
or  towards  the  East.  The  types  of  arrow-jjoints,  knives  and  sjji'ar- 
heads  illustrated  in  Fig.  5(5,  from  Montana,  are  (juite  different  from  those 
occuring  on  the  river  farther  down.  But  none  of  them,  whether  from  the 
Upper  Missouri  or  from  the  Lower  Missouri,  are  to  l.e  compared  wilii 
similar  artifacts  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  East  or  the  South. 

The  bone  awls  arc  like  those  from  the  village  sites  or  tumili  of  otlier 
.sections  of  the  United  States.  Bone  scrapers,  made  from  tibiae  of  the  deer, 
antelope,  elk  or  buflalo,  are  more  fre(|uent  than  elsewhere.  Many  round 
halls  of  stone  are  found.  These  may  have  been  slung  shots,  or 
mounted  as  heads  to  war  clubs.     Types  of  more  modern  make,  iron  arrow- 


I 

ill 


'H 


ri 
i  ji 

I  I 


■manHMSsigiBai 


52 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


4 


liu-  "»(>     Ohsii'iaiv  and  Hiut  implements.  I'liin'i-  Mussuiui  CCvtUctiuinl  Valley.)     S.  l-'J. 


The  Upper  Missouri  and  The  Upper  Mississippi. 


53 


])oints,  brass  Ijeacis,   and  scalping  knives  are  common,  hut  fis  this  hook 
treats  of  the  jirehistoric  only,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  describe  them. 

Brief  articles  on  archacolog}'  of  the  Missouri  River  and  tributaries  have 
been  published  in  The  American  Antiquarian,  The  American  Anthroi)olo- 
gist,  Smithsonian  Reports,  etc.  Most  of  the  papers  treat  of  mound  explor- 
ations .'ind  say  but  little  about  implements,  ornaments  or  utensils.  Mr.  T. 
H.  Lewis  seems  to  have  done  as  much  work  through  the  Dakotas,  eastern 
Nebraska  and  northern  Iowa  as  anj'one  else. 

Of  the  Upper  Mississippi  more  can  be  said.  The  relics  of  this  region  are 
somewhat  like  those  of  the  lakes,  although  there  arc  some  diflferences  which 
will  be  treated  of  when  we  discuss  the  types  found  from  Duluth  to  Montreal 
and  throughout  the  St.  Lawrence  basin.  In  Fig.  57  I  present  fragments  of 
pottery  from  Itasca  Lake  and  other  localities.  Excepting  a  few  of  the 
decorations,  this  pottery  is  very  like  that  found  on  the  Upper  Missouri.  In 
Fig.  58  three  specimens  are  presented.  No.  1  is  a  typical  pipe  of  catlinite, 
although  of  ancient  form.  No.  2  is  a  round  disc  of  unknown  use.  No.  3  is  a 
hammer  stone  of  peculiar  type.  Fig.  59  are  two  grooved  stone  hammers. 
k,  from  Leech  Lake,  and  B,  from  Lake  Itasca.  Both  are  shown  full  size. 
They  are  such  forms  as  are  common  throughout  the  Missouri  Valley  north 
of  Kansas  City.  Fig.  60  presents:  No.  1,  a  copper  wire,  probably  a  hair 
pin  or  ear  ornament;  No.  2,  a  scraper;  No.  3,  a  flint  knife;  No.  4,  a  small 
scraper;  No.  5,  a  large  obsidian  spear;  and  No.  7,  a  very  fine  obsidian 
spear.  All  these  are  shown  full  size.  Fig.  61  presents  seven  copper  imple- 
ments, all  shown  full  size. 

Fig.  62  is  a  large,  flint  spear-head  of  unusual  type.  Specimens  of  this 
form  are  usually  pointed  at  each  end  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  as 
knives.  This  specimen  is  of  that  general  t^'pe,  onl^'  that  it  appears  that  one 
end  has  been  cut  off",  leaving  a  base  about  two-thirds  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  artisan  who  was  able  to  produce  so  fine  a  specimen  of  aboriginal  work- 
manship as  this  was  certainly  an  adept  in  his  profession.  These  are  found 
throughout  the  St.  Lawrence  basin  and  the  lakes  region,  but  are  very  rare 
farther  south. 

Tiic  great  obsidian  ledges  or  cliffs  of  the  Yellowstone  Valley  have 
furnished  material  for  countless  cutting  tools  and  projectiles.  All  over  the 
hills  and  plains,  within  a  d.'iy's  journey  of  the  clifts,  are  scattered  Iractured 
blocks,  spalls,  broken  and  finished  implements. 

Throughout  the  two  Dakotas  prehistoric  villages  seem  to  have  l)een 
located  near  the  Missouri  or  upon  its  tributaries.  Stone  mounds  find 
bowlder  efligics  are  common.     Barth  mounds  a'ld  fortifications  arc  rare. 

A  i)L'culiar  si)ecimcn  of  the  "scrajjcr  form"  is  common  in  the  Rocky 
mountains.     I  will  t|uote  Dr.  Wilson's  remarks: 

"  Lest  some  critic  shouUl  pick  a  flaw  in  the  foregoing  statement  of  facts, 
I  nietition  the  teshoa,  a  kind  of  scraper  jjctuliar  to  the  foot  liills  on  tlic 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  was  descril)ed  by  I'rolcssor 
Lcidy,  and  siK'cimens  have  been  sent  to  the  Museum  by  Col.  I'.  H.  Ray. 
They  were  sim])ly  spauls  from  boulders  with  a  sharj)  edge  and  were  knocked 


K  I 


mMjaMumjmmmmm 


54 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Via.  37.     Pottery  fragments  IVoin  the  Upper  Mississippi,  near  Lake  Itasca.    S.  1-2. 


The  Upper  Missouri  and  The  Upper  Mississippi. 


;>;> 


oflF  by  the  Indians  durinj;  their  bufTalo  hunts,  used  temporarily,  Jind  left. 
This  is  believed  to  be  the  only  exeejjtion  to  the  universality  of  the  form  of 
the  stone  serajjer  in  the  Xcolithie  a^e  throuj^hout  the  world."* 

It  is  also  found  in  the  Southwest. 

The  prevailing  t\'pcs  and  scareity  of  speeiniens  ean  best  be  illustrated 
by  (|uoting  from  some  of  the  reports  o\\  Held  work,  ete. 

Mound  exploration  in  Pipestone  County,  Minnesota. 

Conceniinj;  one  tumulus,  the  aecount  says:  "  Beneath  the  latter  was  a 
pile  of  broken  stones,  mostly  of  smaller  sizes,  among  which  were  pieees  of 
pi])estone,  l)adl\'  decayed  fragments  of  human  ai.d  coyote  bones,  but  no 
entire  skeleton.  In  this  were  found  charcoal  and  ashes,  the  only  instance  of 
their  presence  in  any  of  the  mounds  at  this  place.  They  were  underneath 
the  pllj  orst;)n>;s.     A  small  drill  was  found  with  them."  t 

Dr.  Thomas'  observations  on  the  pottery  are  briefly  stated : 

"The  ornamentation  of  the  pottery  is,  as  a  rule,  similar  to  that  of  the 
Mandans,  except  that  it  appears  to  be  a  trifle  ruder.  The  characteristic 
incised  lines  of  the  Mandan  pottery  are  constantly  met  with.  The  temper- 
ing material  employed  is  also  the  same,  it  being  a  fine  silicious  sand."t. 

The  only  find  of  importance  made  in  the  region — and  it  includes  most  of 
the  objects  found  there — is  described  b\'  Dr.  Thomas  as  follows : 

"  Souris  river  mounds. 

"A  catlinite  pipe  of  the  tubular  variety,  curving  toward  the  base,  and 
mary  pieces  of  broken  pottery  were  found  with  them.  These  pottery  frag- 
ments are  ornamented  with  straight  incisions,  and  are  composed  of  a 
mixture  of  clay  tempered  with  fine  sand  or  pulverized  granite.  Five  catlinite 
pipes  of  the  tubular  variety,  a  polished  sandst(me  tablet  engraved  on  one 
side  with  the  rude  fifi,urc  of  a  turtle,  and  two  small  c\i\y  cups,  about  the  size 
of  an  ordinary  finger  bowl,  accompanied  the  skeletons.  The  pottery  has  an 
incised  spiral  ornamentation  extending  all  around  the  bowl  and  a  corru- 
gated rim.  The  composition  is  a  mixture  of  clay  with  fine  sand  or  pulverized 
granite.  Quite  a  fresh  piece  of  bark,  appfirently  bearing  the  marks  of  a 
knife  along  one  edge,  wtis  also  found  accompanying  these  remains. 

"Also  three  fine  specimens  of  arrow-heads  of  a  light  grayish  flint  and  .'i 
portion  of  some  polished  implement  of  bone,  ornamented  with  straight 
incised  lines  which  appear  to  have  been  produced  with  a  sharp  steel  knife."  t| 

The  peculiar  tubular  pipes  made  of  catlinite,  described  by  Dr.  Thomas, 
were  found  in  Iowa,  Kansas,  and  occasionally  elsewhere.  The  other  ob- 
jects are  typical  of  the  region. 

I  have  reserved  the  lower  Missouri,  or  the  country  better  known  as 
"  The  Great  Plains",  for  a  longer  and  more  comprehensive  section. 

•Proceetlings  of  tlic  American  Association  for  tlic  Advancement  of  Science.  Forty-eighth 
meeting,  held  at  Columbus,  O.,  August,  1899.  Section  H.  Anthropology.  Address  by  I)r 
Thomas  Wilson,  p.  .348. 

tUr.  Cyrns  Thomas.     .Vnnual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  '90-'91,  p.  43. 

tibid,  p.  41. 

Illbid,  p.  37. 


1 1 


n 


nc. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fijj.  38.     I'pinT  Mississippi  Vallcv.    S.  1-1. 


77k'  f'ppci-  Missouri  nrul  The  Vpfwr  Mississippi. 


57 


: ..  ill 


;1 


( 1  ■■ 


"11 


«1l 


w 

I 

m 

m 

1^1 


Flj^.  5'.).      Tw)  i;ro  >vo  1  sluu'  li  iiii.ii.ts  Iioiu  llic  I'piicT  Mississi|)])i.     S,  11. 


58 


Prehistoric  Iniplcmcutfi. 


,     \ 


I  '  I 


Viii.  •'"      ()l)si(liaii,  flint  and  copper  objects  from  the  I'ppcr  Mississip),i  .1.     (Browcr.) 


The  I'ppvr  Misxfiri  ittui  The  fftpcr  Missisfn'pf)! 


I'i.U.dl.     (.'opucr  ol)jcTts  trorii  Miinicsula.     S.  1-1.     I'loiii  M  r.  J.  \'.  lirnwci 


'^! 


l/vp 


lli;i(l\v,iur> 


>\  the  Mississi|i]ii  Kivtr."     In  the  iriili  r  i>  a  hmi;  s]if:ii' 


llCil 


.\  I  the  hi)ll(iiii  ■uc   two  Mii.ill 


lir.K'elits.     Alidvc  llii-iii,  t wo  arrow  oi'  siiiar  heiids  of  (lilVerinl   lyju.       I  he  one  to  the  riyht 
liaviiig  ;i  lonj;,  pointed  base  to  li.-  inserted  in  a  soeket  or  perlor.ation  in  llie  liandle.    Tile  other 


<'>m 


M 


eonid  he  more  seeurelv  fastened  t 


o  a  liandle  heeanse  ol  t  he  overla],]iinji  edj^e 


A  I 


<iv  e  I  lie  Idi. 


(eetUial)  S])ear  is  ;i  pointe  I  inipienient,  and  in  the  enriier  a  ereseent  (liead  ovnanunt ). 


(5(» 


Prch!st()tic  Imi)lc 


m[)lcincnts. 


«?• 


I 


I'ij;.  (13.      A  iifftili.'ir 


riiut 


spear  or  laiici'-liciul. 


It    inav    have   liteii   <lt)iiblc-|)niiiti'(l   and   one-  ciiil 


ill 


ippi-i 


I   <l< 


so   that   till'  hase   was  aliout    an 


imli  in  widtli.  At  anv  rale  tlie  speeinien  is  a  very 
tine  one.  I'onnd  in  nurlhern  Minnesota.  From 
the  eoUeetion  of  Dr.  1'.  I).  Winsiiip.  I'ari<  Hapids, 
.Minnesota.     S.  1-1 . 


The  I'ppcr  Missiniri  /tiul  The  I'ltpvr  Mississipi)!. 


r.\ 


I'ii;.  <U.  S.  1  1.  Mr.  Hiowc'i- hiiil  ni.-ulv  lor  nil-  I'ins.  (it  111  (IM.  lie  sitvs  ol  Imk- •'■  I  " '' 
is  ,1  (luiililc  MiaiHT  <>t'iini(|iii'  I'onii;  (dtiiiii  l)y  iiic  at  llif  soiirci'  ol  llic  MissDtiti  river  on  :'  ^"' 
lnvjc  HJic  ,11  tlii'i'rcu  ol  llio  Uoi'kv  Moiinliiitis," 

I  woiilil  I'.-ill  il  a  kiiilf.  Material,  linlit  iiiotllcd  lirowti  tiiiit  willi  red  sjiols.  Tlie  villii^;«.' 
was  In, (KM)  feet  aliove  >.e,i  level. 


Fijr.  Cut.  \  iieeuliar  knife.  Foinul  associated 
with  jiot  slier<ls  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Missis- 
st|)))i.    Onartzitc.     S.   1-1. 


62 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fijj.  ()('>.  C<>i))HT  1)1- 
Hatiiciit  (?),  Sanely  I,ak<', 
Minn.,  (ni-ar  sonrci-  of 
river),  'i  indi  lliicU.  S. 
t-l. 


!•'!>;.  r»7.  FVcnIinr  I'opiiiT  tilijii't  'I'lii'  lowcf  i'(l>;i'  was  forinirlv  niiich  sliarjiiT.  Mr. 
ItrowiT  imIIs  it  a  "  s|)n(!  or  "ad/.."  I  do  not  know  lis  nst.  Sonii'  jirrsons  snu^'-"*'^  tiial  it 
was  a  hiiiiv  [K'clcr,  til'.     It  shows  .narks  of  ronjrli  service.     r|i))cr  Miss,  river.     S.  11 


The  Vpper  Missouri  and  The  Upper  Mississippi. 


r>3 


V\jZ.  <>M,     IVstli-.     S.  1  ;».    l>r.  r.  I).   Witislii]).   Park 
K;il)i(is,  Mimi. 


I'ii;.  (•.'.».  C.foovcil  liaimm-r.  S.  l-'_'.  Dr.  IMt.  Wiii- 
s'lip.  i' irk  Kapids,  Minn. 
'I'lu' |ii'sik' mijilii  readily  pass  tor  an  Oliio  Valley  spiri- 
MR-n.  riu'  ;ii«)()vc(l  ll.iinincr  is.  lidwever,  (lillc'rt'nl  Irtiin 
most  soullu'in  or  tasti-ni  I'ornis.  It  is  typical  of  the 
(Ireat  I'lains.  r|)pi'r  Missouri  .'ind  Mississip]>i,  and  of 
the  i/akcs 


'm 


Mr. 
thai    it 


Fig,  70.    S.  1-+.    ColUvtion  of  Mr  J.  W.  Pick,  Sliwarlvillt,  Minn. 

No.  1.   Copper  s])car. 
,.     2         I.  .• 

"     3,        "        axe. 

"     4.. 

'•     5,   Stone  pi})e.  (?) 


MiSts  .tuKm  !n^^!iKKn9H 


.1 


SECTIOiN  III. 
The  Gkkat  Plains  and  Lower  Missoiki  River  Regions. 

This  is  a  very  rich  rcjj^ion.  It  was  so  in  ancient  times — it  is  rich  to-day. 
The  wealth  then  lay  in  herds  of  bison  and  antelope;  in  countless  .acres  of 
wild  i)rairie  land  where  man  mijjjht  roam  unfettered.  To-day,  the  jjroductivc 
])lains  and  river  valleys  are  turned  to  good  account  by  a  progressive  race; 
but  the  vast  herds  are  gone. 

As  the  Indians  killed  buffalo  they  would  have  lasted  .always,  for  they 
si.'iughtered  only  sufficient  game  for  their  needs.     Hut  the  hide-hunters  and 


I'iu.  71  liiiillii'iiw.'ivi' j.'ir  •)!•  I)i)\vl  iK'rror.'iud  t'or  Mispcnsidii.  I'rotii  tlu'  Hill  vill.'ij^r  site 
m;ir  .Maiili.itliMi,  Kail.  Tliis- and  otIuT  (Ij^  tii«>  Ikjiii  "riiivira,"  hv  lion.  J.  \'.  Midwii.  St. 
I'aiil,  1S',»S.     S.   ll.'. 

the  Mills  and  Dicks   of  Ironlier  fame  had  no  desire  to  m.ake  other  tli.iii  a 
"record  killing" — hence  the  bulValo  soon  (lis.ippcarcd. 

The  northern  and  southern  herds  in  the  sixties  .and  e.arly  seventies  num- 
bered from  a.OdO.OOO  to  lO.OOO. ()()().  Vet  of  this  immense  number  .1  mere 
rcnuiant   of  .'{(>()  or   101)  remains  to-dav.     To  the  Indian  the  bisor.  mc.int 


food,  shelter,   dothiny.  fuel,   etc. 


11 


is  bones  .'ind  sinews  furnished  imple 


ments,  cords  and  ro])cs.     Sometimes  his  hide  was  nuide  to  serve  as  .-i  bo.at. 
In  short,  the  buffalo  was  ihe  lilc  of  the    Pi.ains   tribes.      Mis  destruction, 
therefore.  l)roughi  ;d)oul   much  hardship,  w.ars,  etc,     I  mention  these  facts 
•C'lil.  K.  1.  Poiliic  "(im   Will'  Inilians." 


The  (hcnt  Pl.-iins  nnd  Lower  Missouri  River  Remoiis. 


65 


so  that  students  may  a])|)reciatc  the  inijiortantv  of  l)uffa]o  to  TMains 
residents;  also,  heeause  the  art  oltlie  time  was  infUieiieed  to  an  a])|)ixvial)le 
dej^ree  by  the  dejjendenee  of  men  for  their  very  existenee  on  tliis  animal. 
The  bison  entered  into  their  f<>lk-h)re,  reli^^ion,  ete.* 


■m 


.     Si. 


han  a 


I-ijj.  7-J.    y.  8  7. 

I'ii;.  TL'  incsi'iils  .1   K;msMs   nii't.'iU-   iVdiii   llic    villiijii-   .site   i>ii    Wildi.-il    I'liik,    K'ilix    Ln. 
l.i'iiytli  1  1 '  i;  iiulu's,  wi<llli  7  imlus.     ( In  ii  li<  s  tiic  iiumo-:  tciu',  wliiili    \\ji>  i  i:l  Ik<I   l).ii  1;    .mil 
lorili  to  yriml  j^r.iiii.  sri'ds,  I'ti        VVliilv  tin-  pviiRijiU-  is  tlic  SMiiic.  llic  tbtni.s  ;iir  simuwii.il   ill/ 
IcTciil  tioiii  lluiM'  iil'llic  Sotiiliwes-l,  ll)f  liitlcr  hciiig  hflttT  iiiiulc. 

I 


W 


ii 


;«"i 


'«  < 


;i.    s.  1  ;i. 


hieant 

liniple- 

iboat. 

leticn. 

faets 


Selling;  Mside,  for  llie  present,  tlic  numerous  referenees  to  tlie  areh.uolouv 

111  llu'(ireat  Plains  let  us  eonline  ourselves  to  the  eoiisideration  of  eeiitral 

Kansas,     .\Ionj.;  the  Kansas  river,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Vemillion  to  .Man- 

liattan,  and  farther  u])  past  I'ort   Riley  and  Jmielion  City  to  Salina,  there 

;ire  numei-ous  small  mounds,  villaj^e  sites, ete.     To  the  south  of  Salina.  some 

•|i<n>f\.     ij.    O.I,    lliii  ii.idv.   M,iM>ii,    UiKjjs.   I-Kulur  and  many  <illui>   in    Simtlixiniaii 
Kilioil^,    \iii  In  ii|i(il(ii;l-.| ,  AiiuiK-an    \  lit  ii|iiai  lan.  «tt'. 


■vr^i 


66 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I 


50  miles,  is  the  Arkansas  river.  The  tributaries  of  both  the  Kansas  and 
Arkansas  have  their  rise  in  a  common  water-shed  extending  for  some  150 
miles  east  and  west.  While  the  rejj^ion  hfis  been  referred  to  in  various 
re])orts,  no  detailed  or  systematic  explorations  had  been  conducted  until 
the  Hon.  J.  B.  Brower  took  the  field.  This  gentleman  has  recently  become 
interested  in  archaeology,  and  his  individual  efforts — conducted  regardless 
«)f  expense — might  profitably  be  followed  by  certain  of  our  musevmis  and 
investigators.  Mr.  Brower  has  published  two  beautiful  Bulletins  entitled, 
respectively,  Harahey  and  Quivira.  He  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  repro- 
duce a  great  many  of  his  illustrations  and  the  greater  part  of  my  figures 
presenting  Kansas  types  are  from  his  two  reports.* 


Fig.  74.    S.  1-1. 
In  l""ij;s.  7;5  and  74- I  ijreseiit  two  grooved  lianttners   of  Sioux   (jiiartzitc.     The   first   was 
litund  in  Mcl'hcrson  Co.,  and  the  secord   in   Rice  Co.      Mr.   Hrower  snvs:   "the  eft'ects  of 
weather  are  vastly  different,  whieh  may  indicate  a  considerable  difference  in  njie." 

The  careful  study  of  a  particular  area  gives  an  insight  into  the  details  of 
daily  life  of  the  aborigines  inhabiting  that  region.  This  proposition  has 
l)een  demonstrated  by  every  field  won-.er.  Taking  M^-nhattan  as  a  center 
and  drawing  a  circle  50  miles  in  diametc".  an  archaeologist  will  find  a  locjil 
culture  somewhat  higher  than  the  average  Plains  tribe  attained  elsewhere, 
rrimarily,  they  depended  upon  the  buffalo.  But  they  also  were  agricultur- 
alists, although  on  a  small  scale. 

*(jiiivira,  by  Hon.  J.  H.  Hrower,  St.  Paul,  189H.  llnrahey,  by  the  same  author,  St.  I'nnl, 
1899.  Hoth  under  the  Kt'ii'"*  < 'tie:  "  Memoirs  of  lixjiloratuins  in  the  Hasin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi," 


The  Great  Pin  ins  and  Lower  Missniiri  River  Regions. 
1%.  82.  Fi^'.  81. 


67 


3C 


CD 


-I 


01 


Imk.  75.  All,  S.  1-1. 

FiR.  Tfi  is  <i  |)cciilinr  sandstoiif  hlock  liaviiix  a  deep  groove  in  it.  These  arc  conuiniii  .-ill 
over  the  I'liited  States  and  were  imdotihtedly  tool  shiirjH'iiers. 

I'lR.  "<>  is  a  eallinite  pijje  of  sneii  form  as  arc  fre<nieiitl.v  fonnd  in  the  Soutii  nuule  of  siea- 
liie,  and  in  the  North  nnd  Hn  .t  Mf  sandstone,  ^rnnite,  shnle,  etc. 


.1 


m 


S*(! . 


;HI 


I"'        ...»^-.-*ll^ 


1 


68 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I'ij;.  77  is  ;i  Ion;,' citliiiili'  \\\\)k  ii«'tiili;ir  ol'tlu'  I'liiiiis  ri'^^ioii,  li.-iviii^^  llirrt-  iiiij;s  c'lirvtd  in 
ivlii'lii  sitort  (listiiiK'c  from  tlu'  sti'iii  liolf. 

Fiy.  7S  is  ;i  sliorl  c-itliiiitc  i)iiJt',  Uu- coiniiioii  li)rni  <>l  I'l.iiiis  piiics. 

I'ij;.  7'.)  is  Mil  I,  sli.ipcd  calliiiilv  |)iiic  Dl'tlii-  satiic  I'oiiii  which  f.riiirs  in  otlicr  iiiali'iials  in 
thi-  liast  and  Somh. 

Fij;.  MO  is  (in  cajllc  ctK;^y  oi  caUinilr.     lii)iil)t!fss  worn  as  an  oiiiainjiil  in  llic  nosr  or  i-ars. 

V\\i.  ^1  is  a  donhlf  jjointcd  Unil'f  vvilii  li  'villc-d  cdj^is,  and  I'lj^.  SI!  is  a  slender  Sjnai'  in 
lani'L'  head  ol  Sioux  .|iiarl/iU'. 


[    , 


I"i;^.  S,'{.  S".  II.  Ortiani-'ntal  stoi.cs  in 
this  ri-ijion  are  very  rare.  This  is  one  ol  ihe 
tew  t'oinid.  In  this  res|icet  tlie  re.uion  i)ie>ents 
a  marked  eontrasl  to  the  Sotitli  and  Kasl. 
Ornaments  are  more  eonimon  near  the  Miss- 
issippi or  in  liaslern  Iowa,  Minnesota  and 
Missouri  Thev  are  extremely  rare  to  the  west 
of  those  localities.  It  was  found  on  a  sandhar 
in  the  Kansas  river  and  is  made  of  Siou.x. 
(piart:  ite. 


Mr.  I5i'()\\lt  tliiuks  tliat  lln.'  Sii.iiiiinls  pfiicti'.'itcd  lliis  rcLiion  ;iii(f 
(lisi.ovi.'n.(l  two  provinces,  Quivira  ami  llaralicy.  The  latter  lies  east  of  tiie 
Uiji  Blue  river  and  extends  north  and  south  aeross  the  Kansas.  The  former 
is  a  more  e.Ktensive  territory  and  reaehes  from  the  dreat  Hend  of  the  Arkan- 
sas to  opposite  Manhattan  on  the  Kansas.  Professor  I".  \V.  Ilod.ue,  of  the 
Unrean  of  lAlmolo^y,  and  Mr.  James  Mooney,  of  the  same  instilnlion, 
eoneiir  with  Mr.  l'>ro\er  in  his  eontentions.  1  mioju  add  that  jnil.Lie  John 
(i.  Keagy  has  I'urnisiied  Mr.Hrower  with  nnieh  valuable  information,  and  is 
also  to  !)e  thanked. 


The  (irc'U  I'l.'iiiis  unci  Lower  Missouri  h'ivcr  h'ci;ioits. 


(')<> 


:i 


Imim-h.mknts  oi"  Stoxh  and  I-'i.int. 

Tlic  arrow-points  of  these  peopk-s  rirc  vcrv  like  those  of  the  entire  Plains 
region.  Hut  they  possessed  tlint  hatehets,  larjje  knives  and  sjjears,  si)a(les 
or  ajiriciiltural  implements  somewhat  inferior  to  those  of  the  Mississip])i 
N'alley  proper,  ete.  Their  arrow-points  are  somewhat  larjjer  than  those  ol' 
the  far  West.  Mortars  or  nietates  are  a  little  ruder  than  those  of  the  Sonth- 
west ;  Init  their  jjottery  is  not  to  he  compared  with  that  of  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  or  Tennessee;    their  stone   hammers  are   typical   of  the    Plains 


111'  Wl'St 

;ill<ll);ir 
Sioux 


n    anil 

of  llic 

fornu  T 

\rkan- 

i,['  tlic 

liilinn, 

^c  John 

.  and  is 


i 


I'iu  S4-.     S.  I    1 .     'I  lii>  tifjutc  prcscm--  ,111  axe  ul'  Sionx  (|iiarl/.iu'  tVniii  tin-  li.iMwni  \'illa'^c 


1U-,  .\iiu'i<)|i  ■  r 


\Val. 


iiiiiMi'  Co.,  Kansas 


Siuiix  i|ii.iri/iU'  was  ircd  vciv  lai 


}H\y  t 


or  iiialsiiii;  liaiiiimis,  s|  lai  s.ai  rous.i' 


li'.    ( ii(ilo!.;isi 


nnii   I  |iiiaiiM(Hirsi-  in  Mr.  llrowt  r's  siu^ii^eslii  ns  ;is  lo  ihc  I  ran>poi  t  a  I  ii.n  ol  inali  1  ial.  t  U'. 
liroovi'  I  a  \v'.--  ai\'  \  crv   ran  .  l  li<  ri'  liianv;  no  liifs  lo  iiil  ilown.  or  caiioi  s  ii>  niaUiM.  ii..  ami 


:^V 


i  :N1'  \ 


M 


>iii\ 


■M 


li-w  sriiM 


lo  lia  M'  Ik<  M 


liavi-  iKVir  stcn  in   luaiil  ol  •  n  a  nc  o(  insl  llii^  sliain'. 


70 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


V'lli.  H't  ts  one  of  the  fiiicsi  grooved  axes  wliicli  I  have  seen  fmin  any  section  nf  the  eotin- 
tiv.  It  would  ch)  credit  to  the  iVinions  "axe  region  "  of  Soiilhein  llhnois.  Ohio  and  Indiana. 
It  was  found  in  Pottawatomie  Co..  Kansas.     Material,  diorite.    S.,  abotit  H-!l. 


The  Great  Plains  and  Lower  Missnuri  River  Regions. 


n 


.-^^.'. 


d  e  f  g 

!•'!}■.  S7.    Scale  shown.    Various  flint  s))winu'iis  from  the  Hlliot  Village  site,  south  of  the 
Kaiisas  river,  about  10  miles  from  Manhattan.    The  specimens  (iresentccl   in  this  figure  are 


^BS 


72 


Prehistoric  lnii)lt'tncnts. 


tyiiical  ofthis  81'ction  of  the  ri.iiiis.  Vi't.  sniiic  (>!  tlir  loniis  miiir  iImavIuii'.  At  ii  is  slmwii 
!i  flint  kiiilf;  at  /)  are  two  siicai-licads,  the  first  liroad  and  liie  seeond  narrow  ;  at  c  tliere  is  a 
slender  harhed  s|)ear-hcad  wiiicli  almost  'ijipears  to  l)e  a  drill  or  perforator;  il  is  a  ilrill;  f  is 
one  of  the  peculiar,  lo/in^e  shaped  ini|>lenunts  so  eoniinoii  east  and  south;  /'is  a  more  rare 
lorni-l  take  it  to  he  a  drill  althoujjh  il  ajiproaehes  the  "douhlc-pointed"  type;  f(\s  a  foninuin 
drill;  /;  is  a  roii^h  knife,  and  at  /is  shown  a  shouldered  arrow-point  u(  a  somewhat  unusual 
form,  having  a  very  long  head  or  shoulder.     Next  to  /'  is  a  eoninion  knife. 


Fig  80.  S.  11.  A  ehalk  pipe  ((juite  soft 
materi;il)  from  the  Hill  Villaj;e  site.  It  is  of 
peculiar  form  and  liut  few  of  this  shape  h;ive  hetn 
found   on   the   Plains. 


Indians,  and  also  their  i)i])cs.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  the  distinction  of 
Horse  or  Plains  Indians  employed  in  modern  times  to  eharaeterize  these 
l)eo])le  as  sei)arate  from  Ivastern,  Southern  or  Western  tribes  may  ])ro])erly 
he  ;i])])lie(l  to  them  in  the  Pre-Columbian  j)eriod. 

Students  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  Western 
Iowa  forms  are  (|uite  ditVerent  from  those  of  Missouri,  Eastern  Iowa  and 
Southern  Minnesota.  I  have  not  included  the  latter  districts  in  this  section. 
l)ut  have  pven  them  a  sejjaratc  eh.'ipter. 

In  Fi>j.  S  (page  24)  I  illustrated  a  number  of  beads  from  various  sites  on 
the  jjlains.  These  were  all  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Kansas,  and  Mr,  Brower 
publishes  the  following  catalogue  under  the  plate. 

a.  Shell  and  bone  beads. 

h.   (»hiss  beads  from  a  mound. 

f.    Porcelain  beads  found  by  Dr.  Hrous, 

(I.   Shell  and  bone  beads  from  the  (irifVing  Collection. 

c.    Hone  beads  from  the  historical  collection  at  Topeka. 


f9 


Fijj-  ^'*  >li«w>  !i  vlivrt  lilndv  «>v 
:i>;i-ii'ti)tiiriil  iinpl  nuiit  l«l)  f'ii^'- 
It  is  iiUiitstiiiK  to  ««iU'  thai  Muse 
ajrriciiltttral  inipltim-iits  form  tlic 
coniiixtiiig  link  ln-lwii'ii  ibt  Plains 
trihcs  and  tJiosc  of  Missouri,  Illin- 
ois and  Arkansas; totintrits  wht  ic 
S])adcs  and  hoesarccinitcconunon. 
Along  with  the  otlicr  illustrations 
presented  it  sccnis  to  indicate  tlia  I 
tlif  inlial)ilanis  ot  Onivira  and 
Harahev  ^-cre  a>»rii'ulturists  to  a 
certain  extent,  iiltlMiujih  priinarilv 
buffalo  hunters.  The  spade  was 
found  near  St<x-kfl«le. 


NoTi:.— The  flint  imtilemeuts 
of  the  Plains  do  not  fill  all  of  Dr. 
Wilson's  classes  and  snhdivisious. 
Theretoix-,  I  have  deferred  the  tise 
of  his  scheme,  "  A  Classiticatic.n  of 
Arrowpoiiits,  SjK-arheails.  etc.." 
until  the  eastern  and  southern  sec- 
tions are  reached. 


fT* 


74 


Prehistoric  Implemcn ts. 


F-'iji.  90.     Three  flint  knives  from  the  Baldwin  Village  site  on  Anteloiie  Creek.     Scale 
i«  shown.    These  do  not  differ  greatly  from  those  found  in  Ills.,  Mo.  or  Ky. 


The  Grcnt  I'hn'tis  umi  Lower  Missouri  River  Kcf^ioiis. 


ts 


Fig.  91.  Thrte  flint  knives  from  thp  Klliott  Village  site.  These  maybe  tinfiniscrt  iniple- 
incnts,  or  flint  celts,  or  rude  knives,  sn y  sonic  archaeologists.  Mr.  Brower  makes  the  difler- 
^nce  between  village  sites  <|^iite  apparent,  and  I  regret  that  l«4'k  of  sjMJce  prevents  me  fnmi 
entering  into  .a  more  complete  discussion  of  the  subject. 


76 


Prehistoric  Implementft. 


.i^'.   -mm>i-*^' 


u         V 


(/ 


Kig.  1»2  isn  KroiipiiiKofilio  vaiious  loniis  nl'  arrow-pDiiils  troiii  WiiltmiiiMi-  iiiiil  Rilrv 
ci.imlii's,  KansMs.  Tlit-  a  venire  lolkvtor  will  uiHliTHtaiKl  the  diflerciii.  foritiM  al  a  >{l(.ntf,  Hiii 
liM  till-  hi'jfiiincr  I  iiiiKlit  add  a  lew  words  otcxiilniialioii. 

Tlic  row  marked  u  contains  several  ol' tilt  "harljcd  ami  indented   ai   bahe"   kind.      Them- 


The  Grcfit  Plnins  nnd  Lower  Missouri  River  Regions. 


i  I 


iiiav  have  lifcn  iist-d  lor  Ixilli  war  and  litintiti);  ijiirpost's.  TItf  first  point  ni-ar  letter  it  is 
soincwiiat  nnnsnal,  having  a  h)njj;  ni'cl<.  /)  iiriscnts  types  detcriljcil  under  I'-ij!;.  HH.  i 
sh<iws  ntinierous  coniinoii  t'orins,  and  (/  is  a  row  of  war-])oints.  Tiiese  hitler  are  sn|>pose(l  to 
have  heen  lijjiuly  fastened  or  ^>tnnined  to  t  lie  shaft.  llavin>;nuliarl>s,  thev  wonhl  easily  liecoine 
detaelied  when  liie  |>ersoii  shot  attempted  to  wilh(h-a  w  the  sliaft.  As  the  aneients  had  liiit  an 
imperfect  knowleilge  of  snij,'ery  it  was  well  niyli  impossiltle  to  remove  the  detaelied  pointsand 
death  ensnc<l  where  the  wounds  were  at  all  severe.  The  row  marked  c  eontiiins  several  in- 
teresting arrow-points  with  square  bases  <»r  tops,  harhs,  etc.  Kow  /"may  he  either  small 
knives  or  war-points.     The  scale  is  shown. 


g 


i 


I'ig.  SH.  S.  1-1.  These  arrow-points  are  typical  of  the  entire  Plains.  Some  like  them 
oeeur  in  the  Ivast,  lint  on  the  whole  they  appear  to  mark  theiliviilin);  point  liet  ween  thecastern 
forms  and  those  of  the  extreme  West,  n  is  a  typical  war-point,  more  slender  than  the  aver;ige 
eastern  toriii.  /).  c.  (/  and  c  need  no  expliiiiation.  save  that  they  are  very  well  wronnht.  /hiis 
an  exieedingly  wide  lias-e.  ^' has  live  indentations  in  tl;e  hase  .Mnd  si<les,  a  cliar;iclcristic  not 
iincoiiiiiion  in  arrowpoints  l<iiitid  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  /;  is  ipiite  small.  ;inil  /  Is 
hroken.  These  and  Hnl>se(|ucnt  illustrations  in  the  Kansas  section  are  taken  from  .\Ii-. 
Grower's   reports,  (Juivira  and  llarahey. 

/ 


1^  VT    ■■> 


78 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


} 


\ 


^' 


/ 


Fig.  93.  S.  1-1.  GUiot  Villnge  nitc  Oeary  Cotinty,  Kniisnii.  No  otic  8e«ni8  to  hnvc  ile- 
Rrrihcd  the  ixcnlinr  flint  hntchr'.b,  bladcH,  tomnhnwkB,  anfintHhrd  iin|ilciiirnt8,  rnnall  uKricnl- 
ttiral  toolH,  etc.,  fonnd  in  the  Knni«::s  Valley.  I  present  all  the  varions  nameii  liecatise  1  nin^t 
confmu  that  I  hardly  know  how  to  claoRifytheiie  hatchet-like  forni8.  Mr.  Brower  cnlls  them 
tomahawks,  and  they  may  have  beei!  iwe<\  ax  snch. 

This  s|)ecimcn  ajjjM-nrs  to  hove  been  somewhat  worn  at  the  base  and  I  aj^ree  at  onir  to 
tlie  }>ro))08itioii  that  it  was  tnonnted  in  a  handle.  I  nee  no  reason  why  it  shonid  not  havi- 
served  as  a  "general  utility  tool  "  whtthrr  for  chopping,  fighting,  digging  or  suvhexegenvies  an 
might  arise.    A  cross  section  is  also  presented. 


The  Great  Plains  and  Lower  Missouri  River  Regions. 


79 


'.% 


Ax 


■iJ 


PiK.  t>4.     A  long,  aletuler,  celt  like  object  (]H>r)inp9  n  knife)  from  Oenry  countv- 
Kiviion  iit  preacnted.    S.  1-1. 


A  croHii 


80 


Prrhistoric  Implements. 


A 


I    1 


%' 


/ 


Kif;.  itfi.     S.  1-1.     From    Kiohiinlft   Villiij;f  Hitc.    fottiiwHttiiinie  coaiity,    Khiisiih.      Mr. 
KrovvercniiitidcrM  this  a  tomahawk.     I  think  it  in  a  Miiiall  a|{<ii'tilttit'»l  iinplcnicnt  or  tliiilv  ill. 


The  Great  Plains  and  Lower  Missouri  River  Regions. 


61 


Fi2.  U7. 


ViK.  UH. 


liK.  5»tt. 


Fijjsi.  ',)(»,  97,  ItH  and  l>!t  are  vnrioim  knives  lioni  Miiiuht'v  site.  S.  I  1.  Pi^.UO  is  ititvn'Hi- 
•tiK  ill  Ihat  it  iH  Ix-vi-llcil  (ir  i'lii|)|M.'(l  iiltcr  tlit-  inHuiicr  ol'tlu'  |HTiilinr  rotary  aifvw  iiiii(  ii))Cnr- 
|uiinl»  of  the  .Mi8i«i«8i|i}ii  Vullr.v.  To  a  cvrtniii  cxtviit  the  stHiiie  cliiiijiinK  \*  tihovvii  <in  I'ijjs.  li" 
<iiul  UH. 


ifl'"^^ 


82 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


l'"iK  100.  This  is  M  viTv  l.'irjfc  rinil  ln'uiitiful  hliiilc,  coitimon  kuitV  or  nf^rictiltiirnl  i  iiiplc- 
nu'iii  h'Diii  (Ju'vira.  1  (irvsfiit  a  cross  section  ol  it.  It  is  of  the  same  i<iii(l  ot'clivrt  fotiml  aloii^ 
ihc  lilutVs.  iiiKlwav  between  the  Kansas  ami  Arkansas  rivcis.  The  (lint  I'oi  inutions  or  strata 
on  these  hluHs,  liy  the  wav,  tnrnished  nearly  all  ol  tlie  nuiterial  for  the  ninnnfactnrc  of  the 
varioits  implements  in  this  region.  S.  1-1. 


The  Great  Plains  and  Lo\v,;r  Missouri  River  Regions. 


^3 


I  if  101. 


Fig.  102. 


FiL.    1(1.- 


Iig.  ioa.  Fig.  10«5.  Fig.  lot. 

Fig.  101.  A  Hint  knite  <ir  lancc-poiiil  from  (juivint.  Fig  102.  A  knife  blade  tVniii  Hara- 
lifv.  Figs.  1  (13  rind  1 04-.  Spciir-lieads  from  yi-.ivira  silr.  Kig.  IK").  A  pt'ttiliar  Uiiifo  from 
Harahey  ;  sliotdilvrcd  for  at'.acliiiuiit  to  a  liaiicllc.  Kig.  I0(i.  .\  kiiifr  sliotiii'crcd  and  nou-iu'd 
at  the  lifad  or  top ;  an  untis.ual  form.  .Mr.  Hrower  says  knives  like  liiese  are  not  lotmd  on 
ilie  other  sites.    All  S.  1-1. 


\r 


^ 


H4 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


SYNOPSIS. 

Although  TcxoB  occupim  a  larger  nrcii  thnn  the  entire  New  Hnglnnd  Stnte»,  prncticnily, 
there  hii8  been  nnthit.g  ptibliHhe  I  upon  the  urchaeology  of  the  plainR,  valleys  ntid  hilly  por- 
tioiiH  of  ihtit  «tnte. 

Mr.  W  D.  Howreii  of  (leorgetown.  nnd  other  correnponileiit*  deHcrihe  the  cmnll  hunting 
iirrowM  of  the  PIninH  trilies,  such  na  I  hnve  iiluHtrnted  in  Fig.  92.  Mr.  Howren  also  mentiouH 
Hint  nxeM,  nnd  h  limegton.*  ninul  or  grooved  hammer. 

Dr.  Wiliton  nnd  Mr.  (iernrd  Fowke  mention  the  region  briefly. 

In  Golind  t-ounty  there  is  n  flint  workshop  on  the  aand  margin  of  Long  Tree  Lake,  2  mileH 


I  MM 


Pig.  107.    A  pointed  knife  from  (juivirn  hite.    S.  1-1. 

These  Kimisiih  knives  nre  lociilized  forms.  Thiit  is,  there  is 
nothing  liko  thcin  elsewhere.  Incliviiitiiil  specinuns  mny  lie 
founil  c(>ni|iiiral)lr  with  this  or  tlint  fig;ire,  lint  as  a  class  they 
stand  uni(|ue.  Hif^-  IHI  and  U1  einiihasi::e  the  point  I 
make.  Sueh  tyjies  as  these  show  lis  that  independent  trilies  or 
villages  ma  V  be  characterized  liy  certain  art  forms.  This  is 
also  )ir<)ven  in  pottery,  copper  and  other  olijrcts. 


west  of  San  Antonio  river.*    Chip;4,  flakes,  arrow-tMiint:*,  K|M.Mir-heads  and  tools  being  on  and 
in  thi  cl.'iy  na  ler  the  sand .+ 

Mr.  J.  I>.  McCiuirc,  in  Pipes  and  Smoking  Customs  of  the  American  Aborigines  (i=mithM>ii- 
ian  Report,  lHi>7,  pp.  3.'>l'-(S4'r)),  presents  several   maps  showing   the  distribntiou   of  pipes : 
Tuliular  pijie — tlu  Kocky  .Mountains,  North  Dakota,  Northern  Texas  and  Kouthwest.    Callin- 
ite  pipe — (iieat.  I'lains.     Howl  and  Vii8e-sha|)«d  pi|ie— Western  Kansas. 
'  Ct.rrcspondents  may  be  cited  for  general  information,  etc. 

*l)r.  Thomas  Wdron.     Report  of  National  Museum,  1H07,  p.  006. 
t.Mr.  J.  D.  Mitchell,  Victoria,  Texas,  letter  of  June  24,  1804. 


The  Great  Plains  and  Lower  Missouri  River  Regions. 


86 


Mr.  A.  L.  HopkiiiK,  ofOnkdnle,  Nebrniikn,  iiiformit  nie  na  to  the  vnrionH  ohjecm  in  hia 
region.  Hrowti  jn8]icr  areniR  to  have  liecn  the  favorite  mnteriiil  out  of  which  to  fiimh  nrrow- 
heiids,  H|)enrhen(lH.  knives  iind  K'rnjiera.  Objt-cta  ofciunrtziti'  ore  occntiioiuilly  found,  He  hna 
Keen  n  iininlier  of  celtH  of  nK'itized  wood  ainiilar  to  those  found  in  the  cliflf-dweller  country.  He 
hns  Keen  no  cerenioniiilii  of  the  "banner,"  "butterfly  "or  other  forma  in  Nebroaka.  A  lot  of 
atone  benda  were  once  ilnjj  np  in  Mnmilton  Co.,  Iowa.* 

Mr.  j.  \V.  Peck,  of  Stewartsville,  Minncaotn,  writea  regarding  the  implementa  of  hia 
region.  The  grooved  maitla  or  hamniera  are  very  commi  n,  aUo  flint  objecta.  Copper  imple- 
ments from  hiH  coll<cti«>n  1  have  already  preKentvd  in  Fig.  70.  (juite  a  number  of  grooved 
axes  and  a  few  {leHtlrK  are  found.    The  pi|)es  are  mostly  catlinite. 

He  also  (Am.  Archaeologist,  Aug.  '1»H)  reports  a  cache  of  2  hoca  and  50  knivea  and 
scrapers,  all  of  brown  .ias|HT.  Has  over  3(10  s]Kviniena  in  hia  collection.  Thinka  the  theory 
that  "no  prehistoric  man  lived  in  Nebraska"  n  mistake. 

A  mound  in  Van  Buren  Co.,  Iowa,  "yielded  two  gray  discs,  each  4-  inches  in  diameter,  a 
groovetl  stone  tixc  and  stone  chips,  "t 

.Mr.  (U-orge  1.  Kemsburg  is  well  posted  on  Kansas  archaeology.  He  describes  hammer 
stones  in  The  Anthropologist,  lHi)r>,  p.  17%'i;  and  a  village  site  in  \'o\.  I,  p.  210. 

Hone  implements  are  found.  Mr.  S.  V.  I'roudfit  (American  Antiquarian,  Vol.  Iil,  p.  27'( ) 
published  a  pa|)er  on  implemer.ts  of  the  region.  Concerning  one  excavation,  he  says:  "Thcv 
found  a  large  fragment  of  an  elk's  antler;  a  shoulder  blade,  fashioned  into  a  rude  implement, 
showing  marks  of  work  and  considerable  use;  IVagnnnts  i>f  bone;  a  pi|)e;  and  a  piece  of 
(leer's  antler  -{■■'ij  inches  in  length,  polished  at  one  end,  as  though  used  bv rubbing;  several  flint 
scrajHTs ;   fragments  of  jiottery  ;  a  charred  corn  cob ;  several  large  muscle  shells,  etc." 

Kr.  Wilson,  in  Arrowjxiints,  Spearheads  and  Knives,  p.  96H,  tiescvibes  workshop  sites  in 
JcflTer.son  and  Clear  Creek  counties,  Colorado,  and  in  central  and  eastern  Wyoming.  1  hesc 
papers  (Sniithso;iian  Report.  1H07)  also  present  a  detailed  classification  of  all  flint  tools  and 
weiipons  found  in  .Vmcrica,  north  of  Mexico. 

Those  readers  who  desire  to  po«t  themselves  on  the  Plains  Indiana  will  do  well  to  rend  the 
Itnrean  of  I'^ihnology  anil  Sinithsonian  Reports,  the  American  Folk  Lore  Journal,  Anthropol- 
agist,  etc.    A  few  aililitional  titk\<  .">,mI  suggestions  are: 

(ieorge  Catlin's  "North  .\merican  Indians,"  London,  1S76.  H.  R.Schoolcraft's  "Indian 
Tribes  of  the  United  States,"  Washington,  lK+7.  Hoth  standard  works.  "Bibliography  of 
Siouan  Lanjjnages"  James  C.  i'illing,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1H97.  Titles  of  the  literature 
is  ])resenle(l  in  this  pfi)ier.  "  Picture  Wr.'ting  of  the  American  Indians,"  (iarrick  Mallery, 
lUircan  of  Kthnology  Report,  IHSH-HO. 

(iiorge  Hird  (Irineil  is  consi<liTed  an  authority  on  the  Pawnees  and  has  just  published 
numerous  reports  and  books  upon  that  tribe. 

The  Peabody  Museum  of  Caml  ridge  has  published  n  number  of  valuable  |)apers  on  the 
Omaha  and  other  tribes  by  Miss  .Mice  I'letchcr.  There  is  an  interesting  jwiper  rntitle<l,  "The 
Sacred  Pie  of  the  Omaha  Tiibc,"  by  the  same  author,  in  the  American  Anti<|uaiian,  Sept., 
ISO.""". 


•The  Americm  Anti(|narian,  1H84.,  V'ol.  VI,  p.  42. 
tRepoi  t  for  the  Hure.iu  of  Kthaology.   Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas  on  Mound  Hxplorntiona,  p.  112. 


4^ 


SECTION  IV. 
Archaeoluuy  oh  New  England. 

Professor  Gkorc.k  H.  Pekkins 

of  the  University  of  Vermont. 

We  know  that  at  the  advent  of  EurojKrans  the  whole  Atlantie  seaboard 
and  most  of  the  interior,  from  Huds(m's  Bay  to  the  Carolinas,  and  west  to 
the  Mississippi,  was  oceupied  by  trilK-s  of  the  j^reat  Algonkin  family.  For 
this  reason  it  would  not  Ixr  expeeted  that  colleetions  of  prchistorie  objects 
obtained  in  what  is  now  New  Engliind  would  differ  materially  from  those 
made  either  north  or  south  of  that  area.  Nevertheless,  while  the  larger 
numl)er  of  the  New  England  siK-cimens  arc  essentially  like  those  found  in 
adjacent  territory,  there  are  many  that .  re  not  like  objects  of  the  same  class 
found  elsewhere. 

Whether  any  of  the  New  England  siK'cimens  should  l)e  regarded  as  the 
work  of  paleolithic  men  is  at  present  uncertain.  There  have  been  rude 
implements  found  here  and  there  that,  from  their  own  character  and  from 
their  location,  suggested  considerable  anti(|uity,but  until  future  discoveries 
add  to  our  present  knowledge  we  have  no  right  to  anything  more  than  an 
opinion  as  to  the  antic|uit\'  of  man  in  this  region. 

As  to  the  often  discussed  (|uestion,  whether  the  Eskimo  ever  lived  along 
the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  his  present  home  in  Labrador,  or  whether  any 
tril)es  other  than  the  Algonkin  were  former  residents  of  the  region,  can 
scarcely  be  settled  by  evidence  thus  far  obtained.  It  is  certainly  possible 
that  Home  of  the  implements,  ornaments,  etc.,  which  have  Iwen  collected 
were  used  by  tril)es  quite  unlike  those  found  here  by  the  first  white  men, 
this  may  even  lie  considered  probable,  but  it  waits  for  proof.  At  any  rate 
we  are  safe  in  regarding  by  far  the  greater  part  of  our  specimens  as  Algon- 
kin. Unquestionably,  the  Iroquois  tril)es,  who  for  so  long  a  time  held  not 
inconsiderable  territory  in  the  midst  of  the  much  greater  Algonkin  countrj', 
exercised  no  little  influence  upon  the  arts  of  their  long  time  neighbors, 
enemies  though  they  were.  The  effect  of  this  is  plainly  seen  in  collections 
from  those  parts  of  New  England,  as  the  Vermont  portion  of  theChamplain 
valley,  which  most  closely  joined  the  Iro(|uois  territory. 

I  do  not  find  it  possible  to  divide  the  region  we  are  considering  into  sub- 
divisions. There  is,  as  would  lie  expected,  a  more  or  less  noticeable  differ- 
ence between  collections  gathered  on  the  coast  and  those  from  the  interior. 
So,  too,  northern  Maine  and  Vermont  afford  certain  objects  which  do  not 
ap])ear  in  collections  from  southern  New  England,  and  theChamplain  valley 
offers  some  peculiarities,  but  on  the  whole  thtse  differences  are  not  sufficient 


Archaeology  of  New  Englnml. 


87 


I 


to  establish  archaeological  areas.  Therefore,  it  seems  iK'st  to  regard  the 
territory  of  New  England  as  a  single  province  not  at  present  capable  of  any 
aceunite  subdivision. 

In  general,  as  compared  with  the  Iwst  sjHrcimens  from  the  south  and 
west,  the  New  Kngland  siKvimens  are  less  varied  in  form  and  less  elegant  in 
finish,  and  yet,  while  this  is  true  of  the  average,  single  objects  have  l)een 
found  here  and  there  all  over  New  England  which  are  not  inferior  in  any 
respect  to  the  l)est  from  other  localities.  No  more  beautifully  i>olished  celts, 
no  more  perfectly  chipjHrd  spear  and  arrow-points,  no  more  elegantly  shaped 
amulets  have  been  found  anywhere  than  here,  but  such  specimens  are  fewer 
and  the  design  is  more  simple  than  in  some  other  localities.  The  material 
of  our  specimens  is  also  usually  less  showy  than  is  often  seen  in  collections 
from  other  parts  of  the  country. 

True  mounds,  earthworks  and  the  like  do  not  occur  in  New  England, 
and  even  vilU'ige  sites  are  not  common.  Everything  indicates,  what  we 
know  to  be  true,  that  the  former  inhabitants  of  this  region  were  nomadic 
and  unsettled. 

BlJKIAK   ri.ACKS. 

•Mthough  not  common,  burial  places  have  lieen  found  in  a  number  of 
localities.  The  most  thorough  exploration  which  has  been  made  in  any  of 
these  <s  that  made  under  the  auspices  of  the  F\'abody  Museum  of  Harvard 
lInivei.;iLy  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Willoughby,  in  Maine.  Five  different  burial  sites 
were  examined  and  the  results  are  fully  given  in  a  report  published  b^'  the 
Museum."* 


Fij{.  1<»M.    Vcrtk-al  cross  stction  throiijjii  a  j{ruvc  at  lills- 


worth,  .Maim-. 

n.  To|>  soil. 

c.   .V  slits. 

f.    Disturbed  gravel  within 

jjravc. 
K.  I'lulisturliecl  tjrnvel. 


h.  Cliarconl. 

fl.  I)isool«>ration  caused  by  lye 

from  ashes. 
f.    Keel  ochre. 
h.  I'car-shupcd  pendant. 


A  large  number  of  graves  were  opened  in  a  most  careful  manner  and 
many  interesting  facts  brought  to  light.  Apparently  the  graves  at  Bucks- 
l)ort,  Orland  and  Ellsworth  were  those  of  the  same  people,  for  they  are 
much  alike.  The  following  account  given  by  Mr.  Willoughby  must  serve  as 
a  type  of  the  whole.  '*  Nine  inches  from  the  surface  a  bed  of  white  ashes 
with  a  maximum  thickness  of  three  inches  was  found,  together  with  a  few 
small  fragments  of  charcoal  (Fig.  108,  c).t  The  earth  immediately  Ik'Iow 
the  ashes  was  a  dark  brown  color  and  very  compact.  Farther  down  the 
gravel  assumed  rich  brown  and  yellow  shades.  Four  feet  from  the  surface 
.'I  mass  of  red  ochre  (Fig.  108,  f)  was  discovered  at  the  bottom  of  the  grave. 

•ArchaeoloRtcal  and  Hthnologicnl  Papers,  Vol.  I,  No.  6. 

tFor  the  use  of  this  as  of  all  the  figures  illustrating  the  Maine  graves  I  am  indebted  to 
Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  Curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum. 


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Prehistoric  Implements. 


"  In  nearl3'  all  the  graves  of  this  burial  place  dark  earth  masses  shading 
into  rich  browns  and  yellows  were  noted  just  beneath  the  ash  beds." 

Fig.  109  shows  a  cross  section  of  a  communal  grave  in  which  were 
found  a  variety  of  objects  and  evidence  that  several  bodies  had  been  buried 
there.  Fig.  110  illustrates  some  of  tiic  objects  found  in  another  of  these 
graves.  Of  this  Mr.  Willoughby  says:  "Grave  N  contained  neither  ochre 
nor  implements.  *  *  *  The  earth  .".bove  it  had  been  removed  to  a  deiith 
of  from  four  to  twelve  inches.  *  *  *  The  upper  remaining  ])ortion  of  the 
grave  contained  ashes  and  a  small  quantity  of  charcoal  mixed  with  the 
gravel.  The  charcoal  and  ashes  were  thickest  near  the  center  of  the  grave. 
About  nineteen  inches  from  the  surface  and  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  center 
were  the  crumbling  fragments  of  a  human  occipital  1)one,  and  twenty-two 
beads  made  In^  rolling  strips  of  native  copper"  (Fig.  110).  In  none  of  these 
graves  were  more  than  small  bits  of  crumbling  bone  found,  all  che  rest  of 
the  skeletons  had  disappeared. 


Fij;.  101).  ('.rave  at  Hllswoftli,  M.iine.  ,(.  To]i  soil ;  /).  Cliarcoal;  c.  AsIk's  ;  </.  Discol- 
oration catise(t  liy  lye  from  aslics  ;  c.  Disturbed  gravel  williiii  file  hole;  /.'  Keil  oelire;  f-: 
I'lulistiirbed  gravel.     Dark  mass  to  left  of  c,  retl  oclire  ami  hone  (hist. 


Of  the  method  of  burial  in  the  Maine  graves  Mr.  Willoughln-  says: 
"Judging  from  the  graves  of  which  outlines  could  be  traced,  there  were 
three  kinds  of  1)urials  in  this  ancient  cemetery.  The  first  consisted  of  bowl- 
shaped  cavities  dug  to  a  dcjjth  of  from  thirty-eight  to  fifty-three  inches. 
Within  the  cavity  the  body  was  placed,  probably  in  a  Hexed  position,  and 
accompanied  by  various  worldly  j^ossessicms  of  the  deceased.  The  grave 
was  then  fdled  with  gravel  and  a  lire  kindled  over  it.  The  second  tyi)e  of 
burial  was  similar  to  this,  the  ^jrincijial  differences  being  in  the  size  of  the 
grave  and  the  number  of  bodies  deposited  therein.  The  third  ty])e  differed 
from  the  others  in  having  the  liody  placed  at  length  iri  a  shallow  grave. 
Pcrha])s  the  most  characteristic  objects  found  in  these  graves  are  the  finely 
finished,  slender  jxiints  of  slate  which  are  shown  in  Fig.  111.  There  are  six- 
teen of  these  in  the  Peabt)dy  Museum.  The  majority  of  these  lance-heads 
are  of  compact  green  slate  vith  cross  secticm  either  lenticular,  lozenge 
sha]:e(l  or  octagonal."  1.  c.  p.  17.  Pendants  were  also  rather  common,  six 
being  taken  from  one  grave.  Several  are  shown  in  Fig.  118,  as  are  other 
objects.     Fig.  112  gives  other  implements  found  in  another  grave. 


Archaeology  of  New  England. 


89 


These  Maine  graves  are  in  some  respeets  remarkably  like  some  graves 
whie'"  ^vere  opened  several  years  ago  in  northern  Vermont  at  Swmton.* 
Unfortunatel}',  the  Vermont  burial  gnnind  ivas  so  dug  over  by  inexperieneed 
colleetors  before  it  came  under  the  notice  of  trained  observers  thjit  no  such 
account  of  it  as  that  of  the  Maine  sites  can  be  given.  In  early  days  a  pine 
forest  was  growing  over  the  Swanton  burial  site,  and  it  was  not  until  this 
was  largely  cleared  off  that  the  graves  were  discovered.  Some  of  the  graves, 
twcnty-Hve  or  thirt\'  of  which  were  found,  were  located,  it  is  said,  directly 
beneath  large  trees.  Red  ochre  was  found  in  most  of  the  graves.  Only  a 
fev  fragments  of  the  skeletons  remained.  Many  of  the  olyects  taken  from 
these  graves  closely  resemlile  tho.se  found  in  the  Maine  graves.  The  Vermont 
graves,  however,  afforded  a  much  greater  variety  of  objects,  and,  Jis  a 
whole,  were  quite  superior  to  those  from  Maine.  Some  of  them  will  be  men- 
tioned and  figured  on  following  pages. 


6  a  0     - 

Fig.  110.     Native  copijcr  l)t';i(ls  and  iVajiimiits  of  occiiiilal   Ixnic.     .S.  1-1. 

A  mile  or  so  from  this  ancient  burial  i)lace,  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississ- 
i(|U()i  river,  there  was  a  small  cemetery  used  by  the  St.  Francis  Indians  who 
had  a  village  near  by.  Several  of  these  graves  were  ojjcned  by  the  writer, 
assisted  l)y  one  or  two  friends.  l)ut  nothing  of  importance  was  found.  Dr. 
F.  H.  Williams  I  says  that  "There  arc  many  graves  in  Farmington  of 
tuiknown  age,"  but  no  account  of  the  cx])l()ration  of  finy  of  them  is  given. 
Ill  the  same  article  what  ajjjiear  to  be  ancient  hearths  are  mentioned.  "  On 
the  highway  fr<>m  Brist<il  to  Burlington,  in  Edgcwood,  there  is  a  hill 
of  glacial  debris  that  rests  on  stratified  gravel.    On  this  hillside  have  been 

*Sif  (lcsirii)lii)ii  In-  the  N-iiter  in  I'nx-.  A.  .\.  .\.  S.,  Vol.  XXII,  I'art  II,  )).  "«>. 
iAnuM-ii-.m   .\rcliat'olo;:  ist.   Vol.   II,  p.  2^)^. 


■Mix 

m 


■aEVJ«KBiJUiJjyHim«M 


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90 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


seen  low  mounds,  undoubtedly  artificial,  which  had  not  been  constructed 
since  the  white  man  settled  in  Bristol."  An  excavation  was  made  into  one 
of  these  mounds  with  the  followinjj;  result:  "  Digj^inj"^  down  about  two  feet 
throujj;h  soil  that  showed  plainly  marks  of  previous  disturbance,  we  came 
to  a  level  floor  made  of  round  cobble-stones,  perhaps  three  feet  lon^  by  two 
feet  wide.  When  these  stones  were  removed  we  found  yet  another  laj-er, 
beneath  which  showed  plain  evidence  of  a  severe  heating.  Between  the  t^vo 
lavers  of  stones  wfis  an  inch  or  more  of  charcoal.  The  lower  floor  rested  on 
undisturbed  gra^-el.*" 

In  the  following  pages,  while  the  leading  classes  of  ornaments,  imple- 
ments, weapons,  etc.,  will  be  noticed,  little  attempt  at  a  classification  will 
be  made,  and  of  the  multitude  of  different  forms  that  have  been  collected 
within  the  limits  of  New  England  only  those  which  are  of  especial  interest 


^f^^J'g'^^^-^^'Sag^yxBaK  nJ 


I'ijjf.  111.     I'olislied  slate  points  or  blades.     From  fjraves;  lillswortli,  Mc.     S.  l-IJ. 

can  be  mentioned.  For  a  complete  Jiccount  of  much  that  is  only  mentioned 
in  this  cha])ter  the  reader  is  referred  to  various  .articles  the  titles  of  which 
are  given  in  the  foot  n^tes,  and  in  the  Ijibliography  at  the  end  of  my 
Section. 

Shell  Oujects. 

Undoubtedly  many  of  the  larger  bivalve  shells  were  not  infreciuently  used 
as  they  were  found,  for  many  of  the  common  ojjcrations  of  the  every-dav 
life  of  the  Indian,  but  for  the  most  part  these  have  disai)peared,  or,  if  found, 
thev  bear  no  distinctive  marks  to  prove  their  use.  S]K'cimens  ol"  wrought 
shell  are  surprisingly  rare  if  we  except  the  w.ampum  so  frequently  mentioned 
by  the  early  writers.  Beads,  large  and  small,  made  from  the  columellas  of 
the  large  univalves,  have  been  found  in  the  Vermont  graves  and  in  .'i  few 
other  localities.  The  small  Marginella  c(moidalis  of  the  Florida  coast  has 
also  been  found  in  several  places  and  in  considerable  numbers.  These  shells 
are  of  a  form  which  well  fits  them  for  use  as  l)eads,  with  no  other  working 
than  such  |)erforation  as  would  make  it  possible  to  string  them,  and  they 
were  so  used.     Some  of  our  larger  beads  are  two  inches  long  and  half  as 

•American  .\rcliacolojfist,  Vol.  2,  p.  li;)+. 


'ij 


Archaeology  ttf  New  England. 


91 


:hich 
mv 


used 

-day 

ound, 

)ught 

ioncd 

as  of 

a  few 

has 

shells 

rking 

they 

df  as 


thiek,  while  others  may  not  be  a  fourth  as  large.  I  do  not  think  th.'it  the 
very  long,  tubular  beads  eommon  in  many  localities  have  occurred  in  this 
region. 

SiiKM.  Heaps. 
That  clams,  oysters,  mussels  and  several  other  mollusks  were  commonly 
eaten  there  is  abundant  evidence  in  the  numerous  shell  he^ips  found  ahmg 
the  coast.  Some  of  these  heaps  of  refuse  sliclls  arc  very  large,  covering 
several  acres  to  a  depth  of  four  feet.  Other  heaps  are  nuich  smaller,  Init 
they  very  plainly  j)rove  the  fondness  of  the  Indians  for  shcll-Hsh,  and 
also  that  they  visited  favorite  localities  year  after  year  for  a  long  period. 
Many  stone,  bone  and  some  shell  imiilcments  have  been  rescued  from  these 
shell  heaps  whiv.'h  h:ive  lieon  (k'scril)j(l  bv  Wymui,*  Abbott,  t  Mercer, 
and  others.       Besides   the  far  more  numcrou.;  an<l  extensive  shell   hea]js 


1^ 

If. 

V 

i   ^ 

f^  ■ 

';'■ 

<    n* 

•i. 

V 

I'i.U,  111.'.     Iiiii)lcimiUs  tVoiii  <i  ^navc-  .'it  lUuUsiiort,  Mc,  ;i,  Cioiijii',  I),  Cell,  i)iTl(iratC(l  til 
ii|i|iir  I'lul ;  c,  (I.  c.  diipi  I'cl  Iclsitc  knives  ;  t,  liinip  ol  |i.viitc  iim(1  lor  s-ti  ikii  j;  Cue.     S.  l-Ji. 

made  u])  of  salt  water  mollusks  which  are  found  on  the  coast,  there  arc 
smaller  ones  inland  made  of  tlie  shells  of  fresh  water  clams.  Mr.  H.  C. 
Mercer  has  ex.amined  several  shell  heaps  on  York  Kiver,  Me.,  and  found  in 
them  l)()ne  implements,  pottcjy.  l)()nes  of  various  animals  and  human  bones. 
I'rom  the  i)rcsence  and  ])()sition  of  the  latter  he  believes  that  tiie  makers  of 
the  heaps  were  cannil)als.:i: 

OiijKCTs  OF  Bonk. 
By  far,  the  greater  part  of  our  l)one  imjilemcnts  have  come  from  these 
s;ime  shell  heajis.     It  is  most  likely  that  our  knowledge  of  both  shell  and 
*.\iiuTicaii  Naliiralist,  \(>1.  I.  ])   50(1,  pl.itcs  14-1"), 
ll'riiiiilivc   Imln^trv,  Chaps    .\V  ;in(l   .\XX. 

ilCxplor.Uioii  of  .Vlxirigiii.il  Slii'll  Heaps  on    \'orl<    Kivcr,  .Mc.      I'nhliialions    I'niv.  I'tnn., 
Vol   (i,  p.  :!, 


m 


in 


'fei 


,  ,.~44Ui* 


zagsgs^awM 


92 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Ixjiie  as  used  by  the  aborigines  is  ver\'  imperfect,  for  we  are  forced  to  judji^e 
of  the  extent  to  which  these  materials  were  used  by  the  number  of  worked 
pieces  that  we  find.  This  is,  necessarily,  an  uncertain  criterion  because  of 
the  perishable  nature  of  the  substances.  The  writinj^s  of  some  of  the  early 
explorers  >?ivc  somr  information  as  to  the  aliundance  or  rarity  of  shell  and 
bofte  implements  amonjj^  the  tribes  they  visited.  Prom  the  fact  that  in  the 
nature  of  thinjj;s  many  objects  made  of  material  that  could  not  withstand 
the  vicissitudes  to  which,  in  the  New  Enj^land  climate,  they  would  be  sub- 
ject, have  long  since  disap])eared,  we  may  bL'  (juite  certain  that  Ixme  and 
shell  were  much  more  commonly  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tools  and  orna- 
ments than  would  appear  from  present  finds.  Wc  arc  told  by  some  writers 
that  the  shoulder  blades  of  larj^e  mammals  such  as  the  moose,  elk,  bis(m 
were  used  as  spades  and  this  is  (juite  probal)le,  but  no  such  spades  have 


Fiji.  113.      Implements  from  a  grave  in  Bticksport,  Me.    (ionges,  Celts. 
Polished  Slate  Points,  Pendants.    S.  1-3. 

been  found  in  New  Enja^land  and  j-et  it  would  seem  most  likely  that  if  any 
bone  tools  were  able  to  resist  decomposition  it  would  be  such  larjje  bones 
fis  these.  What  we  do  find  are  small  implements,  awls,  spear-points, 
polishers,  and  the  like. 

In  the  articles  by  Prof.  Wyman,  mentioned  on  a  preceding  page,  a 
number  of  these  are  described  and  figured,  and  in  Pig  ll-i  several  arc  shown 
from  the  Vermont  shore  of  Lake  Chami)lain.  In  Fig.  114-,  a  is  a  tyne  of  a 
deer's  horn  only  slightly  worked.  Similar  specimens  are  not  uncommon.  It 
seems  very  probable  that  tools  like  these  may  have  been  often  used 
in  the  decoration  of  pottery,  though  b  is  more  likely  Ji  spear-point. 
Hone    spoons    have    been    found     in     Massachusetts.       One    of    these    is 


Archaeology  of  New  England. 


93 


any 
loncs 
lints, 

p.   ''I 
low  n 

lot  a 

It 

lused 

l)int. 

is 


3- 

5 


figured  by  Abbott  in  Primitive  Industry,  p.  20(5.  Dr.  Abbott  remarks: 
"This  specimen  is  one  of  four  now  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  Academy 
of  Science  at  Salem.  The  four  specimens  were  found  in  an  Indian  grave  in 
Lagrang;_'  street,  Salem,  Mass."  With  objects  that  are  made  of  bone  there 
are  sometimes  fomid  canine  teeth  which  were  ap]>arently  used  as  im])lc- 
ments  or  ornaments.  Except  near  the  coast,  specir..ens  made  of  bone  are 
very  rare  throughout  New  England. 

Objects  of  Copper. 

Possibly  because  more  enduring,  or  because  more  commonly  made, 
objects  of  copper  are  far  more  numerous  in  our  collections  than  those  of 
bone  or  shell.  So  far  as  wc  can  judge,  all  of  our  specimens  are  mfide  of 
the  Lake  Sujji  -ior  native  copper  which  was  hammered  into  the  desired 
form.  If  this  is  true,  and  it  can  scarcely  be  doubted,  then  there  was  a  con- 
siderable trade  between  the  tribes  who  held  possession  of  the  old  mines  and 
the  southern  and  eastern  tribes.  We  have  evidence  of  a  similar  traffic  with 
southern  tribes  in  the  shell  ])eads,  for  the  shells  of  which  some  of  them  are 
made  are  not  found  in  the  north.  The  little  Marginella  conoidalis  does  not 
live  north  of  <^he  Carolinas.  but  it  is  the  most  common  species  found  among 
the  l)eads  of  our  New  England  collections,  exce])ting  the  wampum.  Of 
course,  these  things  might  have  been  obtained  in  war,  but  there  is  good 
reason  to  believe  that  trading  of  some  sort  was  carried  on  among  many 
different  tribes  all  over  the  country. 

Early  writers  speak  of  seeing  large  pieces  of  copper  in  the  possession  of 
Indians,  but  nearly  all  of  the  specimens  that  have  been  found  in  New  Eng- 


Fig.   1 14.    Hone  iinpleniculs  I'oiiiid  near  Lake  Cluiiii- 
plaiii.    S.  1-2. 


land  are  of  no  great  size.  It  is  interesting  to  find  that  copper  is  not  only 
found  on  the  surface,  but  that  in  lioth  the  Maine  and  Vermont  graves 
copper  objects  were  found.  The  beads  shown  in  Fig.  110  are  very  much 
like  others  from  the  Swanton  graves,  one  of  which  is  shown,  greatly  re- 
duced, in  Fig.  115. 

In  Fig.  Ilv5  a  few  examples  of  copper  specimens  are  shown.    These  are 

all  from  Vermont.     Dr.  Abbott  figures  a  celt  from  Maine,*  which  is  much 

wider  and  shorter  than  those  figured  here,  but  the  form  shown  in  the  figure 

at  a,  e,  d,  is  much  more  comnum  in  New  England.   Our  Indians  seem  to  have 

*  Primitive  Indtistry,  p.  -tUJ,  Fig.  392. 


i 


If 


m 


iiH:^' 


twm^mn 


94 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


(lone  as  did  the  prehistoric  Europeans  and  patterned  their  metal  imple- 
ments after  those  of  stone  with  which  they  were  familiar.  In  Fi^.  115,  .'i, 
we  have  perhaps  the  largest  copjjcr  celt  which  has  been  found  in  New  Ivnjj- 
land.  It  is  ei^ht  and  n  half  inches  hmg  and  two  and  a  half  inches  wide  at 
the  lower  end.  It  is,  as  the  cross  section  1)  in  the  figure  shows,  hammered 
to  a  hij^fh  rid<j^e  on  the  side  shown,  while  the  other  side  is  slightly  concave. 
Through  this  ridge  it  is  three-fourths  of  an  inch  thick.  This  specimen  was 
found  at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Creek,  near  Vergcnnes,  Vt.  When  found  it  was 
beautifully  patinated.  It  has  evidently  seen  service,  for  the  upper  end  is 
l)attered  as  if  by  a  hammer.  The  cross  section  b  is  taken  at  the  middle. 
The  edge  is  well  formed  and  sharj).  The  other  two  celts,  c  and  d,  are  from 
the  Swanton  graves.  They  were  ai)i)arently  finely  made,  but  are  badly 
corroded.  Hars,  like  that  shown  at  f,  are  not  common.  They  were  jjrob- 
ably  for  ornament.  The  one  figured  is  from  the  Swanton  graves.  It  is 
(|uite  regularly  cylindrical,  the  ends  being  hammered  to  blunt  jjoints.  It  is 
a  little  over  four  inches  hmg  and  not  quite  half  an  inch  in  greatest  diameter. 
Quite  a  number  of  beads  like  that  shown,  g  in  the  figure,  were  obtained  in 
the  Swantcm  graves.  As  is  the  case  with  stone  implements,  knives  and 
spear-points  are  more  common  than  any  other  of  the  copper  olijccts. 


Fig.  115.  Co])pcr  olijccts,  ;i.  c,  i\,  Celts. 
Lct'lliaml  t'mnrc,  Ciotigc.  I',  Cylitidiical  li.'ir.  g. 
He;ici  of  rolled  sheet  toiiiKT,    S.  1-+. 


Fig.  1 1()  gives  f<mr  types  of  these  full  size.  The  middle  figure  is  unusual 
in  that  the  stem  is  toothed.  Such  a  specimen  may  have  been  used  as  a 
spi-ar  or  knife.  It  is  very  probable  that  many  of  so-called  s])car-p()ints 
were  really  knives. 

I'OTTKKV. 

It  is  <[uite  remarkable  how  e.\act  is  the  rescml)lance  of  the  greater  por- 
tion of  our  stone  s])ecimens  to  those  of  the  west  and  south.  It  is  also  very 
noticeable  that  this  likeness  almost  wholly  ceases  when  we  come  to  the 
earthenware.  Although  entire  Jars  are  very  rare,  fragments  of  grciter  or 
less  size  are  in  some  localities  very  numerous.  Many  of  these  fr;igmeuts  are 
surticiently   large  to  give  a  very  correct  idea  of  the  character  and  endless 


Archaeology  of  New  England. 


95 


siial 
IS  a 
ints 


l)or- 
rct'v 

the 
or 

arc 

Ik'SS 


variety  in  the  decoration.  Certainh-  no  one  can  examine  a  large  series  of 
these  lrajj;ments  without  becoming;  aware  of  the  very  great  skill  of  the 
makers,  l)oth  in  managing  the  unbaked  clay  .'ind  in  the  use  of  tools  with 
which  it  was  ornamented.  The  form  of  the  New  England  i)ottery,  as  we 
learn  from  the  few  entire  specimens  and  from  numerous  large  fragments, 
was  always  globular  or  sub-conical.  The  paste  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  jars  was  somewhat  variable  in  comjjosition.  More  commonly  it  was  a 
mixture  of  more  or  less  completely  pulverized  quartz,  feldspar  and  mica, 
perhaps  granite  furnished  these  substances,  and  now  and  then  other  varieties 
of  stone  with  clay.  When  the  proper  form  was  gained  the  piece  was 
burned,  sometimes  until  almost  black,  sometimes  red,  or  brown,  or  so  little 


Fig.  116.  Tyi)es  of  copjicr  knives  and  jioiiits.  Vcr- 
nioiit.  S.  1-1. 
exposed  to  the  heat  that  the  clay  is  hardh'  changed  in  tint.  Evidently, 
after  the  general  mass  was  brought  into  the  desired  shape,  it  was  coated 
inside  and  outside  with  ji  thin  paste  of  chiy,  which  gave  it  a 
smooth  surface,  and  upon  this  surface  the  onifimentfition  is  placed.  This 
was  always  imi)ressed  into,  or  drawn  upon,  the  unbaked  clay.  No  ex- 
ample of  a  jar  decorated  l)y  painted  figures  nor  do  figures  in  relief  appear 
on  the  jars,  though  they  do  sometimes  appear  on  jjipes  of  the  same  ma- 
terial. The  great  variety  seen  in  the  forms  of  jjottery  from  the  Ohio  valley 
or  from  many  other  localities,  is  not  foimd  in  that  from  New  England. 
Here,  as  we  have  seen,  the  shapes  are  few  and  simple,  the  only  attem])t  at 


M 


w 
m 


MWi 


m 


'1 


96 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


anything  like  clal)()ratc  form  bcinj^  in  the  shape  of  the  rim  or  upper  portion 
of  some  j.'irs.  In  these  the  rim,  or  it  may  be  the  ni)i)er  half  of  the  whole  jar, 
is  (|ua(lran;j;ular,  as  in  l'\}i.  IIS,  and  in  very  few  instanees  it  is  five  or  even 
six  sided.  As  Fig.  11 S  shows,  this  deviee  gives  a  mueh  more  artistic  effeet 
than  the  circular  rim.  In  a(l(liti(m  to  this,  in  jars  of  this  more  elegant  sort, 
the  edge  of  the  rim  may  be  scalkjped,  and  this  was,  in  some  cases,  very 
neatly  done.  No  exami)le  of  ajar  moulded  into  the  form  of  an  animal,  such 
as  may  often  be  sclmi  in  the  pottery  of  mtmnds,  has  been  discovered  here. 
While  some  jars.  cs])ecially  those  that  were  large  and  coarse,  made  j)rob- 
ably  for  cooking,  are  not  decorated  at  all,  or  very  slightly,  most  arc  more 
or  less  covered  over  the  u^jper  half  with  indented  figures.  The  figures 
which  decorate  the  pottery  of  New  England  are  numerous  and,  by  different 


ri;;.  117.  l'r;i,tj:Mi'iils  fit' |)nl- 
tcrv,  Vciriioiil.  showiiif;  ri  Itvv  <>l 
ill'-  iiKMiy  ]);ittt'nis.  a,  f,  li,  por- 
lioiis  ol  I  lie  rim  ot  s(|ii.irt' lo|i])i.'(1 
jars;  I),  |);\rt  ot  tlu'  rim  ot  ;i  small 
circular  liowl.     S.  1-1*. 


combinations  of  similar  ])atterns,  the  design  is  almost  endles.slv  varied.  I 
once  counted  three  hundred  different  figures,  or  arrangements  of  figures,  on 
a  series  of  pieces  of  the  rims  of  a  lot  of  jars,  the  fragments  of  which  had 
been  found  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Chamjjlain.  These  figures  are,  usuallv,  of 
small  size  and  consist  of  lines  generally  straight,  but  occasionally  curved, 
dots,  circles,  triangles,  crescents,  scjuarcs,  etc.,  as  well  as  dentellated, zigzag, 
or  scolloix'd  fi<>ures  an  inch  or  more  long.  It  is  evident  from  the  ajipearance 
of  some  of  these  figures,  esi)ecially  the  latter,  that  stamps  were  used  in  mak- 
ing the  impression.  Fig.  117  shows  the  pattern  on  some  bits  of  Vermont 
l)ottery.  And  here  it  may  be  noticed  that,  while  what  has  been  said  of  New 
England  pottery  ajjplics  to  the  whole  area,  yet  it  seems  to  be  true  that  the 
finest  and  most  varied  specimens  are  obtained  in  the  northern  part,  and 


ArcliHcoloiiv  of  \c\v  lunjlntid. 


97 


particul.'irly  in  the  Chriinplain  valk-y.  And  it  is  (|uitf  probrihle  tliat  tliis  is 
(Inc  to  the  inHncncc  of  the  ncit^'hborinj;:  Irocjuois  tril)cs,  who  were  iiniisiially 
expert  and  artistie  potters,  it  we  inav  iud;;:e  l)v  wiiat  speeimens  thev  have 
left. 

The  reader  must  not  ;;et  the  idea  that  a'l  of  the  New  luiu^l.-ind  ])()ttery  is 
elegant.  Rude  s])eeiniens,  rudely  ornamented,  are  not  uneonnnon,  bul.  yet 
the  ;j;reater  ])art  is  very  well  made  and  deeorated.  Considering^'  the  Ira^i^lle 
nature  otthe  materi.al  olWhieh  our  jars  were  made,  and  the  trying;  eharae- 
ter  of  our  winter  elimate,  it  is  perhaps  not  stranj^e  that  very  tew,  I  think 
not  more  than  six,  or  ])ossil-.ly  ei^^ht,  entire  ])ieees  are  now  in  existenee. 
Many  piles  oriVa,;;:nK'nts,  whieh,  if  they  eould  be  put  to.uether,  would  m.ike 
whole  jars,  have  been  found  by  every  (lili.!,'ent  eoUeetor,  l)Ut  alas,  althou|j:h 


'If 
■  it 


I'i,!;.  lis,  j.ir  (oviikI  mi  Col- 
•lii'sUT,  Wriiiuiii,  Xiiw  ni  tlu-  inns- 
■11111  of  I  lie  riiivti>ily  of  Viriiioiil. 
i.  1-a. 


I 

on 
had 
of 
red, 
zag. 
Finee 

ak- 
lont 
^'ew 

the 

and 


originally  ajar  was  buried  in  that  plaee,  all  there  is  now  is  a  little  heaj)  of 
sherds  that  no  patienee  or  ingenuity  ean  restore  to  their  former  state. 

What  is,  perhaps,  the  finest  sjjeeimen  of  New  England  eeraniies  in  exist- 
enee is  shown  in  Fig.  118.  The  form  is  not  very  uneommon.  In  Fig.  117 
a,  b,  and  e,  are  bits  of  square  topped  jars.  As  in  many  another  jar,  the  dee- 
oration  of  this  eonsists  mainly  of  eombinations  of  lines,  but  the  pattern  is 
more  elaborate  than  usual,  though  not  as  delieate  as  in  a  few  speeimens. 
The  jar  is  not  a  large  one.  Indeed,  few  of  our  speeimens  held  more  than 
three  or  four  tiuarts.  The  largest  of  whieh  I  ean  find  a  record  is  mentioned 
in  Thompson's  Vermont.  This,  the  author  states,  was  found  in  Middle- 
l)ur\',  Vt.,  and  held  twenty  quarts.  All  trace  of  this  most  interesting  jar  is 
lost.    There  is  in  the  museum  of  the  University  of  Vermont  a  globular  jar 


4ff 


DM 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


which  holds  twelve  quarts.  The  ar  fij^ured  above  holds  nine  ])ints  when 
liilud  to  the  brim.  It  is  seven  and  a  halt"  inehes  hi^di,  live  inches  in  diameter 
inside  the  brim,  twenty-seven  inehes  in  circumference  around  the  lar^^est 
part.  It  is  of  a  very  dark  slate  color  which  becomes  .almost  black  in  places. 
It  is  very  I'ortunfite  for  the  modern  collector  that  the  ancient  potters  made 
the  rims  of  their  jars  thicker  and  therefore  stron;^er  than  the  rest,  for  thus 
we  have  preserved  that  poition  which  was  .always  most  extensively  decor- 
.ited.  Some  of  our  jars  were  not  only  ornamented  over  the  outside,  hut 
also  on  the  inside  of  the  upper  p.art.  Fi^.  119  shows  .a  small  piece  thus  dec- 
onited.  The  other  pieces  in  Fi^.  119  show  some  of  the  styles  of  deconition, 
I'rol).al)ly  most  of  the  New  Bn^^l.'ind  e.arthenw.are  w.as,  .as  has  been  already 
st.ated,  decor.ated  by  stamping  or  drawing  with  blunt  points  wh.atever  Hjjf- 
ures  the  m.akers  wished,  but  some  specimens,  as  may  be  seen  in  Pig.  119. 
were  figured  by  wr.ijjping  some  woven  or  br.aided  m.atting  .about  the  un- 
baked jar.     The  ancient  potters  did  not  wholly  confine  themselves  to  jars. 


,s:,!!-^,    .a^f  % 


V\ii.  Hi)  FniKiiKMits  (,( 
l)()tlcvv  tVoiii  Cfimiccii-  til.  I>r. 
F.  H.  VVilliains.     S.  1-li. 


but  now  and  then  made  a  pipe.  Judging  from  the  number  of  specimens 
found,  the\'  made  few  pipi's,  stone,  apparently,  being  the  favorite  material 
lor  the  i)ii)e  maker.  Tlie  few  pipe's  found  .are  very  vvcU  made,  oftener  of 
liujr  paste  than  th.at  usually  seen  in  the  jars.  Some  of  these  earthenware 
pipes  were  shaped  not  unlike  the  modern  clay  article,  but  others  were  of 
diffi-'rent  form,  as  the  Figs.  120  and  121  show. 

No  other  class  of  objects  is  more  eharaeteristic  of  the  region  under  con- 
sidenition  th.an  .are  those  which  arc  included  under  the  head  of  pottery,  .and 
for  this  reason  the  subject  has  been  discussed  more  fully  than  would  other- 
wise have  been  necessary.     While  it  is   probable   that   most   of  the   other 


i 


ArcUncal  i<^y  of  Sew  Eu^lnwl. 


«)!) 


objects  found  in  our  arcliacolo>;ic.'il  museums  were  the  work  of  the  men, 
the  j)ottery  sliows  us  the  skill  of  the  women,  for  they  were  usu.'illy  the 
])()tters  of  the  tribe. 

Stkatitk  ok  Soapstonk  Disiiks. 

While  soajistone  dishes  arc  not  very  connnon  in  most  localities,  it  seems 
(|uitc  certain  that  many  were  made  and  used  by  the  New  Ivn^land  Indians. 
These  dishes  were  not  often  lar^e,  nor  deep,  but  sh.allow,  oval  or  round, 
with  no  attem])t  at  ornamentation  in  most  cases.     I'i^.  \'2'2  shows  some  of 


Fifj.      \W.        I'.utlicii- 
warc  pipe,  ViTinniil.    S.  1-1. 


Fiu     1-1.       !•"  ivtlu'iiwaif      pipe,    \'ciiin>in. 
S.  1-2. 


m 


I'' ; 


m 


the  common  forms.  Sometimes  there  were  projectiiif^  bits  left  on  the  ends, 
as  in  3,  to  serve  as  handles.  In  a  few  specimens  there  is  i\  slijjht  attempt  at 
decoration  in  the  form  of  raised  fi<j:ures  like  a  series  of  H  u;  "  Z^.  Dr.  ]•'. 
H.  Williams,  to  whom  I  am  indel)ted  for  many  of  these  figures,  thus  <les- 
cribe.s  a  cpiarry  in  Connecticut: 

"  In  1892  a  Ijcautiful  exposure  of  an  aborij.^inal  (piarry  was  uncovered 
in  Bristol,  with  iiKun'  bowls  in  various  stages  of  finish  still  attached  to  the 
ledge.  For  the  Indian  first  marked  out  his  dish  and  finished  sha])ing  its 
bottom  and  side  before  detaching  it  from  the  rock.  This  scparaiion,  owing 
to  the  general  irregularity  of  cleavage  and  fretjuent  faults  in  the  steatite, 
was  often  disastrous,  as  the  many  broken  rejects  about  the  (piarrv  show. 
When  the  bowl  w£is  once  freed  from  the'  ledge  it  seems  to  have  been  taken 
to  some  village  site  and  slowly  finished,  being  generally  smoothly  ])()]ished, 
both  within  and  witnout."* 

Mr.  C  A.  Greer  has  found  localities  near  Millbury,  Mass.,  in  which 
there  were  a  large  number  of  broken  dishes  of  many  forms  and  with  tiiem 

*  Williarn.s,  I'rchislorio  Kt-iiiaiiis  of  tlii.'  Tiiiixis  Valley.     .VtiKMiiaii  .\ii.liai'<)li)j,'ist,   \'()I.  L', 
p.  30. 


i 

1 

m 

I'd 


^r 


^W^wwp— — 


100 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


■-A 


\j^-' 


3.,'^  size, 


5.XSize, 


V"}g,    \22.    Soapstoue  di-hes.    Comiei'ticut. 


Fiir.  123.     <"ioitv;cs.     Virniont      a,  jiviiy  t.tlcnsc  shili';  c,  yrcenisii  slate;  il.  l)asllii-  rock. 


S.  1-2. 


Archaeology  of  New  England. 


101 


many  implements  of  hard  stone  which  seem  to  have  been  used  in  working 
the  steatite.  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam  has  given  a  very  interesting  account  of  a 
steatite  (juarry  in  Johnson,  R.  I.* 

"This  ancient  (juarry  consists  of  a  seam  of  steatite  about 
twenty-five  feet  wide,  which  at  the  time  of  my  visit,  in  February,  187S,  had 
been  exposed  for  aljout  ninety  feet.  *  *  *  *  The  seam  of  soapstonc  was  com- 
l)letely  covered  by  the  soil  that  had  accumulated  over  the  ancient  chippings, 
and  was  discovered  by  the  workmen  after  removing  many  cartloads  of  the 
pulverized  rock.  In  clearing  out  the  ancient  cpiarry,  over  three  hundred 
cartloads  of  debris  of  the  manufactory  were  taken  away,  .'ind  this  debris 
consisted  almost  entirely  of  the  fine  particles  of  .soapstonc  which  had  been 
chipped  off  in  the  process  of  taking  out  the  pot-forms  from  the  mother  rock. 
When  this  material  had  been  cleared  away,  the  peculiar  character  of  the 


!i 


Fig.  1 24-.  Polished  gouge.  Vermont.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  examples 
of  this  class.  Made  of  compact  light  green  talcose  stone,  finely  jjolished 
S.  1-t. 


rock. 


surface  of  the  rock  at  once  attracted  attention,  and  then  notice  was  taken 
of  the  fragments  of  pots  and  the  large  number  of  roughly  jjointcd  stones 
that  were  lying  about  bearing  evidence  of  having  been  used.  *  *  *  *  A  care- 
ful estimate  of  the  number  convinced  me  that  at  last  two  thousand  of  these 
rude  stone  chisels  had  been  found  on  the  ledge  or  in  the  vicinity.  Thev  were 
all  of  nearly  the  same  size,  rudely  chipped  to  a  I)lunt  i)oint  in  one  end,  and 
roughly  rounded  at  the  other.  Those  brought  to  the  museum  vary  in 
length  from  five  to  eight  and  one-half  inches,  and  in  weight  from  one  to  four 
])ounds;  the  majority  l)cing  of  al)out  seven  inches  in  length  and  from  two  to 
three  pounds  in  weight.  These  chisels  were  made  from  the  hard  stone  of 
adjoinMig  ledges,  and  their  manufacture  must  have  recpiired  considerable 

*  Ulevenili  .\nniial  Report  of  the  I'caljodv  .Mu.scnm.  |>.  UTo. 


■'H 


mmt 


^EE 


102 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


labor.*  *  *  *  Associated  with  the  stone  picks,  or  chisels  were  between  seventy- 
tive  and  a  hundred  large  rounded  stone^  weighinj>;  from  twenty-five  to  a 
hundred  or  more  pounds  eavli,  which  might  have  been  used  as  hammers  for 
the  piirp;)Sv.'  of  breaking  off  large  masses  of  the  soap  stcme." 

(iKoiNU  AND  Polished  Stone  Imfle.ments. 

Most  of  the  varieties  of  ground  or  polished  stone  objects  which  have 
l)een  found  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  arc  repre- 
sented in  the  New  England  collections,  although  some  of  them  arc  rare  and 
some  rude  as  compared  with  those  from  other  places.  Pew  of  them  offer 
any  marked  peculiarities  which  distinguish  them  from  similar  objects  found 
in  the  west  or  south. 


Fi;>.    123.      (lougcs.      Vfniidiil.       B,    S.    1-J 
c,  vS.  1-4-. 


Gour.ES. 
What  are  known  as  gouges,  c^r  hollow  chisels,  are  perhaps  more  charac- 
teristic of  New  England  than  any  other  stone  implements,  for,  while  they 
.ire  by  no  means  unknown  outside  of  New  Enjiland.  they  .arc  found  here  in 
greatest  a1)undance  and  variety.  Certainly  nowhere  else  docs  this  imple- 
ment occupy  so  important  a  place  in  collections.  Some  of  the  gouges  are 
rude,  but  usually  they  were  finely  shaped  and  carefully  finished.  Indeed, 
none  of  our  specimens  excel  them  in  this  respect,  not  even  the  amulets  and 
ceremonial  stones.  The  material  is  usually  of  the  best,  tlKmgh  it  varies 
greatly  in  diftcrcnt  s])ecimens,  some  being  of  hard  baslt  or  syenite,  others  of 
softer  slates  and  stone.  It  is  difficult  to  conjecture  the  ]iur])()se  of  some  of 
these  latter,  for  the  materir.l  is  too  soft  to  cndiu'c  hard  work  and  yet  the 
labor  which  must  have  been  exijcndcd  upon  them  is  so  great  that  they  must 
h:ive  been  of  im[)ortanee  to  their  owners.  It  is  also  noticeable  that  some  of 
the  most  carefully  formed  and  elegantly  finished  of  the  gouges  were  made  of 


Archaeology  of  New  Enghind. 


103 


the  same  banded  slate  which  was  often  used  in  the  ornamental  or  cere- 
monial objects  and  that  none  of  them  show  any  evidence  of  use.  On  this 
account  it  may  be  that  these  finest  of  our  specimens  of  stone  work  were  not 
as  has  always  been  supposed,  tools,  but  some  sort  of  ceremonial  stones.  I 
find  no  evidence  in  any  of  the  old  writers,  that  such  objects  were  so  used 
but  the  character  .and  appearance  of  the  specimens  sugj^ests  the  idefi.  How- 
ever this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  most  of  the  gouges  were  really  tools, 
such  for  example,  as  those  shown  in  F'ig.  123  and  b  in  Fig.  125,  while  c  in 
Fig.  125  and  Fig.  12-1  show  two  of  the  more  finely  finished  specimens  which 
are  so  puzzling  to  the  collector.  The  sjjecimen  a  and  b.  Fig.  123,  may 
hfive  been  an  adze,  the  groove  across  the  back  being  made  in  order  to 
attjich  the  tool  to  a  handle.     The  gouges  may  be  placed  in  two  series  in  one 


fac- 

|iey 

in 

l)le- 

ai'L' 

ed. 

ind 

fies 

of 


List 


1  li>. 


Fig.  126.    Gotiges  or  adzes.    Comioctictit.    S.  1-H. 

of  which  the  groove  extends  from  end  to  end,  while  in  the  other  it  is  con- 
fined to  one  end.  In  most  s])ecimens  the  upper  end  is  narrower  than  the 
other  or  hollowed  end,  but  this  is  not  always  the  case  as  c.  Fig.  123, 
shows.  This  specimen  is  interesting  becaus-.'  it  is  a  combination  tool,  one 
end  being  gouge  and  the  other  chisel.  Fig.  124-  is  an  unusually  fine  speci- 
men. The  side  not  seen  in  the  figure  is  strongly  and  sharply  ridged.  Fig. 
125  c  shows  another  of  these  fine  gouges.  Tins  has  the  form  of  several  very 
long  sp'jcimens  that  have  been  found.  One  of  these  is  nineteen  inches  long. 
This  sort  of  gouge  is  always  ."lender,  well  finished ;  s(mietnn<'s  of  rather 
sf)ft,  sometimes  of  very  hard  stone;  the  si)ecimen  in  the  figure  is  nearly 
twelve  inches  long.  Like  Fig.  124,  the  back  is  strongly  ridged  so  the  cross 
section  h.'is  the  outline  of  a  sharj)  gothic  arch. 

In  Figs.  112  and  113  e.\am])les  of  gouges  from  the  Maine  graves  are 
shown  and  many  others  similar  to  these  were  found  in  the  same  places. 
Indeed,  the  number  of  gouges  obtained  from  these  graves  is  very  remark- 
able.    Bv  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Williams  T'^ig.  120  gives  some  illustrations  of 


i 


riii 


.'ift'-' 


'*«-* 


^^" 


tnnmaiisBa 


104 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


illSii 


Fig.     12H.       Celt    of 
Rasalt.    S.  1-2. 


Fig.  129.      Celt  of  slate. 
Vermont.    S.  1-2. 


Fig.    127.       Celts, 
Conn.    Dr.  Williams. 


^ 


3 


Archaeology  of  New  En ff land. 


105 


gouges  and  adzes  from  Conn.  Possibly  all  of  these  should  be  classed  as 
adzes,  for  all  seem  to  be  made  so  that  handles  could  be  attached.  Humj)- 
backed  specimens  like  22,  23,  and  26  Fig.  126,  are  not  uncommon  in  New 
England.  Copper  gouges  are  extremely  rare  in  New  England,  but  Fig.  115 
shows  a  fine  specimen  from  northern  Vermont.  It  is  about  seven  inches 
long  and  weighs  a  pound.  The  surface  is  finely  patinated.  It  is  quite  prob- 
able that  bone  and  shell  gouges  were  used  by  the  ancient  inhabitant?  of 
New  England,  but  none  have  been  found,  though  there  are  fragments  of 
bone  specimens  that  may  have  formed  parts  of  gouges.  Entire  shells  of  the 
larger  bivalves  may  also  have  well  served  the  uses  of  the  gouge. 


^' 


Fifj.  130.     Celt  of  Qitartzitc.     Vermont.     S.  1  2. 


Ckkts. 

I'ndcr  this  term  rirc  inehidcd  all  those  objects  which  arc  known  as  chis- 
els, hand-axes,  tomahawks,  etc.  It  is  a  large  class,  including  more  than 
any  other,  and  ])crha])s  should  l)c  suhflividcd.  hut  for  our  ])rcseiit  ])urpose 
all  the  various  forms  may  be  grouped  together.  The  celt  was  one  of  the 
lirst  tools  man  invented.  Its  simplest  form  was,  and  is,  merely  an  elon- 
gated i)ebl)le  more  or  less  roughly  ground  to  an  edge  at  one  end.  .Xhove 
this  rude  form  we  have  all  grades  until  we  come  to  the  well  shaped  and 
beautifully  ])olished  s])ecimens  which  are  not  infre(|uently  picked  u]).  As  a 
rule  the  celts  ai)pear  to  have  been  made  for  hard  work  and  are  finished  ac- 
cordingly, but  our  best  s])ecimens  are  as  well  made  as  the  finest  stone  ob- 
jects. In  size,  as  might  be  ex])ected,  the  celts  vary  greatly,  ranging  from 
tiny  ones  not  over  three  inches  long  and  weighing  but  a  few  ounces, 
up  to  those  that  are  ten  or  twelve,  or  more,  inches  long  and  weighing  sev- 
er.'d   jjounds.     Classified    by  form   alone   the  celts   may   be   placed    in   four 


.      4  i 


ajuukiisiiMMjamxiiiiMa^ 


106 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


:hn 


jjjroups.      Many  arc  loiijj  and   narrow,  like  97  in  Fijf.  127.  or  Fijj^s.   12S 
and  1:J0. 

In  these  the  end  may  be  nearly  cfjual  in  width  or  the  blunt  end  may  be 
somewhat  narrower.  This  is  the  most  common  form.  Another  common 
form  is  thatshowa  in  Fig.  127,  (94  and  9G)and  Figs.  \30  and  132 in  which 
the  outline  is  qu.idrangular.  The  third  form  is  seen  in  Fig.  133  in  which 
the  outline  is  triangular,  a  form  much  less  common  than  the  two  preceding. 
The  fourth  form  is  that  of  Fig.  130  in  which  the  outline  is  linear  like  the 
first  class,  though  the  surface  is  nt)t  flat,  but  bevelled  from  a  median  ridge. 
This  is  not  a  common  form.  These  groups  are  confessedly  Jirbitrary,  and 
to  some  extent  they  run  into  each  other.  But  they  furnish  a  convenient 
method  by  which  to  arrange  and  study  a  series  of  specimens.     There  can  be 


Fig.   1.^1.     I)otil)le-eflKed    Celt.    (Iraii- 
itc.     Vcinioiit.    S    1-2. 


I"i>;.  l.Sli.     I'orpliyry   Celt.       Vermont. 
S.  1-2. 


no  doubt  that  the  smaller  celts  were  often  used  as  hand-axes,  nei^^her  is  there 
any  doubt  that  others  were  when  in  use,  fitted  with  a  handle,  and  some  of 
the  early  writers  tell  us  how  this  was  attached.  In  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  New  York,  there  is  a  celt  in  its  wooden  handle.  A  few 
of  the  celts  were  ground  to  an  edge  at  each  end,  as  in  Fig,  131 .  Fig.  128  is 
unique  in  having  the  edges  at  right  angles  to  each  other  Fig.  132  shows  a 
most  neatly  made  hand  axe,  for  it  is  evidently  that  of  dark  green  porphyry. 
The  labor  of  working  so  perfectly  finished  a  s])ecimen  from  a  ])ebble  of  so 
hard  a  stone  must  have  been  very  great.  Many  of  these  smaller  celts  were 
made  of  attractive  material,  as  serpentine,  fine  grained  granite,  compact 
talcosc  slate,  etc.  and  there  are  no  handsomer  specimens  in  (uir  collections 
than  some  of  these.  It  is  possible  that  Fig.  129  which  is  of  compact  slate 
and  quite  thin,  should  be  regarded  as  a  knife  rather  than  a  celt.  It  might 
have  been  cither.  A  very  few  celts  occur  which  were  not,  like  most  celts, 
hammered  and  pecked  into  shape,  but  being  made  from  quartzite  or  other 
flinty  material,  were  flaked  and  chipped  like  the  familiar  Danish  implements, 
the  edge  being  in  all  cases  ground  smooth  and  sharp. 

Notched  and  Gkoovkd  Axes. 
As  we  see  in  123,  the  ordinary  celt  may  i)e  closely  associated  with  the 


Archaeology  of  New  liiiffhwd. 


107 


jj;()u>;e  and  in  Fij?.  129  it  maN*  resemble  the  slate  knife,  so  we  find  it  even 
more  easily  developinjj;  into  the  notehed  axe  and  this  into  the  grooved  axe. 
Notehed  and  jjjrooved  axes  are  very  mueh  lesseomnionin  New  Kn^land  than 
in  most  i)arts  of  the  I'nited  States.  Still,  some  very  jjjood  speeimens  have 
been  found  as  the  fifi[ures  show.  A  simjjle  form  of  the  merely  notehed  {ixe  is 
shown  in  Fijr.  134..  This  axe  is  very  well  made  from  a  porphyritie  roi'k.  It 
is  evidently  a  slijj;htly  modified  celt.  For  the  most  part  these  notehed  axes 
are  small  and  many  of  ihem  very  well  finished;  some  being  polished.  Some 
of  these  implements  may  have  been  used  as  adzes  or,  in  ease  of  the  ruder 
ones,  as  hoes.  Fig.  185  presents  a  very  niee  little  axe  whieh  when  well 
hafted  may  well  have  served  as  a  tomahawk.  With  very  few  exeejjtions 
the  grooved  axes  are  larger  than  those  th:it  are  simply  notehed  and  many 
of  them  are  ruder.  Fig.  130  is  rather  a  rough  specimen  of  very  pecu- 
liar shape.  It  is  made  from  a  compact  red  sandstone.  In  nearly  all  of  our 
jixes  the  groove  is  jibove  the  middle,  but  never  so  near  the  top  as  in  western 


the 


\'\iX.  X'^'d.     Tii.'iiifiular  Cell,     liiicly  veined.     Clay 
iron  sliiiie.     Vtnnont.     S   l-li. 

axes.  The  groove  extends  entirely  around  the  body  of  all  our  axes  and  is 
very  seldom  oblic|ue,  though  it  is  in  some  eases  as  in  Fig.  138.  On  the 
average  the  New  England  axes  are  six  or  seven  inches  long,  two  thirds  as 
wide,  and  weigh  three  or  four  pounds.  None  of  those  that  I  have  seen  are 
polished,  none  are  at  all  cylindrical  as  are  some  of  the  western  axes  but  all 
are  more  or  less  narrowly  oval  in  cross  section.  Fig.  137  and  13S  may 
serve  as  very  good  average  type  of  New  England  axes.  .\s  a  rule  our  axes 
are  not  polished,  the  surfacj  being  left  as  it  was  finished  by  ])ecking.     Fig. 


m 


108 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


139,  which  is  from  Dr.  Williams,  illustrates  four  axes,  one  notched  and  three 
grooved,  from  Conn.  Dr.  Williams  writes  that  he  has  an  axe  found  in 
Conn,  that  has  a  double  groove.  Most  of  the  stone  axes  would  prove  very 
inefficient  tools  in  the  hands  of  any  white  man,  but  there  is  good  reason  for 
believing  that,  when  used  by  those  who  were  accustomed  to  them,  they 
were  far  from  useless.  In  the  account  of  his  trip  through  the  lake  which 
bears  his  name,  Chamjjlain  s])eaks  severrd  times  of  the  use  which  his  savJigc 
com])anions  made  of  their  stone  axes.  He  does,  indeed  call  these  axes  verj' 
bad,  but  he  also  tells  us  that  when  the  Indians  wished  to  camp  for  the  night 
they  made  a  barricade  by  cutting  down  large  trees  with  these  axes  and  that 
they  were  able  in  two  hours  to  make  so  strong  a  defence  that  five  hundred 
men  coidd  not  break  through  without  great  loss.  Nor  did  they  use  fire  in 
this  instance,  for  Champlain  says  that  when  making  the  barricade  they  did 
not  kindle  a  fire  lest  the  smoke  reveal  their  presence  to  their  enemies. 


V\>j;.   ISR.     Simple  form  of 
Notcheil  Axe.    S.  1-2. 


Fi;;.  IJSa.     Small   iiolched 
.\xe.     Tra))  rock.    S.  1-3. 


Pestles. 


Fig.     134.       Kiidc    .Axe  of 
sandstone.    S.  1-3. 


Throughout  New  England  there  are  found,  though  verA'  sparingly,  elong- 
ated cylindrical  objects  which  were  used  in  pounding  corn,  or  whatever  the 
Indians  wished  to  jjulverize.  Fig.  140  shows  two  of  these  implements  from 
Connecticut.  These  are  well  shaped  and  finished  as  are  most  of  the  pestles, 
some  however,  are  little  more  than  long  slender  pebbles  worked  a  little  at 
the  ends.  The  finer  pestles  are  from  eighteen  to  twent\'-nine  inches  long 
jind  about  two  in  diameter.  Most  are  of  ncarh*  uniform  diameter  from  end 
to  end,  but  some  are  thicker  in  the  middle,  from  which  they  taper  towards 
the  ends.  In  different  parts  of  New  England  long  "pestles"  have  been  found 
which  have  one  end  carved  to  represent  the  head  of  some  minimal.  Most  of 
these  are  unusually  long,  regularly  cylindrical  and  well  finished  and  they 
may  have  been  used  as  clubs.  The  pestle  shown  in  Fig.  140,  99  is  peculiar. 
".\lthough  made  of  a  very  hard  stone,  a  hole  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter 


Archncoloffv  of  New  Enfflnnrl. 


109 


has  licen  drilled  into  its  working  end.  Into  this  hole  another  stone  of  a 
vet  harder  nature  has  been  i)L'rfcetlv  fitted,  the  whole  being  ground  off 
evenly.*" 

Dr.  Williams  has  a  ])estle  thirty  inehes  long,  one  end  of  whieh  is  earved 
to  re])resent  ;in  elk's  head.  The  short  pounders  so  common  in  Ohio  and  the 
West  do  not  occur  in  New  England.  Of  course  some  sort  of  mortar  must 
always  have  been  used  with  the  pestles,  but  only  a  few  have  bL'en  discovered- 
For  the  most  part  these  mortars  are  simply  large  stones  the  outside  of 
which  has  not  been  worked  at  all,  while  the  bowl-shaj)cd  cavity  is  very 
regular.  It  is  not  always  circular,  but  may  be  oval  or  elongated.  Dr. 
Al)1)ott  figures  a  mortar  from  Massachusetts  which  is  more  globul.ar  than 
an^-  other  which  I  have  seen  from  this  region.!" 


k)m 
les, 

]at 

]nd 

rds 

ind 

of 

ley 
hr. 
ter 


Hammers  and  Poit.nders.— Pitted  Stones. 

The  shorter  pestles  suggest  the  stone  hammer.  Hammers  are  abundant 
andvary  from  the  simple  pt'bble  which  was  not  worked  at  all  except  by  use 
to  those  which  have  been  pecked  over  the  whole  surface.  They  vary  in  size 
from  little  brills  used  in  chipphigthe  smallest  points  to  those  that  weigh  sev- 
eral pounds.  Throughout  New  England,  the  hammers  are  mere  playthings 
compared  with  the  big  mining  hammers  of  the  Lake  Superior  region.  Less 
numerous  than  the  ordinary  hammer,  though  far  from  rare,  are  the  pitted 
stones  such  as  are  shown  in  Figs.  14-2  and  143.  Some  of  the  pitted  stones 
mav  not  have  been  used  as  hammers,  but  as  small  mortars  for  rubbing 
paint  and  the  like.     In  Fig.  144,  27,  we  have  a  polisher  made  from  a  pitted 

•Williams,  Am.  Archacologisst,  Vol.  2,  j)  l+l). 
trrimitivc  Industry,  p.  150.  Fig.  136. 


Kfe. 


M 


■M 


110 


Prehistoric  Iniplciiwnts. 


stone.     TIic  other  specimens  shown   in   this   figure  are  all  polisliers,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Williams. 

(troovedstoneslike  tliose  shown  in  I-'ig.  14-4-,  2Han(l  .'JO  are  not  uncommon 
and  are  found  in  a  great  variety  of  sha])es.  They  are  usually  regarded  as 
sinew  dressers  or  at  any  rate  intended  for  some  such  use  or  for  sharpening 
tools.  They  sire  generally  made  of  hard,  gritty  material  and  sometimes 
show  that  they  have  seen  considerable  service  of  some  sort.  In  I'ig.  Ik"), 
27  and  2S,  are  siiown  two  ijcndants  or  jjlummets.  These  are  found  of  v.'ir- 
ious  sizes  and  degrees  of  rudeness  over  most  of  New  England.  It  is  not 
unlike'v  thc'it  collectors  have  cl.'issed  in  one  grou])  objects  tiiat  should  be 
separated,  and  that  the  more  finely  finished  and  elegant  of  these  s])ecimens 
were  used  as  ornaments,  while  those  that  are  ruder  and  larger  were  net 
sinkers,  plummets  or  even  sling  stones.  The  two  lower  specimens  in  V\g. 
145  are  little  paint  cups,  in  all  probability. 


Fiij;.   139.     Axi's  iVom  Coiiiicflicut.     .S.  1-4. 

Slate  Knives. 

In  a  jjrevious  page  gouges  have  been  mentioned  as  especially  character- 
istic of  Xew  England  archaeology,  but  there  is  another  class  of  implements 
which  is  (|uite  as  much  so.  I  refer  to  the  slate  ])oints  and  knives  such  as 
are  shown  in  I'^ig.  Ill  and  in  Pig.  14G.  Although  these  olyects  differ  very 
greatly  in  size  and  form,  they  yet  have  a  common  character  and  are  of  the 
same  matcri.-d,  or  at  any  rate  that  wdiieh  is  very  similar,  They  are  all 
ground  and  often  poli.^hcd,  are  almost  always  carefully  shaped  and  do  not 
appear  to  have  been  very  much  used.  The  slate  of  which  they  are  made  is 
either  the  red,  blue,  or  drab  roofing  slate  common  in  several  localities,  or  it 
may  be  a  ligiit  gray  compact  t.'dcose  slate.  These  slate  im])lements  present 
great  variety  in  form,  scarcely  any  two  of  them  being  precisely  alike.  It  is 
not  pos:  ible  Ui  tli!::!:  that  so  ditferent  objects,  as,  for  instance,  that  shown 
;..  1;,  rig.  \  rC,  and  d,  or  e,  of  the  same  figuie,  were  all  intended  for  the  same 
use,  but  rather  that  the  variety  of  form  indicates  variet}*  of  use.  Some  arc 
so  slender  and  fragile  that  any  use  would  ..^cm  likely  to  destroy  them.     For 


Archneoloiry  of  Xcw  Etif^hiud. 


Ill 


instance,  in  Fi;j;.  Ill  the  lonj^ost  jjoint  is  ncirly  firtccn  inches  lonj^  and  only 
about  threc-tourths  of  an  inch  in  greatest  widtli,  and  1),  in  \-\\i.  1-M>  is  nine 
inches  lonjjf,  one  and  a  haU"  inches  wide  and  very  tliin.  It  is  ditlicidt  to  I)e- 
heve  that  such  an  ohjeet  could  do  very  tnuch  service,  either  as  a  tool  or 
weapon.  S])eeinicns  of  this  sort  are  sometimes  ibund  which  are  much  wider 
than  those  mentioned,  One  of  these  is  five  inches  lonj;  and  three  inches  wide 
and  thus  a])i)roaehes  the  large  seniielliptical  slate  knives.     It  is  noticeable 


^.'iM^^-'i  if.t'AMtfjkrr*:^^  ••••-•■ 


I2??^?r.' 


Fig.   14.5.     IViid.-mts  lii>,  I'M.     I'^iint  Cups, 
27a,  2Ma.    Conn. 


^^   4fSix^.  T\ 


Fig.  1+0.     I'cstlc.x.     Conn. 

that  nearly  all  of  the  kinds  of  slate  knives  we  are  now  considerinj?  have  been 
found  in  Northern  New  England,  in  Maine  and  Vermont.  It  is  also  notice- 
able that  the  specimens  found  by  Mr.  Willoughby  in  the  Maine  graves  verv 
nearly  resemble  those  found  in  the  Vermont  graves  as  well  as  elsewhere  in 


m 


19 


1 

■r;tf 

■>■■  ',■  j 

'!^'hn 


112 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fig.  141,  Skctih  tilttT  Sihoolcnift. 
Showini;  the  prohahlf  iiirxle  of  tisins 
the  stout  pestle.  Courtesy  ot  Ur.  Wil- 
liams. 


il£. 


22 


.■■.'  --* 


>3  Size. 


4 

•I 


I-'iu-  !+;<■     I'iIUmI  stones. 


Fit;.  1  !■_'.     i'iltcd  stones.     Coiiiiectijut. 


Archncolofiy  of  Sew  luif^linul. 


\\:\ 


th.'it  state.  Some  of  tlic  W-nnoiit  spi-ciim-iis  not  fi),MiiV(l  are  very  tmieli  like 
the  left  liaiul  ])oint  in  I'ij.;.  Ill,  both  in  slia])e  ami  material.  May  sneli 
speeiiiicus  not  lie  called  daggers' 

Skmiunau  Knivks. 
As  we  have  seen,  the  linear  knife,  like  a  I'i^.  14-(),  passes  throujjh  a  regu- 
lar series  of  forms  in  whieh  the  width  j,'radually  increases  in  jjroportion  to 
the  len;,'th,  until  we  come  to  the  oval  and  semilunar  knives  such  as  those 
in  I'ij^.  147  which  are  from  Dr.  Williams'  collection  of  Connecticut  forms. 
Similar  knives  are  i'ound  in  many  i)arts  of  New  Ivn>jl and  and  elsewhere. 
The  same  sort  of  knife  is  in  connnon  use  liv  the  liskimo  and  it  is  not  imj)os- 


K^li 


27  ^^  Size. 


I'i^.  11+.  I'nli>-lifi> 
;m(l  sliarpitiiiij;  Stono. 
("oniu'cticiit. 


sible  that  such  knives  were  obtained  by  the  tril)cs  of  the  New  England 
rejiion  from  these  i)cople  by  trade  or  war.  It  surely  is  not  necessary  to 
su])i)osc  the  former  occupation  of  New  Enj.jland  by  Eskimo  to  account  for 
the  ])rcscnce  here  of  these  or  other  im])lements.  The  liskimo  may  hfivc  lived 
in  what  is  now  New  Enjjland  JK-fore  the  Algonkins  occupied  it,  Imt  the 
evidence  must  be  more  convincin*;  than  at  jjresent  aj)])cars  in  the  stone  im- 
l)lements  to  be  accepted.  Some  of  the  semilunar  knives  are  much  larger 
than  those  at  the  top  of  I-'ig.  14-7.  Fig.  14S  sliows  a  specimen  of  the  same 
slate  as  that  of  which  many  of  the  knives  are  made.  It  may  be  a  sort  of 
edged  knife  or  scrajjcr,  or  it  may  be  sinii)]y  an  ornament  of  some  kind. 


i 


m 


114. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Pipes. 
If,  t'ls  wc  have  supi)()sc'(l,  the  pottery  of  the  aborigines  gives  the  best 
examples  of  the  technieal  skill  of  the  women,  we  ma}-  in  the  same  manner 
consider  the  pipes  as  the  best  work  that  was  produced  by  the  men.  It  is 
true  of  the  whole  country  that  no  other  class  of  stone  objects  exhibit  so 
great  .skill  and  so  much  artistic  feeling  as  do  the  pipes.  For  this  reason 
especial  interest  alwjiys  centers  upon  the  pipes  in  any  large  archaeological 
collection.  Probably  there  is  no  particular  sort  of  pipe  which  is  to  a^v  de- 
gree characteristic  of  New  England.    Our  pipes  are  much  like  those  found 


Pip.  14-6      Sl.ite  points.    Vermont,    a,  c.  d.  and  e,  S.  1-2.    b,  f,  S.  1-3.    a,d. 
e,  red  slate,    b,  drab  talcose  slate,    c,  t',  grey  roofing  slate. 

south  and  west  of  us.  They  do  not,  however,  exhibit  so  great  variety  or 
elaborateness  in  the  pattens  used  as  may  he  often  seen  in  these  latter  regions. 
In  finish  they  often  ec{ual  the  Ix'st  of  the  mound  pipes,  but  they  are  in  com- 
parison usually  of  very  simple  forms. 

While  the  Indian  often  smoked  his  pii)e,  as  does  the  modern  white  man, 
merely  for  ])leasure,  it  is  well  known  that  the  pipe  was  an  indisjKMisable 
l)art  of  ever}'  great  ceremony  and  therefore  that  it  was  inse])afably 
associated  in  the  Indian  mind  with  all  that  was  solemn  and  imjjortant. 
The  ])ipe  was  jjrobably  his  most  cherished  treasure.  It  is  then,  not  to  be 
wondered  ,hat  the  Indian  put  his  best  art  and  most  painstaking  work 
into  his  pipes.  It  is  noticeable  that  animal  forms  so  eonsjMcuously  absent 
in  our  specimens  of  everj'  class,  should  ap])ear  more  commonly  in  the  j)i])es 
than  .'iny where  else.     Yet  such  forms  are  not  common  even  in  the  pipes  and 


Archaeology  of  New  EngUituL  115 

are  rather  nulely  executed  when  attemj)te(l.  Fig.  14-9  shows  several  ex- 
am])les  of  New  England  pipes,  though  it  is  hardly  possible  to  present  a 
group  that  is  at  all  representative,  tor  each  jiipe  is  like  no  other.  Many 
forms  not  vshown  in  the  figure  have  been  found.  The  platform  ihjk'S,  com- 
mon elsewhere  are  oecasitmally  found  in  New  England.  In  Pig.  14-9  A,  is  a 
little  j)i])e  so  simple  in  form  th.at  one  would  think  that  it  would  be  a  eom- 
m(  1  varictv,  but  it  is  not.     It  is  made  of  dark  steatite,  smooth,  but  not 


'  "WP'jftMr*^ 


Pig.  147.  .\l  llic  lop,  sf  mi  lunar 
slate  knives.  .\t  the  hottoin,  rude 
Uuivcs.     Conn. 


%':  '-'x ' 

**««.a^,^^* 

.:,■■::, .:^,^- 

id 

'3  -^'^'^ 

":^i!^ff|f:.;,^^ 

polished.  B,  is  a  very  peculiar  i)ip.'  wliicli  a])])ears  to  be  fashioned  after 
some  (|uadrnpcd.  The  figure  is  cvidciiLly  a  good  deal  conventionalized. 
The  row  of  jiits  around  the  to])  of  the  howl  ai)i)car  to  h.ive  been  intended, 
as  were  those  in  O,  for  the  insertion  of  some  diflcrent  sort  of  materi.d,  but 
if  this  is  so.  either  the  design  was  not  carried  out  or  the  inserted  bits  were 
lost.  As  is  the  case  in  most  of  our  pipe^,  the  material  is  steatite.  C,  is  an- 
other animal  pipe  of  rather  unusual  rurni  made  of  light  grey  mottled  lime- 
stone.    Like  several  of  our  i)ipcs,  it  liris  a  perforation  through  the  lower  end 


if 

k 


'■  f ' 


116 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


for  suspension.  G,  is  another  uncommon  form  as  it  is  only  very  rarely  th.'it 
any  portion  of  the  stem  is  made  of  the  same  piece  as  ii*  the  bowl.  This  is 
made  of  a  very  pretty  dark  clouded  gypsum,  handsomely  polished.  E,  is 
also  made  with  stem  and  bowl  in  one  piece,  the  end  of  the  stem  being  brt)ken 
off.  Besides  thesie  two  I  have  seen  no  other  New  England  pipe  of  this  sort. 
D,  is  a  curious  double  bowl  pipe  of  dark  green  steatite.  F,  is  a  most  inter- 
esting pipe  and  is  one  of  the  exceedingly  few  stone  objects  found  in  New 
England, thatarecrn.-imcnttd  with  carvirgs  leiruertirg  the  human  fate.  A 
similar  face  is  carved  on  the  opposite  side.  The  cavity  in  this  ])ipe  is  un- 
usually large.  As  may  be  seen  in  C,  and  G,  there  is  a  hole  at  the  lower  end 
through  which  to  pass  a  cord  for  suspension.  In  none  of  these  sjjccimcns 
was  the  bowl  bored  out,  or  at  least  this  was  not  the  final  process,  for  in  all 
longitudinal  furrows  are  evident  which  must  have  been  made  with  a  pointed 
tool  thrust  into  the  cavity.  In  Fig.  loO  three  tubular  jjijjcs  are  shown 
which  are  strangely  like  forms  ccmimon  on  the  I'acific  const.    A  hall  dozen 


Im.i;.  14-S.      kiulf  (>l'(lr;il>  sKitc.     S. 
1-2.     \'cini()iit. 


Fig.  1+9.  Stone  I'iiits.  S.  l-L'.  Vitiikhu.  I'or 
description  of  tlii^c,  and  otluT  Vermont  iii|'is,  see 
article  in  I'opnlar  Science  Monlldy.     Vid    +4-. p.  'J'AS. 

of  these  were  taken  from  the  Swanton  graves  and  several  others  i)reci.sely 
like  them,  have  been  found  in  other  ])laces  in  Vermont.  Dr.  Abbott  also 
figures  one  from  Lawrence,  Mass.,  *.  Dr.  Abbott  remarks  of  these  straight 
pijjcs — "The  pipe  ttsed  l)y  the  Shoshonesat  a ceremotnal  smoking  and  speech 
making  in  honor  of  Capts.  Lewis  and  Clarke  is  described  as 'made  of  a  dense, 
but  almost  trans])arent,  green  stt)nc,  very  highly  ])«)lished,  and  two  and 
a  half  inches  in  length,  and  of  an  oval  form  the  bowl  being  in  the  same  line 

•primitive  Industry,   Page  88<>,  Fig.  'A22. 


Archaeology  of  New  Enghind. 


117 


with  the  stem.'  A  small  piece  of  burnt  eUu'  was  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  bowl,  to  separate  the  tobacco  from  the  end  of  the  stem.  This  was  an 
irregular  round  figure,  not  fitting  the  tube  perfectly  close  in  order  that  the 
smoke  might  pass  with  facility."* 

Bxcept  that  the  pipes  seen  in  Fig.  150  are  larger  than  that  just  men- 
tioned, they  ct)rrespond  fully  with  the  description,  even  to  the  plugs  in  the 
ends,  for  such  an  irregularly  fitted  stopper  was  found  in  several  of  the  Ver- 
mont tubes,  only  instead  of  clay  it  was  made  of  stone. 

As  the  figure  shows,  the  shape  of  these  jiipes  vfiries  somewhat.  They 
are  all  made  of  a  compact,  but  not  very  hard  clay  slate.  They  vary  in 
length  from  six  to  fourteen  inches  and  in  diameter  from  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half.  The  bore  is  (|uite  small  at  one  end,  while  at  the  other  it  is  as 
large  as  the  tube  allows.  C,  in  Fig.  150  bears  a  rude  inscription,  if  it  de- 
serves to  be  so  considered.  There  is  what  ajjpears  to  be  the  outline  of  a 
hawk,  beneath  which  are  some  rude  characters.  Whether  this  is  the  sign 
manual  of  the  owner  or  what  it  does  signify,  if  anything,  it  is  not  easy  to 
determine.  .All  the  tubes  fire  v.-ircfully  made,  and  certainly,  they  were  not 
finished  without  a  large  amount  of  labor.  Severa'  stone  pij)es  have  1)een 
found  in  New  England   the  presence  of  which  is  dilfieult   of  explanation. 


m 


t4*^i"i;>^JfSSi<fc  j;  V.Hi!  L-t-^  ;vr^«v^\»AtSBi?/av-<Sl 


iS^s^ 


<3. 


Tiihul.'ii- 
A,  jilioul 
dill'  t'oiiith  lull  si/c.  I!,  C. 
OIK'  lliird  full  size. 


pipi's.     Vcrinoiil. 


They  may  have  in  some  way  reached  this  part  of  the  country  in  the  way  of 
trade,  or  possibly  have  been  brought  by  a  white  man  in  recent  times  and 
lost.  One  of  these  is  a  very  elaborately  carved  ])ipe  of  dark  slate  evidently 
made  somewhere  on  the  North-west  coast,  for  the  carving  is  very  character- 
istic.   It  w.is  found  near  iMymoitth,  Mass.t 

Another  is  a  large  pijjc  of  the  regulation  red  ])ii)estone  which  was  jilowed 
up  in  a  field  in  Vermont  not  very  far  from  Hurlingtt)n.:i:  The  earthenware 
pipes  have  already  been  discussed  in  connection  with  pottery. 

*.\i)h()tt,  1.  c.  p.  ;j'Jii. 

tAl)l)()tt,  Ptiinilivc  liuhisliv,  I'agc  ;ili4-,  I'ig  ;tlH. 
tl'op.  Sficncc  Monthly  Vol.  +4-,    \).  2++,  \'\ji,.  10. 


m 


I  1 


^^m 


^ssa 


118 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


DiscoiDAL  Stones 

Discoidal  or  Chunji^kee  Stones  of  a  rather  rude' sort  are  now  and  then 
j)ieked  up  in  New  Enj^land.  Some  few  of  these  are  fairly  well  made,  hut  the 
surfaees  are  almost  always  flat.  The  only  speeimen  so  far  as  the  writer  is 
aware,  that  is  at  all  tliL'  e(|ual  of  the  best  si)eeimjns  found  in  other  ])arts 
of  the  eountry  was  taken  from  one  of  the  Swinton  j^raves.  This  is  a 
small  example  of  its  elass,  but  it  is  very  pi-rfeetly  made.  The  mriterial 
is  a  lij.jht  jjjrey  (|uartzite.  The  surfaee  is  not  jjolished,  but  is  smooth.  The 
u])per  and  lower  sides  are  eoneave,  and  the  edj^es  a  little  eonve.x.  The  dia- 
meter is  three  inches,  while  at  the  ed;^e  the  thickness  is  a  little  over  one  inch. 

CkKKMOXIAL    OlijKCTS. 

Under  this  headinj^  it  is  convenient  to  j^roup  a  vfiriety  of,  usually,  reij^u- 
larly  shajjed  and  nicely  finished  objects,  most  if  not  all,  of  which  a])i)ear  to 
have  l)een  desij^ned  either  as  ornaments,  or  eml)lems,  or  insij^nia.  They  are 
made  from  the  handsomest  available  material  .'\n(l  form  conspicuous 
features  in  all  large  collections.     VVfj^.  151  shows  three  of  the  simplest  forms 


7^rrs  WA'^JiWX'.'T.* 


F\H.  1,")1.  I'.or- 
jjc'ts,  Coniuctiiiii. 
2'J  jj;rei'ii  li.uKkd 
slate;  ;iO  liylii 
sl.-itc;  :n,  lilack 
sl.ilf.         1)1-       Wil- 


oftliis  class  of  objects.  Xumber  29,  is  a  very  jj^ood  example  of  a  i^oryet 
or  two-hole  stone,  while  the  othjr  two  are  one-hole  stones  or  ])en- 
dants.  Other  si)ccimens  have  (|uite  different  forms,  but  the  general  charac- 
ter is  the  same  in  all.  They  .are  most  often  made  of  some  sort  of  banded 
slate,  thouiih  other  kinc's  of  stone  are  sometimes  used.  The  outline  m.'\y  be 
less  simple  than  in  those  figured  and  they  are  generally  less  rudely  formed 
than  that  in  .'50  of  l"ig.  lol.  .\  considerable  munber  of  fuie  specimens  of 
these  objects  have  been  found  in  .and  <al)out  the  Swanton  buri.al  i)l;icc.  The 
celt,  if  such  it  w.as,  figured  by  Mr.  Willoughbv,  Fig.  1 1.'{,  b,  p.'ige  92,  is  sug- 
gestive of  such  <a  ijcnd.ant  as  No.  .'51  in  the  .above  hgure  .and  m.ay  not  h;ivc 
been  merely  ;i  tool.  Another  .and  ([uite  different  cl.ass  of  eeremoni.al  stones 
is  shown  in  I-'ig.  ir»2  .also  in  '?iS,H9  .and  40  of  I'ig.  lo.'i.     It  would  seem  prol)- 


■11 


Archaeology  of  New  Englnmh 


119 


able  thrit  none  of  our  specinuns  required  a  j^reater  amount  of  labor  in  their 
eonstruction  than  these  banner  stones,  for  not  only  are  they  laborio  slv 
shajjed,  smoothed  and  ])olislie(l,  but  after  this  is  done,  then  they  must  I)e 
bored,  a])i);irently  for  the  reee]Jtion  of  a  handle.  It  is  true  that  they  are 
most  eoniuKm  of  moderately  soft  stcme,  though  some  are  of  cjuartz,  granite 
and  otlier  by  no  means  solt  materials.  The  hole  is  .always  lar<j;e,  from  one 
fourth  to  one  hall"  ineh  in  diameter,  or  in  exeeptional  eases,  more,  and  it  is 
always  neatly  done.  Oeeasionally,  the  win^^ed  or  "butterfly"  form  whieh 
is  tile  most   eommon  is  replaced   by  more  ^^lobular  sha])es.     Perhajjs   the 


I'iir.     l.">-'.        IlaiiiiiT-stoiic.       Vcnnoiit. 


S.  \-2. 


■•^  i* 


.'t 

n- 
K'- 
L-d 
)e 
bd 
of 
le 
c  I'- 
ve 
es 


I"t^.ir>3     Ceremonial   stones.     ConiiiTticnt      Dr.    V  illi;inis.     35   lioat   shajK'd   stone  of 
l)an(lc(1  slate.     4-0  l);inner  stone  ol  roek  crystal.     .Ml  are  nuiih  reduced. 

most  curious  and  interesting  of  the  New  England  ceremonial  stones  is  one 
which  was  found  in  New  Hampshire  several  years  ago  and  figured  in  tiic 
American  Naturalist.  It  is  inade  of  siliceous  sandstone  of  a  greyish  drab 
color.  The  carvings,  of  which  there  are  sevenl  on  the  surface,  are  in  low 
relief,  the  background  being  sunk  lielow  the  level  of  the  general  surface.  Tiic 
stone  is  regularly  egg-shaped,  abou^^  four  inches  long  and  two  and  a  half 
in  greatest  diameter.  It  is  ])erforated  from  end  to  end.  The  carvings  con- 
sist of  a  face  on  one  side,  a  tent,  or  tepee,  on  another,  a  crescent,   arrows 


fcKI:  ' 


'-\i\ 


■<k 


120 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


and  a  simple  sjHral  figure  on  another,  and  certain  emblematic  fij^urcs  on 
another.  A  few  very  fine  examples  of  boat-stones  of  which  M()  in  Fij^.  15,'i 
may  be  taken  as  a  sijeeimen,  have  been  obtained  in  New  En/^dand,  especially 
in  the  northern  ])art.  Many  of  these  are  of  forms  similar  to  that  in  the 
fi>,nire,  but  others  are  much  lonj,a'r  and  narrower.  Bird-stones  are  also 
found,  though  they  arc  amonj;  the  rarest  forms  in  our  colLvtions.  Fij^.  154. 
shows  one  of  these  which  is  very  finely  made  of  red  slate.  It  was  found  in 
one  of  the  Swanton  j^ravcs,  as  were  several  boat-stones.  Another  si)ecimcn, 
made  of  white  marble  was  found  in  another  ^n-avc  at  the  same  place.  Pen- 
dants of  various  and  very  different  forms  have  been  found  in  manv  localities. 


I'i'j;.  I.")-!-.     Mird  sloiie,  V'eniionl.     S.  1-2. 


[•"ij;  !.'>.").  Cniviii','.  HmcU 
slate.  Ni-\v  H.iit roril.  Conn.  \V. 
J.  Mackav. 


It  is  very  likely  that  some  of  the  objects,  as  those  figured  by  Mr.  Willough- 
by  from  the  Maine  graves,  see  Fig.  113,  were  used  as  amulets  rather  than 
as  sinkers  or  plummets.  Undoubtedly,  the  coarser  specimens  of  this  sort 
were  used  as  weights,  net  sinkers,  or  some  such  thing,  but  it  does  not  seem 
probable  that  those  which  ,'ire  wrought  with  so  great  care  as  are  some  of 
them  were  made  for  any  such  use.  In  size  these  "plummets"  vary  from 
those  that  are  only  an  inch  or  so  long  and  weighing  only  an  ounce  or  two, 
to  those  that  are  several  inches  long  and  that  weigh  severrd  pounds.  They 
are  for  the  most  ]>art  pear  shaped  or,  more  rarely,  conical,  and  still  more 
rarely,  cylindrical.  It  may  lie  that  while  some  of  the  smaller  and  better 
finished  specimens  were  ornaments,  the  larger  were,  <'is  Prof.  Putnam  has 
suggested  weights  for  stretching  thread  while  si)inning.  Prof.  Putnam  also 
calls  attention  to  the  very  close  resemblance  of  the  larger  "plummets"  to 
some  of  the  smaller  pestles  so  that,  "It  is  impossible  to  draw  the  line  be- 
tween the  two  grou])s,  which  arc  so  well  marked  by  their  extremes."  He 
.'idds  the  following  conclusion  with  which  the  writer  fully  agrees  as  it  seems 
the  best  solution  of  the  problem  presented  by  these  objects,     "I  have   for 


:  figures  on 
in  Fi<r.  la.'{ 
1,  cspcciall^v 
that  in  the 
les  are  also 
*.  Fig.  \~y4- 
as  found  in 
er  specimen, 
place.  I'en- 
IV  localities. 


111,  (.'oiiii.     \\. 


Willough- 

rather  than 

of  this  sort 

>es  not  seem 

are  some  of 

vary  from 

nee  or  two, 

uids.     They 

(1  still  more 

and  better 

'utnani  has 

utnam  also 

nimets"   to 

•  the  line  he- 

enies."     He 

;  as  it  seems 

I  l:ave   for 


Archaeology  of  New  Enghind. 


121 


srme  time  considered  them  as  representing  to  a  greater  f)r  less  e.xtent,  ac- 
cording to  size,  material,  shape  and  finish,  1st;  I'estlcs;  2(1,  Sinkers;  3(1, 
Spinning  weights,  4th,  Ornaments."* 

AiiKMii'.-Mi  N.'iluralisl  Vol.  VI,  pajje  (ioO. 

In  this  connection  should  be  mentioned  certain  carvings  which  may  be 
regarded  as  amulets,  totems  or  scmiething  of  the  sort.  I-'ig.  15")  shows  one 
of  these,  anoter  like  this  but  !■  mailer,   was  found   near  it.     Prof.    Putnam 


m 


■'''^v.r 


riji.    I'lO.     Tri.'iii;iulMr  ])oiiits.     Coiiiiecliiut.     Dr.   Williams.   S.    l-l. 


Fijj.  157.      Arrow-points.     Coiinccliciil.     1)|-.      U  illiams.    S.  l-'J. 

has  described  and  figured  two  more  elaborate  si)ecimcns,  one  found  in  Ijjs- 
wich,  Mass.,  and  other,  which  is  a  very  fair  carving  of  a  whale,  found  in 
vSeabrookN.  H.* 

•Ahhotl  I'riiiiilivc  Iiiduslrv,  p.  ;iHC>.  Fiy.  ;{(U   c    8S,S.  I"i".  ;!(),-i. 


ii 


122 


\]um 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


CHIPI'KI)    AM)    I'^LAKKI)    ImiM.KMKXTS. 

In  New  Enj^land,  ms  in  every  locality  in  which  stone  ini]jlemonts  are 
found,  the  various  kinds  of  spear  and  arrow  points,  knives,  scrajjcrs,  drills, 
etc.,  far  outnumber  all  other  objects.  While  the  specimens  of  this  class 
which  are  found  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  v.iilcys  and  elsewhere  as  a 
whole  far  excel  those  from  New  Hnj^jland  in  variety  and  beauty  of  ma- 
terial, they  do  not  i.i  variety  of  form  nor  alt(\irether  in  delicacy  of  work- 
manshij).  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  of  our  best  points  that  they  are  as 
beautifully  formed  and  daintily  chip])ed  as  any  that  can  be  found.  The 
main  difTcrenee  existing  bL'tween  this  rej^ion  and  those  named  is  in  the 
proportion  of  fine  specimens  in  any  ^iven  collection.  Here  the  very  line 
s])eeimens  are  few  as  comi)ared  with  the  West  or  South,  but  our  few  best 
specimens  are  the  cHjuals  of  any    others.      The    often    striking    similiarity 


I". 


I'iji     158.     Points,  Coniiectiiiit.      I>r.    Williams. 

of  stone  implements  collected  in  widely  remote  localities  has  been  already 
noticed  and  is  familiar  to  every  student  of  archaeology,  and  nowhere  does 
this  likeness  apjjcar  so  clearly  as  in  the  class  now  under  consideration. 
Men  the  world  over  seem  to  have  made  their  chi])ped  and  flaked  tools  in 
very  much  the  same  manner  and  to  have  produced  everywhere  the  same 
results.  Anyone  who,  without  going  outside  the  somewhat  restricted 
limits  of  this  volume,  will  be  at  the  trouble  to  compare  the  figures  of  points, 
knives,  etc.,  given  in  difTcrent  ch.'ipters  will  find  amjile  proof  of  the  above 
statement.  The  material  used  in  the  manufacture  of  these  objects,  varies 
greatly  and  often  in  localities  not  far  separated,  as  for  instance,  in  northern 
Vermont  In'  far  the  most  common  ])oints  are  made  of  a  gra}-  quartzite 
while  those  of  white  quartz  are  rare,  but  in  scnithern  Connecticut  white 
([uartz  points  are  more  common  in  scmie  places  than  any  others.  Material 
varies  with  locality,  but  form  does  not,  at  least  to  any  such  extent.  A 
striking  peculiarity  of  the  New  England  ])oints  is  the  almost  entire  absence 
of  those  with  serrated  edges.  Such  points  are  not  entirely  wanting  here 
but  they  are  very  scarce.  Hy  far  the  most  abundant  form,  both  in  points 
and  knives,  is  the  sini]jle  triangle,  as  shown  in  Fig.  156.  This  form  oecuns 
in  a  vast  number  of  varieties  and  sizes,  from  the  tiny  arrow  point  half  an 
inch  long  to  the  largest  spear  six  or  eight  inches  in  length.    Some  of  these  tri- 


Archneoloffj,'  of  New  Englnnd. 


123 


angular  ])()ints  arc  very  fine  bits  of  work.  No.  of*  in  Pij;.  157  shows  other 
trian^^ular  points,  while  the  ruder  forms  of  stemmed  ])oints  are  seen  in  the 
ujjper  ])art  of  the  same  fijj;ure.  Still  difTerent  examjjles  of  stemmed,  and  in 
some  eases,  barbed  ])()ints  are  seen  in  Fij;.  loH  and  also  in  the  two  ujjjjer 
rows  of  Fi^.  inu.  Althoui^h  the  forms  shown  in  the  figures  are  from  a  few 
localities,  yet  they  are  entirely  re])resentative  of  any  New  Hngland  collec- 
tion. Heeause  of  the  close  resemblance  between  the  points  of  this  rej^ion 
and  those  from  other rej^ions,  which  arc  fij,^ured  elsewhere  in  this  volume,  it 
has  not  seemed  to  the  writer  necessary  to  attempt  to  figure  nearly  all  the 
many  forms  common  to  New  lingland. 

SCKAPKKS. 

Less  al)un(lant  than  the  arrow  and  spear  ])oints  are  the  scrapers, 
thoj  gli  they  arc1)y  no  nuansrare.  They  vary  in  size  from  the  little  nodular 
forms  like  .'}S  and  '{9  in  Im-.  KH)  to  those  like  41,  4-2  and  ,3.").  The  tyi)ical 
scrapjr  was  flat,  or  llattish  on  one  side  and  more  or  less  strongly  convex  on 


Fi^.    151).      r))|)cr   rows,  points.      Lower 
row  sti;i|)frs.     S.  1-2.     Vermont. 


! 


the  other,  the  working  edge  l)eing  chip])ed  to  an  abrujjt  bevel.  The  speci- 
men shown  in  the  upjjcr  right  hand  corner  of  Fig.  1(51,  is  a  sort  of  scrajK-r 
t|uite  common  in  northern  New  Fngland,  and  there  are  also  not  infrc(|uently 
found  polishers  of  identical  sliajjc,  exce])t  that  in  these  latter  the  edge  is 
rounded  and  worn  smooth,  showing  that  they  were  used  in  a  very  different 
manner  from  the  scra])ers. 

Drills  of  many  shjipes  also  occur.  Fig.  102  shows  a  few  of  these,  but 
they  are  not  of  the  best,  for  some  of  the  drills  have  long  slend,.'r  ])()ints  and 
arc  tine  spi'cimens  of  chipjjing.     There  have  been  found  sparingly  here  and 


f.^l 


124. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Archaeology  of  New  England.  125 

there  in  New  En>;lan(1,  large  oval  anrl  leaf- shaped  inii)Iements,  some  of  them 
vijjjht  or  nine  inches  long,  which  must  he  considered  agricultural  tools, 
sjjades,  or  hoes.  There  are  also  other  very  large  and  often  clumsy  speci- 
mens which  ])erhai)s  should  be  regarded  as  untinishcd  objects.  There  arc  in 
the  IVabody  Museum  some  enormous  s])ecimcns  of  this  sort  from  Mount 
Kineo,  Miiine. 


F'i.ii.   1<>1.      Cliippi'il  spifhiu'iiN.     Wriiiont.       S.   l-L' 


Rini.lORKAIMlY, 


In  this  !  do  not  repent  the  titles  of  works  mentioned  in  foot-notes  or  text. 
Perkins.  ('..  H      Archaeology  of  Vt.  .\ni.  N.-itnralist.  Vol.  V.  p.  It,  Vol.  XV,  j).  425.     Vol.  XIX. 

p.   14.3      Vol.    XX.   1).   333.     I'roc.    A.    A.  A.  S.     Vol.    XXV,   p.     325.     Vol. 

XXVII,  p.  312. 

An  Ancient  Burial  Ground  in  Swanton  Vt.  I'roc.  A.  A.  A.  S.   Vol.  XXII,  p.  7»i 

Part  H. 

ArchaeoloRv  of  the  Champlain   Valley,   Am.   Naturalist,   Vol.   XIII,   p.  731. 

The  Calumet  in  the  Champlain  Valley,  Popular  Science  Monthly,  Vol.  XLIV,-.^ 

p.  23K. 
Putnam,  F.  W.   l)cscri])tion  of  Stone  Knives  found  in  Pisstx   County,  Mass.    Bulletin  Essex 

Institute,  Vol.  V.  p.  HO,  125. 

.\ncient  Indian  Carvinfj  found   in   Ipswich,    Mass.   Bulletin   Hssex    Institute,, 

Vol.  IV.  p.  2. 

The  manufacture    of  Soapstone    Pots    by    the  Indians    of    New    England. 

Klevcnth  Report,  Pcahody  Museum,  p.  273. 

.\  Keniarhahlc  Indian  Kelic  km.  Naturalist,  Vol.  VI,  p.  <)96. 


Taplcy.    1> 
Wvnian 


j. 
|.     Shell-Heaps  in  .Maine  and  Mass.ichusetts.    Am.  Naturalist,  Vol.  I.  p.  560. 


i^^l 


vSFXTION  V. 

TirK  MiDDLK  SorTH  AND  Soi'TH  APPALACHIAN  RkCIONS. 

Lest  this  term  he  misleading  it  is  iieeessary  to  remark  that  our  modern 
>i;eo|;rai)hie.'d  divisions  of  the  I'nited  St.'ites  arc,  in  many  instanees,  not  .'ip- 
pheahle  to  Pre-Columbian  times.  The  extreme  South  furnishes  prehistoric 
specimens  (|uite  ditTercnt  from  those  found  farther  inland.  While  many  of 
the  forms  are  the  same,  or  siniil.'ir,  yet  the  ditVerences  warrant  ine  in  dcs- 
erihinfj  theentire  South  under  twosections  instead  of  one.  I"lori(la,(ieorjfia, 
Alabama,  Mississii)])i,  Louisian.n,  South  Carolina,  and  p.arts  of  Arkansas 
and  Xorth  Carolina  I  should  consider  the  South  proper.  Tennessee,  Mis- 
souri, most  of  Arkansfis  'iid  Kentucky,  and  portions  of  West  \'ir;.;inia  and 
Iowa,  are  to  be  described  under  my  term.  The  Middle  South.  The  many 
diversitied  forms  or  types  of  this  imjjortant  section  prove  that  it  was  very 
extensively  occupied.  I  nnich  rej^ret  that  I  am  compelled  to  speak  of  it  so 
brielly. 

Col.  C.  C.Jones  in  his  "Anti(|uitics  of  the  Southern  Indians,"*  published 
the  first  work  of  importance.  In  more  recent  times,  (»en.  (1.  I'.  Thruston 
has  issued  two  editions  of  his  most  valuable  and  interesting  1)ook,  "The 
Anti(|uities  of  Tennessee."  This  deals  primarily  with  the  Middle  South  and 
is  justly  ccMisidered  a  standard  work.  The  ])ottery  of  the  rejj^ion  has  been 
described  at  Icnj^th  by  Prof.  Holmes  in  his  various  and  al)le  jjajjcrs  u])on 
ceramics,  textile  fabrics,  etc.  in  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  and  Smithsonian 
Reports.!' 

*1).  Applcloii  iSr  Co.,  New  York.  1.S73. 

il'ii'liisi  urif  Tixtilc  .\rl  ol  llif  IviisU'iii  I'liitfil  Stjitos.  Ancii-iit  I'nttcrv  of  t  lie  Mis- 
sissi])])!  \';illfv.  also  .\rt  in  Slitll,  i'vof.  \V.  11.  Holincs.  Hnri-aii  ol  lUliiiology  Kii)oils, 
^n-2;   H'J-3;  cti'. 

Prof,  (jfiiiril  I'owkc,  Stone  .Ail.     liin-ciui  of  Ktlinoloj^v  Kejiort,  '90-1. 

Pi|)es  and  SmoUiii;;  Customs.  Josi'])li  I)    Mclitiiie.     Smithsonian  Keport    1S97. 

Kev.  S.  It.  Peel,  in  llie  .\nieriean  .Vntirinarian;  I'rof,  H.  C.  Mtreer;  Prof.  Kred.  Starr,  of  tiie 
Pniversity  of  Cliieaj^o,  ;in(l  others  too  nnnierous  to  mention  have  written  nimn  the  region. 
There  is  no  l.aek  of  iitei'.if're. 

Tlie  Shavvnees  in  Pie-'.'olnnibiaii  Times.  American  .\nthro])ologist,  .^  i)ril  1,S'.)1.  The 
Ciierokecs  in  Pre-Coliiinl>i:in  Times.  Monnd  H.vplorations,  Prof.  Cyrns  'I  homas.  Bureau 
of  lithnolo^jy  Kepor».    iUM. 

Prof  I".  \V.  Pui:i,i:ii's  numerous  and  valuiilile  ))a|)ers,  reports,  ete.  on  soulliern  explor- 
.uions,  etc.  will  be  found  in  the  Peabodv  Museum  publieations,  .Xmeriean  .Assoeiation  Ad- 
v.irieement  of  Seimee  Kejiorts,  ete. 

The  American  Race,  N.  Y.  1H91.     Ur.  Daniel  O.  Hrinton. 

.Vboriiiinal  Remains  in  Kentucky.     Profs.  Carr  and  Shaler. 

Introduction  to  the  Study  of  .\mericiin  Arehicolojjy,  Prof  Cvrtis  Thomas.  Robt.  Clarke 
Co.,  Cincinnati,  IHUO. 


The  Middle  South. 


127 


The  New  England  typos,  so  well  dcscrihcd  hv  Professor  Perkins  in 
the  preeeediiijjf  section,  are  rdinost  wanting,'  in  tiie  Middle  South.  Celts  or 
polished  stone  hatehets,  also  some  lornis  of  arrow  ])oints  (esj)eei.'ill_v  the 
war  ])oint),  eertfiin  of  theelonj^ated  or  roller  pestles,  etc., are  (piite  eotnnion. 
Mut  there  are  seores  of  types,  or  forms,  to  be  found  throujj^hout  the  ;.;reat 
valleys  of  the  Tennessee  Jind  Cumberland,  and  in  eastern  Missouri,  southern 
Kentucky  and  West  Virginia  totally  din'erent  from  anything  herelolorc  des- 
cribed in  this  book. 

Missouri,  Noktiikkn  .\kk.\.nsas  and  Eastkkn  Iowa, 


The  specimens  from  one  archaeological  territory  almost  imijcrceptibly 
shade  off  into  those  of  another.  Where  a  river,  or  a  l.akc  separates  sections 
occui)ie(l  by  different  tribes,  the  contrast  may  be  more  marked.  Ivx.ict 
boundaries  can  not  be  drawn,  yet  one  may  tind  the  implements  within  ten 
or  fifteen  miles  of  a  given  point,  on  either  side,  (piitc  different.  Taking  into 
consideration  these  ol)servations  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  state  that  if  one 
drew  a  line  from  I)ubu(|ue,  Iowa,  to  Wachita,   Kansas,  (a  disl  of  some 

4r)()  miles)  that  line  would  mark  the  change  or  dividing  i)oint  ti<  'veen  the 
ty])cs  found  on  the  Plrnns  and  those  of  the  Middle  South.  It  is  ■  c  likely 
that  certain  types  of  Plains  imi)lcments  are  found  east  or  soutli  is  line, 

and  some  of  the  large  ;igrieultural  tools*  of  Missouri  may  have  been  trans- 
])orted  beyond  it.  Therefore,  I  do  not  wish  the  line  to  be  understood  as 
iirbitrary. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  section  mentioned  above  oecui)ied  a  "middle 
ground"  between  the  Plains  and  the  Middle  South.  Perhaps  it  should  have 
been  described  separately.  While  many  artifacts,  etc.  are  like  Ohio  Valley 
forms,  some  indicate  an  influence  of  Plains  tribes.  Others  are  distinctively 
of  the  Middle  South.  Particularly  is  this  true  of  the  pipes,  or;:,inients  and 
ceremonial  stones,  and  on  that  account  I  have  described  them  along  with 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky  forms  instead  of  under  a  separate  heading.  Many 
pipes  and  cerenKmi.als  were  doubtless  brought  in  through  trade,  war,  etc. 
It  is  obvious  that  foreign  materials,  or  art  forms,  were  eonsidere.l  more 
v.nluable  than  the  products  of  home  manufacture.  To  what  extent  abori- 
ginal barter  affected  culture,  areha'ologists  are  not  prepared  to  say.  That 
it  had  its  effect,  is  incontestable.  I  shall  ])resently  show  several  specimens 
from  eastern  Iowa  which  are  unciuestionably  of  Southern  origin.  We  of 
to-day  import  art  treasures  and  such  things  as  we  do  not  manufacture  at 
home.  The  aborigine  had  no  need  to  secure  bv  barter  any  article  he  could 
himself  make.  Colors,  designs,  forms,  rarity  of  substance,  etc.  appealed  to 
him  more  than  the  practical  usefulness  of  an  object. 

Dr.  J.  M.  Brooks,  of  Golden  City,  Mo.,  seems  to  live  on  the  boundary 
of  these  two  districts.  He  has  sent  me  a  long  communication  and  I  regret 
that  it  can  not  be  reproduced  in  full.  But  I  might  sum  up  his  conclusions 
as  follows: 


H 


•Or  whatever  they  arc — perhaps  not  spailes. 


128 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I  '■ 


Hematite  celts  and  cones,  etc.  cowinion,  grooved  hematite  axes,  rare.  Some  long  "roller 
|)estles"  and  ordinary  "bell  shaped"  jiestles,  .ire  found.  Cirooved  axes  are  not  common. 
Celts  are  fairly  common.  A  preponderance  of  flint  im])lements  over  all  other  classes  of  arti- 
facts.   Large  spades,  hoes  and  flint  celts  occur. 

He  notices  certain  forms  of  spear  or  arrow  heads  made  of  blue  flint  exchisivelv;  others, 
1)1'  white  or  brown  flint.  Kindred  observations  might  be  made  by  collectors  in  other  regions- 
Localized  stndy  of  colors,  materials,  and  forms  tells  nnuh  regarding  prthistoric  times.  ".\ 
lew  of  their  village  sites  can  he  located,  and,  of  course,  relics  c;in  be  found  near  them  with 
some  degree  of  i)lentifulness.  Some  of  the  nicest  specimens  have  been  found  in  their  graves, 
but  it  is  rather  diflicuk  to  locate  burial  sites. 

"The  polished  stone  impi' incuts  are  mostly  from  some  form  of  granite  (generrdly  blue), 
which  is  not  ,'i  native  stone,  and  hcm.atile  wiiich  is   n.'itivc  to  this  country. 

"Heginning  with  the  chi|)ped  flint  specimens  we  may  cl;iss  them  ;is  large  heavy  spe(  imens 
such  ;is  sp.'idcs,  hoes,  etc., and  spears,  perforators,  arrows  ,'ind  miscellaneous.  Most  of  tlieni 
might  ag.iin  he  subdivided  into  stemmed  .'uid  stendess.  The  latter  exist  with  much  more 
l'rer|uency  th.tn  the  former,  (about  in  the  ratio  of  2  to  1). 

"Hammer  stones  are  i)ittcd  and  unpitted.  Manv  are  oval  instead  of  round.  The  ma- 
terial used  i:'  -enerally  a  fine  grade  of  s;indstone.     They  are  rather  plentilul. 

"A  few  'leads  have  been  found.  Some  of  them  were  b.-mded  sinnlar  to  the  pottery  of 
.\rizona,  oihers  were  plain.  M€)st  of  them  were  stone.  Some  of  them  are  of  bone  and,  ot 
course,  not  b.-mded.  There  are  few  pipes  .and  of  those  th.at  have  been  found  I  li;ive  been  iniable 
to  examine  closely  or  to  get  drawings  of  them.  I  saw  one  of  stone  shaped  like  an  inverted 
pyramid." 

Pig-vS.  163  to  177  are  from  the  collection  of  Chas.  J.  Beencks,  Davenport, 

owa.    These  are  much  more  nearh'  like  the  forms  found  throughout  the 

Ohio  \'alley,  and  the  St.  Lawrence  basin.    I  have  puri)osely  omitted  such 

arrow  points,  celts,  axes,  pestles  and  other  common  forms  which  have  been, 

or  are  to  be,  reproduced  in  other  sections. 


Fig'  1()8.  T'.iis,  perhaps,  is  a.  perforator  made  from  .'i  larger 
implement  which  was  broken  and  then  chipped  to  restore  it  to  use- 
fulness. It  h.as  an  unusually  bro.-id  top  or  b.-ise  iind  is  somcwh.'it 
peculiar  on  that  account.     Blue  (Irass,  Iowa.   S.  1-1. 


KU,  is  ;i  very   common   scrajjcr.       l'ossil)ly  the  top  or  he;id  is  ;i 
little  longer  than  in  most  scrapers.     Scott  Co.,  Iowa.    S.  1-1. 


The  Middle  South. 


129 


m 


Fig.  165  is  a  sliouldercd  spcar-hcad.  It  might  lie  well  to  re- 
mark here  that  there  is  a  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  where  arrow" 
heads  end  an<l  s])ear-heads  liegin.  I  have  stated  that  an  implement 
more  than  one  and  three-c)narters  inches  in  length  might  l)eela^!■e(l 
as  a  spear-head.  That  is,  a  shouldered,  or  barbed,  or  lance-like  im- 
plement which  was,  manitestlv,  not  a  knife.  Hut  a  slender  and 
thin  point  of  2  or  ^Vi  inches  in  length  might  be  used  to  tip  an 
arrow.  The  weight,  thickness,  etc.  makes  a  great  <lifl'erence.  .\ 
lu'avy  point  w.is  much  more  convenient  as  a  sjiear-head;  a  light 
])oint,  as  an  arrow-head,  as  anv  one  who  has  practiced  iirchery  well 
knows.  I  used  to  experiment  with  one  of  the  heavy  Yew  bows  which 
were  common  in  Ivngland  .•md  thiv.  country  jionie  fifteen  years  ago 
when  aicherv  was  popular.  The  bow  pulled  ibout  (lO  ))ounds 
and  tile  greatest  raniie  was  something  over  5()<)  led.  Tlie  weight 
of  the  arrow-head  made  a  great  difiereiice  in  the  force,  trajectory, 
range  and  all  other  ])oiiits  observed.  Therefore,  in  establishing  a 
line  of  demarkation  between  arrow-points  and  s])ear-heads,  it  is  not 
so  much  the  length  but  the  fize,  thickness,  etc.,  of  the  im]ilenuiit 
which  is  to  be  taken  into  consideration.     Scott  Co.,  Iowa.     S.     1-1. 


Fig.  1(50 'is  a  peculiar  lance  oi  spt-'r-head  having  a  very  long 
stem.  Steinincd  points  arc  ipiite  common,  but  it  is  seldom  that  the 
stem  is  so  long  as  in  this.  It  is  an  open  (picstion  as  to  vhcther  such 
a  form  as  ir.(>  w.is  a  lance-head  or  knife,  S.  1-1.  llray  flint,  from 
Blue  drass,   Iowa. 


Mi 


Fig.  1(17  may  be  either  an  arrow-point  or  spear-head,  ac- 
cording to  thickness.  The  showlders,  oi  barbs,  are  unusually 
long  and  S(|uared  at  the  ends.     Scott  Co.,  Iowa.    S.     1-1. 


it 


130 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fijj.  168  is  ;i  conimun  form  throiijili- 
O'lt  the  I'liiled  States,  e.-ist  of  the  C.rc.it 
Plains.  Moth  107  and  JCiH  are  indenlefl 
at  the  hase.  I)unl)tless  an  arrow-point. 
Hhiedrass,  Iowa.   S.     1  1. 


Fijj.  109  has  a  lonjj  stem  and  llic 
shoidders  or  l)arl)s  are  pointed.  This  form 
is  somewhat  rare.  White  flint,  Seott  Co., 
Iowa.    S.     1-1. 


Fi.14.  1 7'-'  is  a  sinker  or  weiijhl. 
Tliese  are  not  so  common  as  in  New 
Ivntfl.ind  and  the  Si.  Lawrenee  basin, 
aliiiongh  ihev  ;ire  oce.ision.diy  tonne! 
This  is  an  oval  pelihle,  not  llal  as  are 
most  net  sinkers.  Fonnd  at  (lillier- 
lon,  Iowa,  near  Mississippi  Kiver.  S. 
H4. 


Fifj.  171  y  hrnad  form  of  siienr-head   and 

from  its   shai't  onid   consider   tliat    it    has   lieen 

eliipjied  down  tnnn  a  larjjer  imiileMnnl  whiili  liad 
been  broken.  However,  I  m.iv  l)e  wionj;  in  this  sn>i- 
Heslion.   S.1-1. 


The  Middle  South. 


131 


Fijj'  171  is  f'lH'  ot'  »hc  rare  forms  of  rotary  and  ser- 
rated spear-lieails.  It  =  '  'veled  to  the  left,  as  most  of 
tlictn  are.  Just  vv!  .  tiiiu  implements  like  tliis  should 
have  been  heveled,  I  do  not  know.  Dr.  Wilson  and 
others  affirm  that  tlie  beveling  does  not  k'v*"  •'  rotarv 
motion  to  the  point  when  shot,  luit  that  snch  motioi 
was  o))lained  or  controlled  l)v  the  feathers  npon  the 
shaft.  It  is  (piite  ol)vions  that  a  rotarv  and  serrated 
S|)ear-hea(l,  or  arrow-point,  wonldmake  a  l<^rJ;e^  woutiil 
than  an  ordinary  ooint;  and  the  animal  would  soon 
become  exhausted  Irom  loss  of  blood,  etc.  I  am  of  the 
opinion  ih.at  such  implements  were  used  in  htintinj.; 
larjje  f;;ime.  .■\iiv  one  who  has  hunted  with  modern, 
small-ealibre  ammunition  knows  lli.it  the  sofl-noseil 
bullet  is  i)refer;ible  to  a  bullet  making  a  sm.all,  clean 
wound.  The  old  style,  lar<;e  calibre  ammunition  will 
speedUy  briiif^  down  almost  any  bijj  f;ame;  \vhereas, 
the  same  ainmal  will  run  a  Ion  ji  distanc  after  having 
been  shot  by  a  hi.i;h  velocity,  small-caliber  bidlet.  .A 
bow  is  not  as  elVcclive  as  a  rifle  and  .-is  the  |)rchistoric 
tribes  were  depcudent  upon  their  bows  and  arrows,  to  a 
jjre.it  e.xtenl,  they  iialurally  emjiloyed  ijrojectilcs  which 
would      brinjr   about    the  jjrsatest    possible    execution. 

This  must  be  t.akcn    into   consideration    when  studyinj.;  Hint  implements.     S.   1-1.     HItie  Hint. 

Scott  Co.,  Iowa. 


Fifj.  1"'^  isa  fjrooved  ,Mxeof  very  fine  work- 
manship tound  mar  V.illcy  City,  Iowa.  It  is 
ofjireeii  stone  and  wcijjhs  (i'-j  ])ounds.  This  is 
an  excellent  rcprc  eiitalive  of  the  better  jjrjide 
of  .axes  found  in  the  North- western  ])ortion  ol 
the  Middle  South.      The  b.-ick  is  curved.    S.  1-2' 


AxKS,  Prsti.ks,  Cki.ts,  lire. 
The  pcstk's  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  Kentucky,  etc.  afc  similar  to  Ohio  Valley 
forms.  They  are  more  numerous  thfin  grooved  axes.  The  celts  are  hardly 
ty])ical  of  the  Middle  South,  but  more  like  northern  ones.  Axes  arc  e(|ually 
divided  between  "all  round  grooved"  and  "Mat  backed."  Hut  in  most  Tenn- 
essee, .\rkansas  and  southern  Kentucky  specimens  the  groove  exten<ls  en- 
tirely around. 


S: 


iii 


^'1 

■« 


,1 


132 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fig.  1"(4  is  a  long,  slender  axe  of  another  form,  found  at 
Blue  Grass,  Iowa.  It  has  a  groove  extendir.g  entirely  around 
it.    This  form  is  comn.on  in  the  Middle  South.   S.   1-2. 


m 


Fig.  175  is  0-  axe  havingtwo  grooves.  This  is  an  exceed- 
ingly rare  specimen  and  I  have  seen  only  three  or  four  in  the 
entire  United  States  like  it.    H.     1-2. 


Hematitks. 

Hematites  are  more  numerous  in  Missouri  than  elsewhere.  They  are 
also  common  in  Kcntueky  and  Efistern  Iowa.  1  (lescril)e(l  them  (over  the 
name  of  my  museum  assistant)  in  January  '1)7  *  and  eaii  do  no  better  than 
(juote  t'l"  deseription  here. 


I'ig.  170  is  a  small  liciiiatite  celt,  well 
made,  .■mil  common  throiiglioiil  the  entire  Ohio 
V.'dley  and  Mithllc  South.  Found  in  Scott  Co., 
Iowa.    S.     1-1. 


i|l|tr 


•.\merican  Archaeologist,  Vol.  I.  pg.  11, 


The  Middle  South. 


133 


B 


z_3 


0 


w 


-jj;»M 


rt 


m 


J 


I'ig.  177.     Heni.ititc  Oljjects  from  Ohio,  W.   Va.  nnd  Mo, 


134 


Prehistoric  Implements 


Naturally,  hematites  divide  themselves  („„  form)  int..  eight  elasses: 

1  lie  celt,  tor  eutting,  scraping  and  smoothing. 

The  axe  (grooved)  lor  hewing  and  cutting,  pounding,  etc. 

The  cone,  use  unknown;  i)rol)ahr  ceremonial. 

The  plummet,  u.se  unknown.  proi)al)ly  ceremonial. 

The  egg-shaped,  use  unknown;    probal)lv  ccremoni;d 

The  egg-shaped,  with  flattened  ha.se,  use  unknown,  prohablv  cerenumial 

1  ne  perlorated  ornament  lor  suspension. 

The  paint  stone,  for  painting.* 


F 


A 


A,  n.  C,  and  \.  are  half  size.  I  is  one  o(  the  finest 
and  largest  lieinaiitc  axes  1  have  seen.  .All  these  sj  eei- 
mens  are  in  the  Ohio  State  .\rehaeoh.-ie.al  .md  Ilislori- 
eal  Soeicty  and  the  State  Cniversily  Colleelions  at  Col- 
tnnbtis. 

Not  a  lew  ron-li  hematite  axes  are  fonnd,  hut  pol. 
ished  ones  are  rare.  I  have  seen  .several  ol  the  ^anle 
forms  a^  .\,  in  Fi-.  4:!.  I„  the  center  of  Fi-  (5,  (M,- 
M.arnes'eolleetion;  hetween  F,  and  !•;,  are  small,  short 
stone  axes  Some  hem.itile  axes  are  very  liUe  them  in 
orm.  TIk  huf,'est  I  ever  saw 
smallest,  2  hv  1  inches. 


was  <)  hy    ,-)  inehes.     The 


r-.'s.    17.S. 

of  -In  \u!^:  h"^  ^^  '■^P'-^^^nts  an  ornament  (rom  Missouri.     It  is  one-thinl 
IK      V    i     I     t;     ^V'"f"  •'"■'"   very  rarely  ma.le  of  hen.atite.     H  shows 
-ml  is  r,   f''^""!^''^^;-"--  "•"■»  ^>1-'  <>'■  West  Virginia;   C  is  the  cone  ior.n 
;  ,    ,  '.  "T  w    ;'  ^''■"'•''"'■"  ^''^''  ^'  ^'•'•^^-  ^ '•^')  i«  •'»  «"1^-  view  of  a  celt; 

o        T  r'T"  ^'^'   ■'":^  ''^'  ''-'^^''^   ^''^  '^  ^''-l>l-v  l.cvele.1  off  near  thc^ 

U1..C.      llns  type  us   somewhat   unusual  and  is   found    mo.stlv   in   the  Ohio 

Xotes  .m  Ohio  .Arehaeolo-y,  hv  Cerard  Fowke    I'a-e  37 
_^^^  ^;;;-;:;^'^^  was  so,„eti,ne. chipped  into  lor.n.  hnt  nsnally  gronn.l,  the  powder  heing  u«cd 


TIw  MhUllv  South. 


IMf 


and  Missouri  Valleys;  H  is  a  tino  ])lmiiim.'t,  shown  full  size;  a  l)eaulil"i  - 
and  j;:raeeful  rclie.  N'o  arehaeolo/j^ist  ean  justly  elassity  such  a  work  of  a r 
(made  of  exceedingly  hard  niateri.'il)  as  a  mere  net  sinker.  I  is  an  axe  fron; 
Missouri  and  is  two  and  one-half  times  l;;riier  than  the  illustration;  J  is;, 
side  view  of  the  same.  The  natives  were  able  to  manufacture  tools,  etc., 
<)  considerable  size,  for  surface  hematite  occurs  in  larj^e  fra;.;inents.  They 
d  )  not  occur  in  other  jjarts  of  the  country,  save  where  hrou.i^lit  from  a  dis- 
tance. K,  (Pi;.;.  17S,)  shows  the  common  form  of  un;.jrooved  ])lunHnet 
or  eti7.j-sha])ed  jjattern. 

.\s  to  the  small  celts,  Mr.  Fowke  observes: 

"These  im])lements  were  ])r!)bal)ly  used  as  knives  or  scra])ers,  bein^  set 
into  the  end  of  a  ])iece  of  antler,  which  may  in  turn  have  been  set  into  a 
lar^j^er  handle  of  wood.  That  some  were  knives  is  shown  by  the  cdye,  which 
is  dulled  to  a  flat,  jjolished  surface,  extendinff  from  side  to  side;  and  that 
many  were  scrajjers  is  shown  by  their  celt-scraper  shape,  a  half  eir.i)tical 
section,  or  by  the  scraper  form  edfj^e.  *  ♦  *  Some,  howe\cr,  have  the 
edge  synimetric.'d,  as  in  the  hatchet-celts. "t 

General G.  P.  Thurston  says$  (referrin<r  to  cones  and  ])lummets):  "They 
;ire  too  exact  in  form,  and  well  finished,  and  most  of  them  are  too  ])ointed 
for  practical  use  as  mullers.  They  also  show  no  evidence  of  abrasion  or 
j!;rindinjr  at  the  apices  or  ])()ints.  The  round  top  specimens  are  rarc.S  and 
show  no  signs  of  rubbing." 

Tknnesskk,    .\kkans.\s,   Missoi'Ri,  Etc..   Pottkkv, 

This  region  is  famous  for  the  great  ]}jrfection  attained  in  cei.imicart. 
Its  ])i)ttery  is  only  excelL'd  by  that  of  the  Clil'f  and  Pueblo  ])jo|)le  of  the 
Southwest;  and  thousands  upon  thousands  of  the  various  jars,  ))owls, 
urns,  bottles,  eHigies,  idols,  etc.  have  been  taken  from  its  mounds  and  graves 
and  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  museums  and  many  of  the  ])rivate  collections 
of  this  country  and  Puro])e.  I  have  referred  to  the  various  authorities  u])on 
pottery  and  need  not  enter  into  a  lengthy  description  of  the  varieiies  lure, 
but  I  will  ijrescnt  figures  of  most  tyjjes. 

Those  not  accpiainted  with  the  pf)ttery  of  the  Ohio  ValL'v  and  Middle 
South  should  bear  in  mind  that  it  does  not  materially  change  until  the 
mouth  of  the  Wabash  River,  in  southern  Indiana,  is  reached.  That  is,  des- 
cending the  Ohio  from  Pittsburg  and  visiting  all  tri))utary  streams,  an 
archaeologist  would  lind  no  southern  forms  until  he  arrived  at  the  \Val)ash. 
A  large  cemetery  was  opened  at  the  mouth  of  that  river  by  my  field  assist- 
ant in  the  fall  of  'i)S  and  several  hundred  s])Leimens  almost  identical  with 
those  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri  were  t.aken  from  tlie  graves.  To  a  certain 
extent,  southern  Illinois  should  be  classed  with  the  .Middle  South,  for  its 
agrieultur.'d  im])lements  and  jjottery  are  (piite  similar  to  Tennessee  Ar- 
kansis,  and  Missouri  forms.  But  the  interior  of  that  state  does  not  .seem 
to  have  been  inhabited  by  tril)es  skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  ])ottery, 
effigy  pipes,  diseoidals,  engraved  shells,  and  other  objects  common  further 

lltnrc.iii   l-:tluioW).i;y  Kcpon;    lS'.H-2.   I'aj^f  H7. 
:■;  \iuii|uilics  {if  Tciiiiessc'f,  I';ij;c  2S!). 
SIlc  iiie;iii,-i  rari;  in  the  South. 


^' 


TW 


r 


SSS3 


^ 


BS^^ 


130 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


down  the  Mississijjpi  or  ui)  the  Tennessee  and  Cuinlierl.'ind.  There  are  in- 
divi(hial  exeeptions  to  this  statement,  but  I  am  takinjf  into  eonsideration 
the  j^eneral  trend  of  archaeological  testimony  and  my  concUisi(ms  .'ire  not 


Fip.  179  shows  S 
tvpic'il  i)laiii  holtk's 
and  (lis  lies  Iron) 
mounds  in  Missonri 
and  Arkansas.  TliciT 
is  ani'ndks;.  var  itv  of 
llif  holllc  tonn.  I'ro- 
kssor  llolniis  ])l•c^■t■nt- 
c(l  a  ciassilicalion  of 
tiicni,  and  liis  uron])- 
inj^  docs  not  jj;rcatl_v 
(lirt'or  tVoni  my  l''it;s. 
17'.»-1S()-1.  1  am  in- 
dtl.led  to  Mr.  VV,  ). 
Si'c-vcr,  t'tii  ator  ol  the 
Missonri  Historical 
S(Ji'ii'ty,  (or  several  of  ilii'sc  lif^nrcs.     S.     l-o 

.No.  1,  is  a  |)lain  l)ottl  ■,  the  neck  ;;raecfidl.v  tnrvcd  where  it  joins  the  body.  No.  2,  is  ola 
more  eoniplieatcd  (ltsij.;n.  .No.  ;{,  is  a  plain  bottle  witli  a  lonjj.  narr.)W  ncek.  No.  -f,  is  an  or- 
dinary holllc  with  hi;ih  body  and  sliort  neck.  In  the  seeoiul  row:  No.  1.  a  seallo]ied  dish, 
somewhat  rare;  No.  2,  i)lain  disli  with  broad  l)ase;  Nj.  3,  a  graeeltd  dish  having;  a  narrow 
base,  and  No.  4-,  a  ronnd  dish  or  small  bowl. 

I'itr.  ISO.  No.  1  is  a  plain 
jar  of  common  form,  havinj;  a 
short  neck  andlar>;e  body,  No. 
;i,  is  a  type  between  the  .  ar 
form  and  the  lioule  projjcr. 
No.  -t  is  a  botllehaviny  a  speci- 
ally made  base.  This  vase  is 
common  to  the  r<?j^ion  and  will 
comjiare  favorably  with  early 
litrnscan  pottery.  In  the  lower 
row  .\os.  I,  2,  3,  and  4-  show 
various  forms  of  bowls.     No,  2 

has  two  little  projections  or  ears  which  served  as  han.iles.    Xo.  3  is  ilccorated  and  provided 

with  handles.   S.     1-5. 
I'i,!,'.  IHl.  Btligy 

pottery,  eonsistiii)^ 

of  ])lain  bowls  and 

boulcs    siMinonnt- 

ed  by    ethyy  heads. 

fherc  is  no  attem])t 

made    at   showing 

more       than       the 

head    of   the   bird, 

anim.-d  or   luiman. 

This  cUiss    of  pot- 
tery   is    very   cotn- 

moii  in  the  .Middle 

South.     S.     !-">. 


; 


!• 


The  Mklrlle  South. 


131 


l'"i}4.  \S'J,  ])rt'si'iits  aiiiUMc^tiitji  vessels.  No.  1  i>.'t  well  male  holtle  or  small  jar  dieorated 
willi  painted  spiral  lines  arotind  llie  liodv  and  has  a  ]ieeidiar  <leeorati<)n  tijion  its  neek. 
UsimIIv,  the  paintini;  is  in  red.  Simielimes  ilieenlire  vessel  is  ol  red  clav;  hnt  more  lie(|tiently 
tliev  are  of  a  dark  ^rav,  Inown  or  liylit  jiray.  The  reil  jiirs  and  howls  are  lii<;lily  prized 
am  m;  i(dieetors.  No.  li  is  als(»  painled.  l>onl)tless  the  deeorations  on  tlie>e  had  some  eere- 
nionial  siKiiilieanee.  No.  ;!  is  a  tripod  j.-ir.  No.  -t,  a  tish.  .No.  a,  a  howl  snrmiMinted  liy  a 
deer's  hea<l  on  the  one  siile,  whereas  the  animal's  enrled  tail  forms  a  handle  on  the  <ip] osile 
side.    ■>.     1-."). 

F'\<f,  183  Monnd  pottery  from  Mr. 
Thos.  Meekwitli's  eolleetioii,  Charleslon, 
Mo.  I'oniid  in  sonthern  Missouri  neai- 
the  Mississi])i)i  Kiver.  The  New  .\la  Iriil 
ejjion  is  famous — tliotis.Miuls  of  vessels 
are  taken   trom  its  nuxmds. 

No.  1.  .\  red  hottle  reslin},'  npon  the 
hacks  of  'i  kiieelinj.j  hiim.Mi  liynres,  'l"wo 
he.'ids  were  missiiif;  when  it  was  found. 
l;tli,i;ies  ;5"s  inehes  lii,i;h;  entire  vessel,  '.> 
inehes  hij»h. 

.No.  2.  .\  red  bottle  restiiij;n])on  .'!  hu- 
man lif;nres  in  a  s(|iiattin.tj  position, 
.heir  arinsareerossed.  I';fli<;ies,  ."i  inehes 
hifiii;   entire  vessel.  !)'  J  inehes  hi<.;h. 

.No.  ;5.  .\  ptenliar  hnman-headed  bottle. 
The  projeetion  and  perforations  at  the 
to])  donlnless  indieate  method  of  hair- 
dressing,  or  a  certain  head  };ear. 


, : ! ^JJdressniji,  or  a  ce 

N(j.  4.     .\  l)ear  standini;  n])on  its  hind  lef;s  with  ;i  bone  in  its  niotrth. 
No.  r>.     .\  jng  witli  the  outlines   of  a  froj;  njion  it,  but    surmonnte( 

•ilii.iit    1-7 


about  1-7 


by    i\    hnman  face.     S. 

I"i'-.l,S.l.  shows 
i;  of  the  hiind  tools 
u>ed  in  snioothinj; 
the  I  lay  prepara- 
tory to  makiny 
vessels.  1  ;nn  in- 
(lelittd  to  Cicn. 
<i,ites  r.  Thrnston 
and  the  Robert 
Clarke  Company, 
of  Cincinnati,  (  »hi<i 
for     permission    to 


use  some  li,->  ilhistr.ilions  from  his  splended  work,  The  .\nti(piities  of  Tennessee. 

Cieneral  Thrnston  calls  them  "plastering:  trowels"  ;ind  j>ives  .-is  ])rool:  "Cjion  ex.imininj; 
these  trowels  closely,  we  find  a  thin  film  of  smooth,  h.ard-iiressed,  red  clay  adhcrinj^  !<■  I'le 
orifiinal  hard-burned  pottery  surfaces  of  some  of  them,  which  offers  additional  evideme  ol 
their  use  as  plastering  trowels,"     Anticiuities  of  Tenu.,    pjj.  103.     S.     2-." 


4i>,  ;J 
ai ''  h 


II 


% 


'M 


138 


Prehistoric  i.vplcnwnts. 


I" 


The  Middle  Snutli. 


\'M 


V'lii    isr>.     I'ouerv  Irnm  .'I  I'l'im-tcry  of  stuiic  jrr.ivcs  near  Na>ilivilli'     Cii'iicral  Tliiiislou's 

c>llc  u  >  1.      ri'iiiK'v-i^'i.',    (km  lii.'-i-i   ol'    iijii.    Tiirii'.Liiii.)     l'ro.{,    siinli-li.  diu-U     IkiwN     vviili 

(li'iciraU'l  rims. 

•■  I  lusi' wtif  tamiliai-   moiUls   of  i lie  old    (lotli'i-v  makers,  csiuiiallv  llie  smi  li>li  anil  llic 

liciy       I'lu'  lalU'i-  will    I  ivnriu-   I  imily  names   nr   einlili'ins  ol' llie  siiullleiii  li  ilies.  "     * 

"  riie  nniliiiin  lliimiess  anil  ie;,Milaril.v  fit  the  walls,  the  e.irelnl  Imi  niiiii,  the  exael  lies'-  ol  mil 

lines.in  I  the  i^lussv  liiiish  ot  some  of  these  vesselsshoweonsiileralile  ariislie  skill." — I'hin-lon, 

|«.    1  I'.'. 

I'i-  l.sCi  The 
Km  li.itbl  s  peei- 
meil  is  .-in  e(liy\ 
III  tile,  I  he  month 
lieini.;  eiilarueii  lur 
the  o|iriiiiiL:.  In 
;!!^  most  111  tlie-e  the 
month  III  the  Imi  - 
lie  IS  ill  I  he  liaek 
ol  the  hi , 111  file 
I  i-lu-h;inil  s|ieer 
men  i--  a  very 
laiije  and  liioie- 
(|ne  liowl  ie]iie 
i-entini;  the  liii 
man  lii;nre.  I  hi- 
form  i-  i|nite  r;ire 
for  it  |iortr;i>s 
an  alinorni.ally 
f.il    person    lym;; 

on  his  hack.  The  lej^s  are  short  and  iiiji-like.  The  liottle-sh.i|ied  elli.yies  frer|nintl\  showl;i» 
|)ersons  in  a  kueelinj,'  jiosiiion.  flie  former  is  in  the  eollcetion  of  the  ( )hio  St.ite  I'liivei  sit\ , 
the  latter  is  in  the  jiossession  of  the  Smithsonian   Instilntion.     S.     1-3. 


Imi;.  IS-  Two 
idols  or  elliuies 
from  south-west- 
ern Missouri.  I  he 
one  to  the  lell  is 
r.ither  mile  hnl 
the  head  of  the 
sm.-iller  si  eiiiiun 
is  e  X  e  e  e  d  i  n };,  1  v 
well  111  oile  led  . 
lioih  of  these  are 
ill  the  possession 
of  the  Ohio  Slale 
Iniversity.     S.  1- 

:,.     iMK-.    i^«;-T 

weieorij.;inally  in 
inv  eolketion. 


I 

1. 


m 


i 


IF 


■  III  wrmmm 


140 


Irchistoric  Implements. 


m 


The  .\ fiddle  South. 


Ul 


V\il.  IMS.    Cl.iv  liloK  from  Ti'im.  ^U)^ll■  graves,  i  a.,,  i  lirustoirKcolliitiDi). 

Tlif  owl  lorni  (to  the  ii),'lil,  lower  row)  is  nilt*.  The  red  ixiiiit  ti]inii  it  is  vel  ('iiin|iiir- 
jitivi'ly  1)1  ij^iit.  Most  of  tlic  li^hl  tolorcii  iliiy  idols  were  |iiniiti'd,  hut  ilie  designs  iireiiow 
very  taint . 

Some  are  luiiielihaeks.  Tlie  livimp  is  hirj^e  and  ntiilorni,  luil  as  Cieneral  Thrnston  siiys, 
while  it  may  have  iiad  some  sijinilieanee  yet,  "we  liave  not  litcn  alile  to  dirKuir  it."  1  \\oltUI 
siifffjesl  (h  It  they  represent  women  earryinj{  hnrdens. 

swayed  l)y  the  presence  of  a  few  foreij^Mi  itiipleiiients  or  utensils.  Hy  way 
of  example;  obsidian  Ins  l)een  oiind  in  Ohio  motinds,  yet  we  do  not  eon- 
elude  that  all  of  the  Ohio  tribes  used  ol)sidian. 

The  prehistoric  i)eoi)lcs  in  the  northern  jjart  of  the  Middle  South  seem 
to  have  eonlined  themselves  to  the  larj.je  rivers.  In  southern  Missouri  and 
nortli.rii  .\rkansas  their  ])()ttery  is  found  frecpicntly  alonj.;  the  bayous  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Steatite,  or  soapstone  dishes,  bowls,  etc.,  are  sometimes  found.  Hut 
bein^u:  'n  >''l'  common  in  the  extremt-  South,  or  alonj^  the  Atlantic  coast,  a 
description  of  them  will  be  deferred. 

Bonk  anu  Siikll  Oijikcts. 


I  ■.) 


Fij;.  ISO  shows  24.  shell  l)cads  or  small  ornaments  from  various  portions  of  the  T'nited 
States.    AlthoiiL'h  most  of  them  arc  not  from  the  South  or  Middle  South,  I  have  introduced 


m 


m 


■ii-ii.-irwriT^TTT-7ri  ii   I  ...jiEMKV>^ii^mmmm 


1 


142 


jhiston'c  Implements. 


A,  t  n   SlK.ll  o,  the  A„c,c„t  Ana-ncans,  l,v  I.n.fVssor  Holn.es.  Iutcmu  of  Htln...!,,,;..  H 

No.  ;5.     Momid,  I'laric  Du  Chicn,  Wis. 

No.  4,  «.).     Mound.  Sevii-rvillc,  Tiun. 

No.  .-).  (J.     Cal.,  N.  Mcx. 

No.  7.     Crave,  Lynn,  Mass. 

No.  H.     .Northwest  Coast. 

No.  lo.     .Mdinid,  Sontliern  Ills. 

No.  11  lo  1,-,.    .\I,, mills,  Tcnn. 

No.  15.     Marvland. 

No.  1(),  IJO.     From  various   localities. 

No.  -'1.      .Moinid,  Cocke  Co.,  Tenn. 

No.  2'J.     I'.ieilif  Co;ist. 

No.  L';{.     .Arizona. 

No.  2+.     .V  tbssil  used  as  a  head. 


1 1; en  from 
port,  'M. 


p-A.  11)0  sliows  4  typical  hone  awls  or  perforators.  Iron,   various  j^raves  and  vill 
...   1  ennessee.      I  hese  are  con,n,on  everywhere  throughout  the  Kast  and  .sl.uh      S    ' 

Fiji,  r,  (pjr.  1>1  ,  is  an  cxhihit  of  various  shell,  hone  .an.l  elav,  ornanu-nts  and  utu, 
U-nnessee  mounds  or^.-aves  (Barnes'  Collection).  ' 

.-',     is  a  typical  cookinj;  howl,  1  handles. 

I>,    a  suKill  howl;   the  l.otton,  is  pointed  ir.slcad  ofheino  ,„undc,l 
.^^  ,_c,  ^an  artd.c.ally  shaped  hun.an  craniun,.     (Son.c  o,  our  tribes  con,pre..d  the 

'/.     an  en^r.-ived  shell. 

f.     an  en-r.ive.l  shell  (.r  mask    with  perfor.itions. 
/,     a  striiijr  of  |;irj,'e  bone  heads. 
,y.     a  very  finely  carved  shell. 
/'.     a  cl.iy  l.idlc.     A  lon.ii  bone  iuvl  is  ue;ir  it 
/.     a  lonji  strin,>,'of  sni.ill  bc-ids. 

/■-/.     shelf.     A   1„„.  bone  .awl,  a  pipe,  ;!  enirraved  shells  and  1.'  shell  p,n.      Tluse  1- 
co,nm<.,i  ,n  the  .Middle  Soulh  .■iml  were  hair-pins,  ' 

A-<'.     shelf     .Snn.c  intcreslln.u  pottery  of  rather  odd  lorm.     M  k.  liouble  bowl 

,,,<c  these''"''' ''"'"""''  "'■'  '"""'"'  '"■"'*''■     ""'"   '■""'■>■  ""■'   ^^-  >■'-'— '-H 


.ijje  sites 


■ils  from 


I  nib  of 


itlcr  .'ire 


art'  rill 


" 


The  Mkhlle  South. 


148 


These  eiifijravcd  shells  are  oceasionally  tbiind  in  the  stone  j^ravcs  and 
tlie  mounds  of  the  South,  but  so  far  as  I  am  aware  have  never  l)een  found 
North.  1  will  show  several  earvinj^s  on  shells  from  the  Ohio  valley  in  a 
future  seetion,  hut  they  are  not  to  be  eompared  with  the  engraved  gorgets 
of  the  South.* 


Fi;j.  191.  I"rom  a  nioHiid  on  William's  IsIjiihI. 
Tciinesstf  Kivcr,  Il.iniiltnii  Co.,  Ti-un.  I'oinul  near  the 
skull.  l'if)t(.'ssor  liKK-rv's  .  Collection,  Crawfordsvillc. 
Ind.  1-2. 


I''ii;.  \',)2.  I'rom  a  mound  on  the  Tennessee 
Kivei,  James  Co.,  Tenn.  I'ound  on  the  rilis  ol 
.•I  >l\eletoti.      I'l-ol.  Miiierv's  Col.     S.   1-2. 


Fif».  1 '.>.'{  presents  !»  eelts  or  \»)\ 
ished  stone  hatehets  from   .Mr.    lleeU 
with's  eidleetion,  southern   .\lo.     .\Ir. 
lieekwilh's  fironp  will  stand    lor  the 
Middle  South.      .No.    1   is  a  verv  line 
sjieeinien  and  hijihiv  polished;    it  is  1 1 
1-K  inehes  lonj;.     No.  ">  is  one  ol  those 
rounded,  jir.-ueful    sotilhern    lorms  of 
eelt   seldom    seen    .North.      ( )|'    r;ilhei 
soil  materi.al.     .Na.l!,  Cireenstone  axe. 
2  'AS  inehes  thieU,  I-,  .'<  S  inehes  liro.id 
;iml  11!  inehes  loufj.     The  nppei- ]iart 
ottliis  axe  is  roughened  so  that  it  eaii 
lie  seetuelv  jiripped  or  Listened.     .Ma 
terials,     mostly     j;ranile;      hhuk     oi 
>;reen.     S.     About  1-M. 


7  1  L'  :!  i- 

*I'riilessor  I'rederielv  Starr,  C.fm-r.-il  Thrnston,    rrotessoi-    Holmes   and   others  tif^nre   and 
de>eiilie  in.my  enj.;riived  shells. 


mi 


pi 


144 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


AxKs  AM)  PousnKo  Stonf,  Hatchkts. 

These  arc  common  and  arc  not  so  very  different  from  eastern  or  north- 
ern forms. 

Axes  from  the  Middle  South  are  shown  in  I'i<;  (5  (p^.  22)  of  Mr.  liarnes' 
collection. 

A  is  a  very  eomm:)n,  broad-bl.ided  axe.  Two  spLvinuns  of  a  lon.r,  nar- 
row form  arc  shown  on  cither  side.  Between  h  and  /'there  is  a  I'ceuliar  axe 
•grooved  in  the  center  but  rather  battered  at  each  end.  Another  one,  sharp 
at  either  end  and  <:^foovcd  in  the  center,  is  observed  at  r/;  c,  c,  and  /'are  tyjji- 
eal  rollers  or  clon<i^atcd  pestles,  common  throujihout  the  entire  South  and 
the  Ohio  \'allcy.  An  inspection  of  Fi<;.  (>  will  show  readers  that  mo.-t  of 
the  axes  of  the  Middle  South  have  a  ^i-oove  extcndin<f  three-fourths  or  fou.- 
iifths  the  way  around.  Their  backs  are  flat,  in  order  that  welj^es  may 
be  inserted  and  the  axe  head  thus  securely  held.  These  distinctions,  of- 
fered from  time  to  time,  may  be  a  little  monot<)iU)iis.  l^iit  collectors  should 
note  all  of  them  as  they  mark  the  tlifferenees  between  the  implements  of 
one  section  and  those  of  another. 


Fij?.  194-.     S.     1-3 

Gcncr.'d  Thruston*  figures  a  very  remarkable  relic — a  hatchet  and  handle 
in  stone,  com])lctc.  Hut  three  like  it  have  been  previously  found.  .\])p;ir- 
ently,  the  workman  selected  along,  water  worn  boulder  of  the  desired  siiapc 
and  gradually  pecked,  groimd  and  ])olished  until  he  reduced  it  to  this  form. 
Length  lM'i>  inches.  Blade,  over  (>  inches  long  and  double-edged.  Found 
bv  I>r.  |ose])h  Jones  in  a  large  mound,  I)ank  of  Cumberland  river,  opjjositc 
Nashville. 

Flint  Wkai'o.ns  a.nd  I.mim.k.micnts. 

In  Northern  Indian  Territory,  and  also  in  .\rkansas,  are  extensive  Mint 
(piarries.  Material  from  these  was  transported  througlu)Ut  the  Middle 
South.  The  stone  was  capable  of  being  worked  into  large  im])lenients  and 
in  that  respect  differed  from  the  I'lint  Kidge  (Ohio)  stone.  These  remark- 
able sites  have  been  fully  described. r 

•.\iilii|iiilirs  ut    IVniK'ssi'c,   pi;.  li,')'.>, 

lAn  Amiont  <)ii.iiiv  in  Indi.iii   Tt'rritorv. 

lttiri;m  ul  lulliinl<i,i;v  l\'i'|init,  'U4-. 

Aim  I  ii;iii  AiilliM>|M>ltiui'-l.  '".)! ,  pjj.  3l;i.  i  Il()liiu>.^ 

Dr.  (■■rDi-jjc  A.  horsev  has  visited  tilt  sites  liir  tile  I'iild  Cidtiiuliiaii  .Miisniin. 


The  M iridic  South. 


145 


I-  K' V 


*. 


■*'*' 


ir  /t 


Vifi.  I')r>  pri'si'iits  ;i  tvpical 
Hint  cell  from  Missouri.  Tlii 
tv|)f  is  iiioro  loiiiiiioii  ill  the 
western  ikiiI  of  tlie  Middle 
^^olUll  lli.-iii  in  tile  North  or  ex 
trenie  Sotitli.  Tliev  ,iie  of  al 
sizes,  foniis,  de.!,'rees  ol  work 
niansliip,  ele. 


,. 


Onlinriry  spcars-arnnvs-knives  of  the  whole  Middle  South  do  not  v.rv 
.i;reat:y,  an.l  it  is  not  necessary  to  deserihe  those  of  Missouri  as  ditreren't 
troni  L'.e  Tennessee  or  West  \'ir^ini,'i  forms. 

TKleaf.  trian-idar,  lozenge,  rotary,  serrated,  barbed,  shouldered,  etc. 
ot  Dr.  Wilson's  elassifieation  occur  in  nuniber.s. 

TiK'  materials  are  local  cherts,  (lint,  (|nartz.  aroiHitc.  slate,  ja'^iK'i  etc 
Nodule  (Imt  (not  (|uarry)  was  laroely  used  in  Tennessee  and  Kcnttakv'  In 
thcl.Lter  state  Fhnt  Ki.loe  (Ohio)  materials  abound;  also,  in  West  Vir 
^^xv.i  1.     15ut  ,t  IS  rare  in  Tennessee  and  Missouri  and  verv  rare  in  Arkan-is 


•'i.i,'.  1U7  S.    1-1 


'''A-    l"."'^.     Si 


raiulil    li/ise,   sli. addled   and   well  liarlied,      X. 


eoiniiinn  as  !•  i^,    1  i)7 


T 


lieads.     h  is  I" 


ns  lonii  is  I'onnd  in  lioti 


re(jtienlly  rot; 


1   arrow  and 


-I 


ir\  anil  sometimes  sen  aled      S.    1-1 


J-M 


'  ) 


14-6 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I'it;.  100      Marlic'd,  ;iii(l  sli^litlv  iiukiittd  ;it   lijisc.     I  iiivlv  cciii- 
iiion  loini  ol  ])()iiit  lor  cilliii"  ;ii  rows  or  s]icars.    S.  1-1. 


Drills,  piTforators  (or  liair-pins)  arc  to  !);•  more  tiilly  (lescrilicd  tiiulii  tlic  (lliio  Vallcv  sec- 
tion. Tlicv  arc  coninioii  tlirongliout  tlie  Middle  Soiitli  and  some  verv  tine  specimens  arc 
lonr.d. 

I'ii;.  2(10  is  a  small  perforator  witli  a  broad  base 
and  >lioTl.  i-Iiar])  point. 

FijT.  201  a  lon;j:,  slender  hair-pin  ornanuiit. 

I'ijj.  202   a  small  drill.     Tliiy  vary   as  to  width 

oflase   (or  head)  and  thickness  of  hocly,  fineness   of 

chip|iinj;,  etc.     Mr.  j.  I).    Mc(inire   has   published  an 

intcrestinji    pap.er    on    "  Hrillin^    in    ^t(  nc   Witliotit 

the    tVc    of    Metal"     in   the     .\m.     .Antliropoloj^ist. 

He  considers  all    of   them  as   <lrills.       Perhaps  he  is 

riviht.     I  .Tin   of  Dr.  Stcincr';-   opinion    that    the  verv 

lonir,    slendei'    ones    weic     hair-pins.     Would    abori- 

fjines  nsc  a  delicate  4-  or  <>  inch  drill.  wron.Lrhl  from  hard  material 

alter  honrs  ol  patient   toil,  when  a  i-ommon  reed,  or  a  hard  stidx, 

l"ii;.2()l.S  1-1.    or    a    ronylily  chipped  pciloialoi  would  serve  the  same  pnijiose  ? 


Fiir.   202 
S.1-1. 


l-i".  204. 


Fit 


'tiiiaaiasti'teiii 


.'(»(■..    S.    11. 


The  chi'^cl-like  forms  shown  in   Fij;s.  2n4-r)(>  arc  tvjiical.     A  few   like   them  are  found    in 
Illinois 
pollcrv. 


and    .Mi^^soiiii  bill   tluy   arc   iiioslly  conl'incd   to    the   inoimds   and   j^iavcs  coiitaiiiini; 
Tiicy  arc  usually  well  polished  and  cxiiibit  evidences  ol  lonj;  am!  coiilinm<l  iis-e. 


A  Pre-Columbian  Indian  FI 

FOUND  IN  UNION  COUNTY,  ILLINOIS, 

IIY  l»K.   II.  M.  UMKIJ'I.KV,  »l.  I. 


l-'ij;.  J(i:i,     S.  M. 

VlaLerial.  flint;  color.  I'mwii.  with  riMldisli-hrown  spot-;  ;m  1  striiics;  Uiijitli.  'JiMmli  s;  will 
oiiiR'cs  This  large  prc-Coliiriihiaii  pii-ei-  of  Iiiili  iii  tliiil  w  iik  itiiisi  Ipi'  sii'ii  .0  lie  tiilly  ap|)H' 
the  thill  iiittiiia;  eili;e.  Tlif  rich,  ii.itiiral  t.iwii  lolor  is  anislicallv  spriiikk'  1  with  liylit  s]k\ 
jjives  the  iiiipleiiieiit  a  lieaiililiil  aiipearai.ee.  iiiiei|ii.'ille(l  liv  .iii.v  other  lai>ie  piece  of  flint  I  h 
tli.iii  the  <ilhei  ;iiiil  jjrow.s  on  one  like  a  tine  picture.  The  thin  eiich  aiicl  clues  .ue  quiie  tr.i 
tliL'  c  lit.'  h  n  a  gracelul  cnrve  wliieli  sngy;ests  the  tvp.-  ol'so-calleil  rolarv  .irrows  and  spe.ii 
Tin;  tliieli  (;^  I<)  iiicli)  portion  of  the  ei  lye.  lor  .iliout  1  'i  iiiehes  near  one  em!,  is  a  peenli.iriiv 


ibian  Indian  Flint  Implement. 


)  IN  UNION  COUNTY,  ILLINOIS,  JULY.  1899. 


i>i{.  n.  :\i.  wiiioi.ri.KV.  m.  i.oi  is.  mo. 


_'():!.    s.  1-1. 


lrii)i.'s:  K'lij^tli.  2iiiiKli-s:  wi'lih  4- uielu's;  tliii.-Uiii-"S  al  ctiiltr.  1  inch;  wci.ylu.  +;<  avipirdupdis 
iiiiisl  he  si'L'ii  II)  lie  tiilly  ,i|i|)reeiate(l.  It  liiaeel'iilly  taiiers  in  all  direelions  Irnni  the  leiiter  Id 
icallv  s|)rinkle  1  witli  liglil  speelis  and  various  sized  leddish-lirown  spots  and  stripes.  This 
nvolher  lai^;e  1  iete  of  flint  I  have  ever  seen.  Ill  thisrespeet,  tiieli  side  sums  more  lieaiitilnl 
in  enil>  .and  eliies  ,ire  (|uiie  traiisliueiit.  One  side  is  slij-litlv  more  convex  than  the  other,  .lud 
;illcd  rotarv  .'irrows  and  spe.irs.  The  pie.  e  shows  no  evidence  ol  liavini;  been  woiii  1)\  use 
L-s  near  one  einl.  is  a  peculiarity  noticed  in  oilier  l;irj;e  Hint  pieces. 


':4j 


The  Mirhllc  S'Uith. 


IVi 


\''\<^.  liO.M  is  a  ni.'if^iiitii-eiil  Hint  s]im(Ii' dt  (.•eniiidniril  iiiiiilcnuiil  s-oiiic  L'K  iiulus  in  liii^lii. 
1  am  inlchlfil  to  I)r.  \V.  II.  W  licl)ik-y,  of  St.  Louis,  wlio  kiiidlv  ])rf]>aiiMi  a  jilatc  lor  iii>tilioii 
ill  I'rcliisloric  liniili'iiicms  sliowiu;.;  tlie  spiciiiicii  lull  size.  Tliis  is  one  of  llu'  lai^ist  flint  iiii- 
|iltMiU'iits  ill  cvistciRe,  lit-inji  cxcfiltd  i)_v  onlv  a  siorc  ot  llic  vrrv  timlv  ilii]  |  id  (  li.|(i  is  ol  (x- 
iraonliiiarv  Ifiii^lli  in  tllc  ])(isscssii>ii  ol'tlic  Missoini  Historical  Soiicty,*  tlic  'l\nii.  llislorii.ii 
Soi'ifly,  ami  one  or  two  easU'rii  iniiscnnis. 

.Ml-.  \V.  J.  Scfvcr,  Ciiralor  tor  llic  society,  reports  lli.-il  47  iiniiieinenls  were  diseovtred  in 
a  fjrave  iie.ir  Waverly,  Iltimplireys  Co.,  Tennessee.  The  linjjliis  of  the  largest  are  as  loljows: 
L'7'i.,  U-',  Lil'i,  li),  1!),  l.SVa,  IH^'h  IM't,  ISii  (iiielies),  ele.  No  sneli  di-eovery  of  niafiniliiei't 
tliiil  cereiiKiiii  lis  lias  lieeii  made  in  the  history  of  .\iiierie;iii  arehaeoloj^y.  Thi'  eolleetion  is 
ou  e.\liil)itioi\  ill  Si.  Louis  and  is  well  worlli  a  trip  <i\'  eonsideraWIe  ilistaiiee  to  see  it. 

Lakc.k  Flint  I.Mi'i.KMKNTs 

Fis.    1.'07.  Fig.    L'd^. 

I'ij:;.  L'n7,  a  notched 
hoe. 

I'iv;.  L'dS,  a  sp.'ide 
wilh  a  hroad  blade  :iiid 
narrow  lop.  Il  is  not 
very  rare,  yet  hardly 
comitKiii. 

I'iii.  l-'di),  an  oval 
sjiade,  of  the  more  eoiii- 
inoii  form.  Kij;.  lilO, 
shows  some  W  ainpnni 
heads. 

.Ml  are  in  the  .Mis- 
souri Historical  Society 
Collcitioii.  and  are  of 
comparatively  freiiuent 
oeeurrencc  in  the  -Middle 
South. 


Fij<.  210.  S.  1-5.  Fif..  -JO'J. 

1  am  ui  KmIlvI  to  Mr.  Seevcr  for  theloan  of  this  ami  several  other  cuts 


yn 


mi 


n: 


^ 

m 


j^^r^ 


FiKS.   211  and  212.    S.  1-4. 


Fi.ijs.  211-2.    Two  vcM-y  beautiful  spades  or  ai;ricultural  imi)leiiients.     These  are  more 
delicately  chipped  and  of  rarer  forms  than  Fijjs.  207-H-9.    S.   1-4-. 


ip 

b[ 

ii 

1*/'" 

v^ 

'■1 


M 


"Anicrieaii  .Xrchaeolojjist,  Vol.  1,  pg.   143. 


us 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


•<  ,'!^fflf 


r 

-f" 

if  J 


..-lMfa.-l*'r-,tt:i_^-^  ! 


M 


IHi  1  III  the     Mi. I. lie    Soiiili. 

II  .ill  tliiUes  iuivi'   1  <(n   df- 


I'ivr.  -Mi.     Ilore  :iiT  prcsfjitccl   I-  ;is  tine  spailc^  ;i-;li.ivc    btiii   I 
.^Itlidnyh    till' iiiii)U-imiits  an-  vi-i  v   larj;e  the  Mirl.i(.is  show  iliai 

l;u'lii-(l      I   have  siTii  ordinary  spcai-lit-ads  or  knives  iii..,ii   wliuli  l  I'e  "(lini  iliiiV,  V,-     ji-id  ex 
IHMidod  1,11-  less  sUill  ,1,1(1  iiatieiK-c.     'Iliey  .ire  in  (leiierai   liiruslons  » ..lleelion.     I  .-mi  indehttd 
to  inin  tor  the  lo.in  ol  tiiis  ;m,|   other  ti>,Mircs.     I'roiii   Teiiii.;   S..  al.ont  2-7 
one,  14- iiiehes  loiif,';   the  laiisli,iiied,  11."...  imlies  loiij,'. 


i.'hc   leaf  shaped 


riw  Middle  South. 


11 9 


y 


r.i; 


■  '■(■■ 


t'^ 


Fifjs  UlS-Ci-T  S.  Show  dillcrtiit  I'ortiis  ot  'flint  itTcmonials."  Willi  the  ixiii.timi  nl 
(ii'ii.  riinisum,  llic  .uilliorities  sav  litit  vtrv  little  :il)<)Ut  tliciii.  In  tiulli.  no  oiu'  l<n(  \v^  n- 
jjaidiiij;  llioir  use  cr  ijurposc.     From  Tcnii.     Rtniatkabiy  well  inadc. 


■!^^ 


ITiO 


Prehistoric  Imf)lctncnts. 


I'ii,'.     ■J\.\.    S.    alxiiit    l-IH. 

[•'lOIll  MlUllUTII    Mo..  I'ollcTlioii 

oiriitis.  Ikikwilli,  Cliiirli>li)ii. 
Till'     miimIIi'^I    of    Llii<c'    is 
'I'y,  iiulii'h  l<iii)i,   liv  ()■'>   iiiclifs 
wide. 

rill'  itiitijii  line  ill  llic 
lower  I'dW  is  till'  ioiiiifsl;  iN'o, 
l)v  7'xiiK'lu's.  .Ml  ;iic  txii'i'd- 
iiif^lv  well  iii.ult.  'I'lic  si'vtr;il 
tv)ii's  aiT  shown;  n<iU  licci  hoc, 
oval  spack'.  Iriaiimilav  sp.idc, 
spadi-  with  hro.id  di!.;j,''"K 
hladt'aiiil  narrow  lop,  I'li'. 


Several  spcciincns  like  those   shown    in  Fiir.  2\V>  have  been  found  and  figured  in  the  viiri 
v)us  reports.    They  are  ealled  daggers.     Were  they  such?    S.  1-2. 


*^,  Fig.    ■-•17    is 

unknown  ;ind  I 
p.ass  it  without 
eoninient.  S.  1-H. 
Humphreys  Co.. 
'I  enn . 


r 


J. 


The  MnUUe  South. 


101 


.^ 


1 


Ociicral  Thriiston  sav*:  (i)<'ij;c  24-0)  "Here  \vc  have,  in  nil  pn)l)al)ility, 
the  scepters  or  royal  niaees  once  used  l)y  the  iuajj;iiates  of  tiierace  that  built 
the  ancient  mounds  and  fortifications  of  Middle  Tennessee.  They  may  have 
l)cen  the  insij^jni.a  of  iiieftainship  or  of  the  jjriestiiood.  The  most  distin- 
guished persona),'e  of  the  Stone  Grave  race  yet  identified,  if  we  may  judj4:e 
by  the  surroundinj^s  and  ch.'.racter  of  his  burial,  the  honored  chieftain  or 
priest  whose  remains  were  unearthed  on  the  banks  of  the  Harjjeth  river  by 
Dr.  Jones,  was  placed  in  his  rude  sarc()phaj.fus  witii  a  long  flint  sword  or 
scepter,  (LJ12  inches)  in  his  right  hand,  showing  very  conclusively  the  use  of 
these  large  imi)Iements. 

"If  the  reader  will  turn  to  the  subse(|uent  cha])ter  ui)on  shell  remains,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  "fighting  figure,"  well  engraved  upon  a  large  gorget, 
grasjjs  in  his  right  hand  a  d()id)le-pointed  sword  blade  or  knife  of  almost 
the  exact  form  of  some  of  these  large  flints.  The  double  pointed  imi)leinent, 
photo-engraved  in  Fig.  21 S  is  nearly  its  duplicate  in  shape  and  size,  offering 
addition.il  evidence  of  the  genuineness  of  both  the  ancient  gorget  and  the 
fine  lliiit.  The  old  chief  or  mythological  hero  engr.aved  ujjon  the  shell  evi- 
dently belonged  to  the  Stone  (»ravt  race.  Their  remains  are  found  in  the 
valleys  of  liast  Tennessee  and  in  Northern  Georgia,  in  the  mounds  in  which 
the  gorgets  have  been  discovered. 

"La  \'ega  tells  us  that  the  large  wooden  statues  guarding  the  gates  of 
the  rude  tcmi)le  discovered  by  De  Soto  (m  the  banks  of  the  Savamiah  river, 
at  Tolomeco,  were  armed  'with  clubs,  maces,  and  coi)i)er  hatchets;'  jilso 
that  some  of  them  were  .'irmed  with  long  pikes;*  thus  indicating  that  the 
southern  Indians,  within  the  historic  period,  were  ae(|uainted  with  the  uses 
of  such  <)l)jccts,  as  insignia  of  authority. 

"l'])!)!!  pul)lic  or  state  occasions,  the  historic  tribes  jKiid  considerable 
attention  to  forms  and  ceremonies.  The  tatoo  marks,  the  number  of 
feather  ])lumes,  the  battle  axe  or  war  club,  the  engraved  breast-])lates,  the 
uijliolding  of  the  pipe  of  peace,  were  insignia  or  symbols  of  rank  and  au- 
thority used  and  respected  by  them.  We  learn,  also,  that  chipped  imple- 
ments of  chert,  jasjicr,  and  obsidian  were  used  by  the  Indians  of  California 
upon  public  and  ceremonial  occasions." 

(I  Look  the  liberty  of  clianging  "Plate  XI"  to  I-'ig.  21S  to  eorrc.'i)oiid 
with  luy  series). 

It  appears  to  me  ihat  (ien.  Thruston's  theory  must  be  accepted  as  ;i 
final  proposition — unless  we  discover  something  better.  Compared  with 
civili;a'd  peoples,  prehistoric  tribes  had  very  few  arts.  Long  ex])erience  in 
flint  chipping  hrul  made  certain  of  the  artisans  exceedingly  proficient.  ;m(l 
they  eviiientiy  aspired  to  display  their  ability  and  to  leave  sulistantial  and 
lasting  evidence  oi  it.  Manitestly,  such  objects  as  Gen.  Thruston  iJiesciits 
have  no  utility  and  they  must  have  been  ke])t  by  the  tribes  as  sacred  pos- 
sessions. Of  modern  times,  the  skilliul  worker  in  iron  i)ri(les  himscll  in  a 
highly  dccor.'ited  gate  or  a  certain  hammered  i)attern  of  intricate  design  or 
beauty.  The  same  may  l)e  said  of  workers  in  brass,  cut-glass,  etc.  A  ent- 
glass  pitcher  is  neither  as  practical  nor  as  substantial  as  a  white  china 
*  llisldiy  ol    Al.il):uii;i  ( I'i.'Ui'U).  \'<.'l.  1,  |);ij;t;  (JO;   (larcillai^o  (If  la  Viffa,  pus.  "JTI-,  L'M'. 


'ill 


m 


j3l 


'■  If'; '''' 


I'J 


m 


152 


Prehistoric  I-i  i>!i'nvnts. 


IMU. 


I"  }j    JIH.     S.    1   .'      'I'lic   |ii>  iiUmI  iiii|iltiiunl    (khiikUiI  id]))  is  ol'iliortv  flint,    1'.*   tiidus 
liHijj.     11  i^  inilv  i;i  ul'iiii  iiull  llm  l<.     "  I  lit' sli.ir)ilv   iiniiitc  d  UmiIhiI   s|)mi    is  oI  Vflluw  jiis|ur:' 
S  iiii  Ills  lull).' ,111(1  ,1   iiiiiivil  HI  i'lii|p)>iiiy   ,iil.     Il  is  syiiiiiK(rir,illy   iirviircl   iii;iKiii^:  it    t(>t;!iv 
•   I'lu' liraiililiil   nnintis.  honk  sli,nn-il   iiiipUiiunl,  ,i  li;ilil   lnt  wii  iliiil,  is  TVl- iIkIks  Inii};-     His 
loncil  Soiiilv  .•mil  Cirii.   Tliriwlon  s  .•(illtvliims.     .Ml  limiid  in   l>iiii. 


I 


The  MhUtlv  South. 


153 


pitcher;  yot  china  ])itclicrs  have  no  jjlaee  in  ceremonial  affairs,  nor  are  they 
eonsnicuous  at  weddinj^s  or  dinners.  Most  of  tliesc  artistic  objects  are  of 
hut  slight  use  in  themselves.  We  |)riy.e  them  because  of  their  rarity,  beauty 
t'lnd  expcnsiveness,  and  l)ecause  they  c'i])peal  to  otir  conception  of  the 
artistic.  Why  sjiould  not  this  have  apjjlicd  to  the  "hi^jh  art"  of  ancient 
times?  We  would  not  consider  one  of  these  ceremonial  tlint  implements  as 
an  evidence  of  "hij;h  art"  in  our  civilization  of  to-day.  Mut,  from  the  testi- 
mony otthe  mounds,  it  represented  the  highest  attainment  of  prehistoric 
man  in  Tennessee. 

More  lar<;e  cllitiy,  ornamental  or  pl.-un  ])ipcs  arc  found  in  the  Middle 
South  than  elsewhere,  (icncral  Thruston,  Col.  joncs  and  others  show 
many.  Mr.  |.  D.  Mc(iuire  in  Pipes  and  Smokin;.r  Customs  of  the  .\merican 
.\borLjines'  presents  tinures  of  at  least  70  Southern  forms.  I  would  advise 
all  students  to  read  his  excellent  monoj.jr.'i])h.  Dr.  li.  A.  Barber  is  an- 
other authority  on  pipes  and  has  written  several  papers  u\nn\  this  rc;.jion.!- 

h'ijis.  219-22  ar^  larijc  cllij^'y  i)ipcs  supposed  to  li;ivc  l)een  smoked  at 
councils,  durinu:  cci".  monies,  etc.  They  arc  too  massive  for  individual  use. 
I  have  always  thought   that   they  were  trib.'d  (or  clan)  possessions. 


l-'i;;.  Jl'.t.  S.  \  -.  I'uimcl  ill  JuiU'  'S  I- ik.u- (".r.iiid  \'ii'\\ ,  l.ouis.i  Ci).,  lowji,  (  1  L.'  iiiilrs  ui>l 
of   Mils  M  I  iiif ).      M  itcri.-il,  lilail;  ililuiitf.     (.'(illtriinii  ol   |;i>.  .\l.  Wur. 

Mr.  Mctiuirc  says:  "I'ipes  of  this  kind  arc  of  the  most  |»()iidcrous 
char.'icter  of  any  .\merican  tyj^- known,  Str.'icheu's  description  of  the  pipe 
would  rv.';dly  .'inswer  for  this,  and  he  docs  not  cxa,yj.ferate  when  lie  says  liie 
])ipc  of  a  'Sus(|Uchanuock  Indi.-m'  w;is'three-(|uartersof  ;i  yard  loni;,  |trcllily 
carved  witlia  i)ird,  ilearc.or  withsomcsuch  device  ;it  the  ,L,M'cat  end  sullicient 
to  beat  (Hit  the  braynes  of  a  horse.'  thou;ih  he  has  evidently  cojiicd  John 
Smith's  earlier  description,  who  ;isscrtcd  that  these  pii)es  were  sullicicnt  to 
'beat  out  a  man's  brains.'"  With  all  res|)ect  to  these j^entlenien  I  do  iioi  l)e- 
licve  such  pipes  ;is  are  presented  in  I'ij^'s.  21!)-22  were  individual  property. 
We  have  little  positive  or  reli;ible  evidence  of  their  use.  .\s  ;i  iicrsona! 
o])iiiion  merely,  1  would  venture  this  su}.r;.restion: 

lVrha])s,  they  were  pl.iced  in  the  center  of  assend)la^es  on  occasions  of 
import.ince,  and  smoked  throu;.ih  a  very  long  stem.     The   priest  or   chief  in 

'Smilllsniil.in  N'liurl,  '',l~,  pp.  .'t,">l   <il.,'i. 

T  Viiii-rii'.iii  \.i»iir.ilisl  Mild    .\imric;iii   .\iiticpi;iri;iii. 


S^i; 


m 
w 

i 


154 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


V   I': 


4 


;| 


charge  of  the  ceremony  kept  the  pipe  filled  and  lighted.  The  men  passed  the 
stem  from  one  to  another,  and  the  pipe  slowly  turned  in  its  central 
position.    Certain  ceremonial  forms  were  enacted  during  the  smoking. 

The  workmanship  on  these  •t  jjipes  cannot  l)e  excelled.  In  Fig.  219  the 
eyes  are  represented  by  sunken  discs.  I  suppose  jwarls  or  other  v.'duahles 
were  inserted  in  these  ai)pertures. 

All  sorts  of  pipes  of  many  stones,  are  found.  T.'ilc,  scrjK'ntinc,  sand- 
stone, jasper,  shale,  limestone,  gr.'inite,  etc.,  are  in  evidence  as  materials.  A 
few  catlinite  pijjcs  of  ancient  forms  have  been  taken  out  of  graves  or  mounds. 


Flviiij;  I^ird  I'ipt-.  An. 
(liTsnii  Co.,  Tniii.  S.  aljoiil 
1-4-.  Cnllcitii.il  of  Mr. 
|:mifs  Terry,  .\f\v  York, 
(■rt-i'ii  sti-.'ititf,  1(>  iiiclic's 
loiij^.  A  toiniiii,  or  sDnii- 
sowthtrii   liinl.     Kij,'.    21'(i. 


Duck  Pipe,  Tenn.,  S.  1-8.  (",eii. 
Thnistoii's  lolU'ilioii.  \Vcij,;lu.  H' i 
lbs.  Dark  jiray  steatite.  Tlie  feet 
are  wel)l)e<l,  but  tlie  l)ill  is  IumhIIv 
(luck-like.    Fi),'.  -'-'1. 


I'i>».  222.  Iluinnii  eflin.v  iiipc,  from 
near  Kingston,  Tciin.  (ieii.j.  T.  Wilder'!" 
eollei'tioii.  S.  1-2.  Material,  rvtkliiili- 
l)r<i\vii    ias|)fr  uy  shale. 


V"  .'1 

m 


} 


'! 


Fig.  22H      Siale  1-1.    Large,  broad  spear-head  of 
tion  of  Mr.  j<»f  \.  Young,  Bellevue,  Iowa.    Found  in  th< 
The  most  remarkable  specimen  of  its  kind  I  have  e\ 


soiik. 


L)road  spear-head  of  quartz-like  material;  from  thecollec- 
lowa.    Pound  in  the  immediate  neighborhood, 
of  its  kind  I  have  ever  seen. 


I  sai 

time 
Colli 
are  s 
in  ot 

shap 
^aila 
disk 
Ibrni 


ft' 
'If; 


»..,.; 


The  Middle  South. 


155 


1  say  undent,  for  there  is  evidence  that  Cfitlinitc  was  used  in  prehistoric 
times,  although  it  w.'is  »M)t  extensively  employed  until  some  time  after  the 
Columbian  era.  Plain  bo»vls  without  stems,  the  L  shaped  and  other  forms 
are  similar  to  St.  Lawrence  and  Ohio  Valley  ty])es.  I  shall  illustrate  them 
in  other  sections  and  it  is  unnecessary  to  duplicate  the  tyi>es  here. 

Mr.  J.  1).  Mc(«uire*  places  the  monitor  i)ipe,  the  simjile  howl  and  face- 
shaped  pi])cs  in  the  Middle  South;  also  the  jK'culiar  form  of  a  round  or  an- 
gular l)owl  and  short  round  base  which  he  calls  Southern  Mound  ty])c;  the 
disk  or  jcwsharp  ])ipe  and  the  biconical,  the  tuf)ular  and  the  heavy,  broad 
form,  etc.     Me  illustrates  all  of  these  forms: 


i 


ImjI.  2-'+.  S.  I-'J.  A  vi'fv  liiu'lv  cirvcil 
pipe  iVoiii  .Moiit^oiiiiTV  Co.  ColUrtioii  dI 
Cf)l.  Hetiiictt  II.  Vomij,'.  I.oiiisvillf.  I  ;ini 
iiidi'l/tcil  to  C<j1oirI  Vontij;  for  iiiJiKiiiy  il 
lii!-tr;itioiis  of  soiiR'  of  his  lust  spci  iimns. 
1  li.ivf  iKvii'  sii'ii  ;i  pipe  like  I'i);.  -2^,  ;iiiil 
consider  il  verv  reiiiark;il)le. 


I-ifj.  -'"J"),  kiide  lui- 
i  man  cWijiy  pipe.  I'ossi- 
lily,  iinlinislled.  This  is 
(piile  inlereslini;.  Col. 
II.  II.  Votiii;;'s  eolleelion. 
Found  in  Southern  Ken- 
tucky. S.    1--'. 


•"Pipes  and  Smoking  Customs."    Smithsonian  Report.  1.H97 


.^ 


15(5 


1 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


.if 


The  Middle  South. 


157 


Fij;. -'2(5.     S.  3  7.     Fig.  227.  S.  2-3.     Fig.  22S.   S.  :«-7.    Fig.  22".).   S.  1-2.    Fig.2;i(),  S.  1  1 . 

Fig.  231.   S.    1-2. 

Fig.  220  is  a  large  duck  pii)e  in  the  ])osses.sioii  of  Mr.  W.  I'.  I'arkcr  of  Oinalia,  Ni-lir;isl<a. 
It  is  ai>i)iit  three  times  the  size  nf  the  illustrutioii,  and  was  fonnd  near  I.ookcmt  .Moinitain 
Tenn.,  many  vears  ago.  It  is  a  ty])ieal  council  pipe,  made  of  dark.  I>lnish  green  steatite  and 
will  hold  a  large  handful  of  toliaeco. 

I"ig.  227  conies  from  Uomnev.  W.  Va..  and  is  of  clay.  It  is  of  long,  slender  type,  common 
to  Western  .New  V<irk,  and  the  South.     It  isthe  onlyclay  |)ipe  in  the  series  hercwilh  prestiilccl. 

Figs.  22H-S>  arc  of  platform  tyi)e  and  are  shown  ahoul  one-third  size,  l-'ig.  22H  is  very 
rare,  there  being  but  al)f)Ut  four  or  five  s|)ccimen8  in  the  country.  One  is  exhiliiicd  liy  the 
Smithsoiii.'in  Institution;  another  l)y  Mr.  I';irker.  The  howl  is  about  7  inches  in  length  ;iiid 
I'.j  inches  in  diameter,  .Mild  would  hold  .-i  large  i|Uiintity  ol  tobacco.  The  platloiin  i?  t  inches 
in  width  iiiid  ;d)ont  14  inches  long.  Fin.  221)  is  of  black  steatite  am!  highly  ]  (lli^l]<d.  It  \\;is 
Ibuiid  in  southern    Kentucky. 

Fig.  230  isoithe  platform  tvpe.  and  w;ts  found  in  one  of  the  mounds  of  the  IIo|icwcll 
group  in  Koss  County.  Ohio.  Its  peculiarity  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  bowl  is  mar  the  iiid  in- 
stead of  in  the  middle  of  the  platform.  This  specimen  is  about  2  inches  in  liciglu  and  .'{<..> 
inches  long.     It  is  in  the  field  Columbian  Museum  at  Chicago. 

Fig.  231  was  found  in  W.'irren  County,  Ohio. and  iippears  to  represent  a  be:ir.  It  is  small 
;in(l  jippcirs  to  be  an  iiidividnal  Jiipe.  instead  of  one  used  in  councils.  The  bowl  holds  a  little 
more  than  .-I  thimbleful  of  tob;icco.  and  during  the  smoking,  the  nose  is  turned  down.  It  is 
oflilack  granite.  An  Ohio  ty|ie,  it  does  not  belong  in  this  section  but  is  inserted  tor  com- 
parison. 


'..■it  '  f 

4 


Fig.  232.  S.2  3. 
Steatite  pipe  fonnd 
in  C  n  111  licr  I  a  n  d 
Coiiiuy,  KentmUy. 
Collection  ol  Col. 
llciiiiett  II.  \  <imi!.;  , 
Louisville. 


This  w<iiild  be  called  by  some  observers  a  modified  form  of  the  monitor  Jir  plalfonii  style. 
It  is  a  very  beaiitil'iil  specimen,  well  pulislied,  etc.  Cireiit  care  w;is  necessary  to  cut  (K)wii  the 
disc  surrounding  the  bowl  to  nniform  lliiniicss.  .\  slight  error,  a  false  blow.  ,iiid  it  wonld 
have  been  ruined.     The  artis.-iii  knew  his  tr;ide  well. 


U 


Fig.  233,  a  steatite  tube  jiipe  from  Sumner  County.  Tenn.  These  tubes  are  supposed  to 
have  been  pipes.  This  one  is  23  inches  long  and  seems  too  large  to  have  been  u^ed  as  a  pijie. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  they  were  useil  for  other  purposes.     I  do  not  know. 

Sometnbular  pijKS  of  the  Middle  South  are  much  like  those  of  the  Pacific  Coast,     lint  Fig. 
233  is  somewhat  dill'erent. 


'  )< 


it      1 


ITiH 


Prehistoric  Implements 


■;  I 


riy.  I/Mt, irr;iifr(if  ((olitiV 
liiiirtoiic.  Ii'diii   iii'iir   Cli.'ita- 

ii(n«;;.i.  Ttim.    This  isoiu-ol  ^ 

llu'ilihc  loi  Ills  so   ri-i'i|tu-iltlv  l^^. 

IiiiiikI  ill  llic  »-!i>Uvil  riiiud  |; 

SlaU'S.  VI 

V 


FiV.  l''<.' 


s.    1  U'. 


Fij;.  XW. 


rUuh  from  Col,  (Uniitll  II.  S'or.iip's  collfctiori,  l.oiiisvillf,  K\.  Fi;{.  'J.'iri  round  in  sontlirru 
1<.\  .     I'ij:.  'J'M't.  foMivd  ill  Nfcadc  Co.  Kv. 

OkXAMRNTS    ANIt    CKKK.Mn.NIAI.S. 

\\\'  ;ill  know  wliiit  .-m  orn.iiiicnt  is.  The  word  "ceremonial"  carries  no 
special  sioiiiiicaiice  ami  emphasizes  the  need  ot  a  |>roper  archae()Io<.,ncaI 
nonicnclainre. 

The  slate,  sandstone  and  ;j:ranite  ornaments,  charms,  gor>;ets,  etc.,  arc 
not  very  common  sonth  ot  Kenlneky  In  Tennessee  many  ot  the  steatite 
;ind  other  sott  stones  .are  tonnd.  The  Liter  Creeks.  Clierokees,  etc.  m.ide 
orn.iments  and  ])ijK'S  ot  v.arious  l)rij.;ht  colored  sott  stones  and  a  collector 
nnist  needs  l)c  discriminating.  I.imited  sp.aee  prevents  a  (hseussion  of  them 
I  will  trc.'it  ot'thc  use,  etc.,  of  orn.anK'ntal  stones  in  the  Ohio  \alley  section. 

I'ii^:.  2;{7  illustrates  1- ceremonials,  (ieneral  Thniston  says  the  si)ade- 
shaped  ceremonial  is  ol  polished  j;recnstone,  11  inches  lonj^;,  has  a 
delicate  blade,  ornamented  with  notches,  lie  has  seen  no  object  exactly 
like  it.  TIk  lar^fcst  one  reported  from  Tennessee  was  lo-'j  ineiies  lonj^;  the 
sm  dk'St,  .">'  L'.  In  the  center  <>t"  the  plate  isshown  a  tulndar  |>ii>e.  This  is  a 
very  line  specimen.  A  small  ceremonial  of  characteristic  Southern  lorm  is 
shown  to  the  left  of  the  tube  \t  the  bottom  of  the  |)late  is  a  crescent  ot 
hi^ihly    polished  syenite,    ll'-j  inches  Um^^    One  tip   is  slightly  broken.     .\ 


The  MififUc  S'tuth. 


ir>i> 


f 


vm 


m 


■/ 

ti. 


l-w/ 


iifi) 


.  •••i:  I 


1 


'M 


'ii 


I 


fff 


1(>() 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


siniil.-ir  om.*  w.'is  foiinl  Ity  Si|uier  and  Davis  iji  a  SL-ioto  Vallt-y  mound.  An- 
otlicr  is  ill  tlic  collection  ot"  Dr.  Leslie,  Chillicotlie.O.  All  three  of  these  are  of 
granite  and  highly  jjolished.  (Iciicral  Thruston  says  of  them:  (p;;.  21X)) 
"These  symnutrieal  eresLvnts  are  too  l'raj;;ile  for  any  practical  use  as  tools 
or  implements.  Their  j^iniceful  lorms  sujijj^est  that  they  may  have  been  used 
a-i  symh  »ls  hy  tlu'  sun  \v()rshi|)inj.;  |)riests  of  the  Stone  (irave  race.  \  cres- 
cent, carved  in  stone,  two  inclies  wide,  and  eijj;ht  inches  from  point  to  point, 
was  discovered  some  ye.irs  a;.jo  in  a  tumulus  near  Oakland,  California.  It 
was  supposed  to  indicate  the  prevalence  of  sun  worship.  A  lar^e  tumulus 
in  the  vicinity  was  of  the  typical  Tennessee  form."* 


I'ij;.  '_'.'tM  is  .'I  tyi)ii'al  perfor.'itcd 
cercinoiii.-il  <>(  tin-  Middle  Soiitli,  and  is 
also  liiiiiid  as  lar  scmtli  as  the  Ciiill'. 


} 


' 


F\n.  'J'Mi  is  a  ])eciilinr  sijool-shaped  stone  (|)ert"oraled)  ol  Idooded 
(|iiarlz  iVoMi  .MonHoniery  Co.,  Tenn.  Sever;d  more  of  tlies-e  are 
t'onnd  in  tnnseunis  and  private  i.'olleetif)ns.  The  (|«;irlz  is  white, 
li^lil  v»'lli>\v,  or  >;rayisli  while  and  contains  lilood-reil  veins  or  dis- 
loloiiilions.  Siiriiinens  olMiih  nialeriids  ;iie  alwiiys  hi;;hly  polivju'd 
an<l  setin  lo  have  heen  prized.  'I  he  eulurs  would  nalnrally  .-illrjul 
primitive  people.  I  have  seen  orn.'inuiits  of  a  bright  ureen,  ^lliny 
stone  (soil  ).  alco  of   laleose  slate,  ele 


.\  "lintlerlly  pattern"  \\  illi  a  somewhat   wider  opening,'   than  in  I'i.i;.  1>1.1  is  also  lonnil  of 
blooded  ipiart/..     .\lr.  .Norman  S]):in};,  <d  I'iltslinrj,',  has  a  t-eore  of  fpiiirt/.  eercnioni.-ils. 


I'i.v;.    'J+O.     S.    IM.     (li'ay    si.'te.    Williamson 
Co.,    Tenn.    This  is  rarelv  fonnd  .North. 


*"The  l;ir),'e  inonnd  w.-is  eirenlar  in  form,  twenty-live  feet  hijjh,  and  three  hundred  leet  in 
diameter  ;it  its  liase.     Kev.  I».  8.  I'eet,  in  .Vmerican    .\nti<|narian,  1,HH'.).  pajje  .'KJl." 


The  Mnhlk'  South. 


161 


\-in.  '.'41  l<i  likr  <iiir  iinrllu'iii  "liiiiuitl\ 
stDiH'M"  anil  neciN  no  iiiiiiiiuiitH  Mntn  ml,  )ji  nv 
>lal»".  The  wiiijis  air  imitf  iioiiilt'd  ami  not  mi 
iiiiinilcil  as  ill  Nm  tliiTii  s|iiriiiii'iiN. 


Ki^.  I'll'  is  a  |ui'iiliai.  rair  lunaimiii  sdiiu- 
t  inics  loiiiicl  Sdiithiir  Ninth.  Manili^lly  an  nina- 
nuMil,  Vfl  liiiw  anil  wIuit  shall  wt  savil  was 
Winn?  Of,  wasii  wnrnatall?  The  iirchafl<»j;ii"al 
wis«'  nifii  iiltlif  inusinins  shnnhl  snlvc  tlii'si-  |iriili- 
riiis   liif    ns  * 


{•  iv;.  liKt.     S.  i;i       r\]iii-il  ilisiuiii.ijs  lioiii  various  locaiilics. 
110.     Yi'llinv,  brown   ti'rrnjLtinous  i|  larlz.   rctin. 
'J.     Mark  jifrei'iist'im-,  iVoin  a  nionnii,  ills. 
H.     Oiiartzitf,  Cii-orni.-i. 
4-.     .\r<;illiti'.   I'fiin. 

5.  Not   <;ivi'ii 

6.  Hr  iwii  rfrrniiliinii-i  ijiiartz.  Ti-iin. 

7.  Ouavtzit  '.  Ohio. 
H.     Onartziif,  Ohio. 

Thisi-iu  is  irom  "A  Study  of  Prehistoric  .\iithro]ioloj;y."    I'r.  Thomn!  V'iUoii.  SniithMi' 
ian  Kt'iKiit   '87- '8. 


•ft  III 


•As  I  statffl  in  the  Unlletill  (Hird-StDtit  Cereiniiiiial)  my  idea  in  pii-siiitiiij,'  tiirsc  miilti- 
tiidinoiis,  nnknown  I'oniis  is  to  ])riivokc  discussion  and  thus  ascertain  the  views  ol  oliscrvers 
regardinji;  thtni. 


■ti' 


,  IK* 


1(52 


Prehistork  Implements. 


ill 


jf?H 


Kl 


Fiji.  -'++.    s.  u-r.. 

This  fijriiic  ;iti('  2+5  were  tjikcii  truiii  Ciiii.  Tin  iisltin's  Aiiti(|iiiti»  >;  dI  TtiiiKss'tf,  and  tlif 
s|icciiiHMis  art' ill  his  ]irivatc  •.•oIliTlicni.  It  will  lie  ohstrvcd  tliHt  I  here  is  a  small  ilfiircssioii 
ill  llii- ci-nicr  (»f  each  «lisi-.  The  siiilacfs  piTsciit  a  sctati-licd  ap|iearaiiiT  as  it  sotiiithiiin  had 
liwii  rcvolviii;,'  upon  llu-iii. 


FiK-  ~'4ri.     S.  2-3. 
These  I'onc-shapcd  objects  are  (ie(|uent   in   the  Ohio    Vailcv  as    well   as   thmiijihoiii    the 
Middle  South.     They  are  ol'ciuartzite.  Kiauile.  liniialite,  etc. 


|H 


11 


BiCAVK,  OK  DiSCOlDAI.  StoNHS. 

Dr.  J.  I-\  Snvdkw,    Virginia.  IlliiKtis. 

[Dr.  Snydi-r,  tlic  well-known  arcliai-olo^ist,  kindly  i)re])arc(i  a  ])ajK'r  for 
mv  u])on  (liscoidals  which  I  take  pleasure  in  ])rcst'ntin^.  I  can  add  nothiiii,' 
new  to  Dr.  Snyder's  able  discussion,  and  heartily  concur  in  rdl  his  opinions. 
~\V.  K.  M.| 

The  urj^ent  need  of  the  science  of  archaeoloj;'.  at  the  present  time  is  a 
revision  ot  its  nonienclature;  especially  in  the  classification  of  prehistoric 
stone  ini])lenicnts.  Such  uncouth  and  nicaninj.jless  names  as  "spuds,  " 
"hunts,"  "banner  stones;  "and  the  vayueand  indefinite  terms,  "ceremonials," 
"discoidal  stones,"  ".'.mulcts,"  etc.,  should  he  disc.inlcd  from  our  .irch.ico- 
lo.iiic.d  vocahul.'irv,  and  rcpl;iced  with  n.inics  convcyin;,^  some  sjR'cific  idea 
of  the  form,  dimensions,  or  use  of  the  objects.  "Lcif-sh.'i  ed,"  .applied  In 
certain  chipped  Hints,  is  another  absurdity,  .and  .about  .  |)rceise  for  des- 
criptive juirposcs  as  is  ";i  chunk  of  rock"  .as  a  mc.isure  oi  ni.i^nitude;  for 
there  .arc  leaves  of  m.iny  diverse  forms,  .and  we  .are  at  a  loss  to  know  what 
])articul.ir  sh.i])e  of  lea  i  is  implied. 

The  term  "discoid.al  stone"  is  eipially  .ambi<,nious  and  confusin;^;  for 
amonj4  .abori.tiiiial  stone  relics,  disc-hlic.  or  circul.ar,  stones  ol  .almost  every 
size  and  v.iriety  occur,  ditVcrin^ii'  so  widely  in  dimensions  .and  det.ai's  of 
lij.jiire  .as  to  render  iheir  classification  under  one  title  l).-wil(lcrinj,'  .and  mis- 
le.adiiiji.  W.itcrworn  pebbles,  circul.ar  .and  tl.at,  or  disc-like,  were  .abund.ant 
and  re.ady  .at  h.airl  .almost  every  where — by  the  Lake  shores,  or  s.and  b.irs  in 
every  strcrim,  .and  .amonji  the;.jr.avcl  beds  of  the  drift  formation — rccpiirin^' 
but  little  modification  by  jjrimitivc  sav.ajics  toad.ipt  them  to  use.  .\ii<l,  we 
know,  they  were  utili;ced  in  many  w.ays,  each  ol  the  modified  forms  servinji, 
])erhai)s,  .a  distinct  and  dilVercnt  ])urpose. 

In  our  .archai.'!)lo^ical  liler.ilure  the  generic  term  "discoid.al"  is  .i])plic(l 
indiscriminately  to  all  roun<l,  non-spherical  objects  of  stone,  shell,  bone, 
hematite,  <m'  pottery;  includin^i  orn.aments  a  Ir.iction  l.arjj^cr  lli.in  beads, 
spindle  wiiorls,  club  heads,  hammer  stones,  .and  .a  host  of  others  of  imkiiown 
uses.  It  is  time,  1  think,  th.at  we  shoidd  .adojit  a  more  distinctive  cl.issilica- 
tion  of  these  circular  .art  relics  of  the  stone  :i'fiu.  The  best  known  tyjtc  of 
so-callcl  diseoi  1  il  stones— the  type  most  generally  referred  to  by  th.at  dcs- 
ign.ation — iscirculir  in  contour,  v.aryin.1.!;  in  wiuili,  thickness  .and  matcri.al; 
t'lnd  has  cujjpe  1,  or  mort.ar-like  depressions  on  each  l.iter.al  surface;  in  some 
bro.ad  an  1  s!iall.).v,  and  in  others  narrow  .ami  decj);  and  in  .a  few  so  deep 
as  to  coalesce  >  i  1  oerlorate the  stone.  I'i;;;.  2t')  repivsiaits  this  ty|)e,  show- 
in;.?  th."  il  )ll  )  V    >  1    )  le  side,  an  1  a  cross  sectio  i  t'lr  >  i  ,''i  the  di.ametcr. 

.\s  ih-  b  -I,  s.auccr-like  cavities  o  •  <.\:\\  side  .are  ch.ar.acteristie   of 

this  ty  >•    )'  "  •  stones,  I  would  suj^ijest,  '):•  e  >  ivcaicnce  of  de-icription, 

its  sc)    M  ,  all  others  of  the  j.jroup  of  r   Miid,  llat,  prehistoric  relics 

11  >w  I-  ■  1  •    '  "  ler  .as  "discoidals,"  .ami  i  a'      hem  liicnvi'  stones,  or  /*/- 

c.'Mc.s,        "1  in  />;/;j;.s,  two,  or  double,         1  the  noun  cnw/j//,  .a   coii- 


m 


ti 


is*f:  I 


I 


ii  si ' 


&i 


104 


Prvh is toric  Iiujtienwti ts. 


(1.1, 
H 


Ill- 


cavity,  or  hollow;  or  the  verb  c/ivn,  I  hollow,  or  scoop.  Iliis  iiaiiic,  in  my 
opinion,  would  be  far  more  expressive  ol"  the  shape  and  peculiar  conforma- 
tion of  tiie  ol)jcct  than  its  j)resent  inexact  appellation.  To  rtirthcr  specify 
thc'it  the  bicave  stone  is  discoidal,  would  be  su])erlluous,  as  all  l)icavcs,  with 
rare  exceptions,  are  round  or  disc-like. 

When  asked  to  what  use  the  bicive  stones  were  ap])licd,  the  ready 
answer  is,  for  i)layinjj:  games.  H«)w  is  this  known?  It  \s  not  known;  but 
merely  inferred  Irom  the  .'iccounts  of  early  observers  a ni<in<.r  ccilaiii  ncent 
Indian  tribes  who  saw  them  playin;.;  j4:aines  in  which  a  round,  tl;ii  stone 
was  used.  The  impression  that  the  hurling  stones  em|)loyed  by  modern 
Indi.'ins  in  these  g.-imcs  were  the  identical  bicavcs  in  (|ucsli(in,  is  so  gincral, 
and  so  sl;iled  with  such  positiveness  by  cert.un  writ<  i-.  that  it  has  become 
.'icccpted  as  the  true  solution  of  the  pnddtni  ■  t  tl  v  ;ive  store's  ntilily. 
.\n  ex.'imination  of  the  facts  will,  however,  tend  '<>  thssipate  this  belici,  ;ind 
coiivinceusth.it  those  strange  aid  bcmtiltd  relics  weier.nt  made  Inr  that 
purpose.  It  is  altogether  prob.able  that,  in  some  inst.inccs,  niodein  Indi.ins 
toun<l  prehistoric  bicave  stones,  .is  we  do,  .ind  .id.spted  tiiem  i  iheirg.imes, 
as  1  have  seen  lure,  in  Illinois,  in  early  d;iys,  school  bdvs  ii^r  iluni  .is  ((iioils 
for  ]>ilching,  in  the  g.imc  of  (pioits. 

'I'lie  Indi.iii  g;imc,  in  wliich  round  hurling  stones  were  .in  iniport.int 
fe.'iture,  li.is  Ikcu  seen  .ind  described  Ity  sevcr.d  e,"i\  c>;;ilorcrs;  .iiiioiig 
whom  w;is  .\d.'iir,  wlxi  li;is  given  us  a  concise  .-ind.  i..i 'l-' ubt.  .■iiciiratc  ;ic- 
count  of  it,  as  follows:  "The  w.irriors  h;ivc  .'inoiher  fa voritc  g.inic  calk d 
C7;(M/g7»-f,  wiiii'li,  with  propriety  of  l.ingn.'ige,  may  be  c.illcd  "Kniming  li.ini 
l.'iltiir.'  They  h;ivc  iicir  their  st.ate  house  a  stpiarc  ]ticee  of  ground  well 
cle.iied,  .inil  fine  s.iiid  is  c.irefnlly  strewi'd  over  it.  wIkii  reipiisile,  to  |)ro- 
niote  .'I  swifter  motion  to  wh;il  tlu'y  throw  .doiig  tiie  surf;ice.  <>iil\-  i-m-  or 
two  on  ;i  siiie  Jil.'iy  in  this  ;nKient  game.  r!n.'y  li;ivi-  ;i  stone  .-iboiit  two 
fingiTs  bro.'id  .'It  the  edge,  .'ind  two  spans  .ironnd;  e;Kh].irty  h.'is  .i  jioje 
ol'.'ibout  eight  feel  long,  smooth,  and  t.'ipcring  at  e.ieh  end,  the  points  ll.ii. 
They  set  oO  .ibre.isl  of  each  other  .at  six  y.ards  from  the  end  of  the  play- 
groniid;  then  one  of  tlieiii  hurls  the  stone  on  its  edge,  in  .as  direct  a  line  ;is 
he  cm,  a  i'onsider;ilik' distance  t<»w;ird  tie  middle  of  the  other  end  of  the 
S(piare;  when  they  li.ave  r;in  ;i  lew  yards,  e.ieh  <l.iils  his  pok.  .•niointed  with 
bear's  oil,  with  .a  proper  force  ;is  near  ;is  he  e.in  guess  in  proportion  to  ilie 
motion  of  the  stone,  lh;it  the  end  may  lie  close  to  the  stone;  when  this  is 
the  c!i:;e.  the  person  counts  t  wo  of  the  g.ime.  .■mrl,  in  proportion  to  tlie  ne;ir- 
ness  ol  tile  poles  to  the  marks,  one  is  counted,  unless  b\  me.isiiring,  both 
■  ire  foimd  (o  be  .It  .in  e(|ual  distance  from  the '.tone.  *  •  •  »  •  '|"||^.  burl- 
ing stones  they  use  .it  present  were,  time  iinmenn)rial,  rubbed  snnxtth  on 
the  rocks,  .ind  with  prodigious  l.ibor;  they  .ire  kept  with  the  strictest  ce- 
ligioiis  e.ire  from  on-  genei'.'i tioii  to  .inothci',  ;in(i  ,ire  exempted  from  being 
buried  with  the  dead.  They  belong  to  the  town  where  they  are  used,  .ind 
.are  carefully  i);eserved."  Capt.  Merr..ird  Koiu.aines,  ( 1  77."))  says  the  hurling 
stone  with  which  the  Indians  pl.iv  the  g.anie  of  L'liiin;^l<c  "is  in  shape  of  ;i 
iriu'k,";'.  f.  .a  sm.ill  wheel;  .and  I'r.  I'r.ilz  (1771)  desiribesit  .is  .i  "Mat. 
round  stone,  aliout  three  inches   in   di.amcter,  .and    .in    iiieli  thick,    with    the 


liicnvc  or  Discoifliil  Slnnes. 


l(»r> 


IK 
xt 


I 


edge  somewhat  sloping."  Lieutenant  Timherlake  (17<5r>)  says  it  is  "a 
round  stone,  with  one  llat  side,  and  tlie  other  e(»nvex."  CatUn,  who  saw 
the  game  played  inueh  later,  says  the  hurling  stone  used  was  a  "round 
stone  ring." 

It  will  he  notieed  that  none  of  these  writers,  who  deseribe  the  Indian 
game,  mention  the  hurling  stone  as  having  Intend  indentions.  Those  .\dair 
saw  used,  "two  lingers  hroad  at  the  edge,"  were  eertainly  not  ol  theeom- 
mon  torm  ofhieavi-s  represented  hy  I'ig.  21-7.  He  says  the  CluiDf^kc  stones 
were  not  buried  with  the  de.'id;  l)ut  it  is  well  known  tliat  l)ieave  st()nes  Ire- 
<pienlly  were  so  deposited.  I  have  one  taken  l)y  inyselt'  from  a  stone  grave 
in  Tennessee;  another  I  exhumed  b'om  an  aboriginal  eemetery  in  south- 
eastern Missouri,  and  several  others  reeovered  trom  mounds  and  graves 
ne.ir  A\:  Illinois  river.  JudgingtlK'  preiiistorie  Indians  by  theirdeseeuilantsof 
reeent  times,  we  may  well  rest  assured  that  they  were  not  so  fond  ol  !al)or 
as  to  earve,  from  the  hardest  roeks,  and  lieauliluily  linish.the  l)ieave  stones, 
and  grind  out  the  hollows  on  eaeh  side  with  mkIi  eare  and  preeis-ion,  with- 
out some  welldelined  ])urpose.  .\o  Indian  would  ever  lia\e  lieslowed  the 
.'irdmtus  work  re(|uire<l  to  make  lliest-  cavities,  and  to  round  the  edges  ol 
the  stone,  and  tinely  |>olisIi  it,  tli.'it  in  the  silly  ;ind  stupid  g.'ime  <)( Cliiniiikc 
wnulil  Ik' entirely  useless;  when  .-i  pl:iin  round  stone,  with  tl;it,  or  eoiivex, 
side'<,  would  answer  the  purpose  belter.  Not  one  ol' the  bie.ive  stones  pre- 
sents .abr.Msions,  or  m;irks  ol  attritions  about  its  periphery,  that  would  in 
vari.ibly  be  present  had  it  been  useil  by  hurling  on  a  ii.ird  el.ay  or  sandy 
surl'aee.  .M.any  ol' these  stninge  relies,  by  reason  ol  their  diminutive  size, 
and  the  I'r.igile  maleri.'d  of  whieli  they  li;ive  luen  I'Drmed,  eould  not  possibly 
h.'ive  been  used  in  .any  sueh  game  as  L'Iiiiii,l:I<c.  Tliey  r.inge  in  (ii.imeter 
from  one  ineh,  to  six,  or  eight  inehes;  ;ind  in  material  from  el.iy  to  the 
most  refraelory  erysta.lline  roeks.  In  my  eolleetionis  one,  of  ipi.-irt/  ervstal, 
but  a  Iraelion  over  ;in  ini'h  in  di.imeler;  ,inot  her,  .-i  lit  lie  larger,  is  ol' liiird 
while  el.'iy  tmb.aked;  severid  h.ive  been  Ibund  in  ihis  slate  moulded  from 
pottery  w.are,  (m*  elay.  burned,  and  smoothly  polished;  ;iud  one,  fr()m  an 
Illinois  river  monad,  w  s  seulplured  from  bituminous  sh.ale,  and  finished  to 
a  glossy  |)(»lish.  They  .all  li.ive  the  bil.iler.il  e.ivilies,  .and  the  s.ime  purpose 
w;is  evidently  the  motive  in  the  mamitaeline  of, ill. 

It  is  possible  ih.al  some  ol  them  wt're  g.imin;.:  deviees;  but  surily  it  liu'V 
.all  were  stt  eniployed,  eonsidering  the  \;isl  numbers  of  them  t<iinid,  g.tnib- 
ling  nmst  luive  been  ihe  sole  oeeup.itiou  of  the  n.alive  .Vmerie.an.  (len'l. 
Thruston  s.ays,  "  very  great  numbers  of  them  nmst  h;i\e  been  used  in  Teim- 
essee;"  and  .all  writers  on  prehislorie  remains  in  the  .Mississippi  v.dley  men- 
lion  their  mnnerous  presence.  To  mv  ])erson.il  knowledge  mi>re  than  three 
lunidred  ol  them  h.ave  Iteen  found  within  ,i  radius  of  twenty  miles  .aro\md 
Meardstown,  <;n  ihe  Illinois  river,  and  they  h.:ve  occurred  .about  in  this  pro- 
j/ortion  throughout  the  v.dley  of  the  lower  Illinois,  .and  borders  o!  the  .Miss- 
issippi. They  .ire  heriMUosl  eomnutnly  found  .about  the  old  village  sites  ,ind 
camping  places,  .associ.aled  with  stone  .and  bone  implements  and  camp 
refuse.  I  h.ave  two  sm.all  bicave  stcmes  th.it  were  turned  uj*  by  the  j)low  in 
this  (Cass)  county,  on  old  Indian  e.im|)sites,  .several  miles  .ajKirt,  havini'  ■■ 


'it 

w 

•>  ■■xa 


m 


MM 


I   *■% 


I' 


ri-  '■. 


KK) 


Prehistoric  Implements, 


(Hie-  liollctw  of  each  ii  smooth  ".r'tcrworn  j)cl)l)lf,  as  shown  in  I'ijj;.  21-S.  The 
contact  ol"  the  stone  and  pebble  may  have  been  accidental;  or  may  1)e  evi- 
dence tliat  tlie  two  were  used  together  in  j^aming,  or  sonic  other  |)iiri)ose; 
but,  in  both  cases,  tlie  two  had  l)een  so  lonj;  toj^ether  that  the  calcareo- 
tcrrnj::inons  earth  in  which  they  were  "nibechled  cemented  them  so  lirmly 
that  some  force  was  necessary  to  separate  tliem. 


l-iK.  -ju;. 


li«.    L'J-K. 


FiR.a+O. 

Tlie  real  Chiw^kv  stones  used  by  the  Indians,  and  in  every  way  well 
adapted  to  the  re(|nirements  of  that  jffime,  are  not  unfrcij  lently  discovered, 
particularly  in  the  south,  where  that  j^amc  was  most  in  vojjue.  The  speci- 
men of  it  shown  in  ri>;.  24'9  was  found  in  the  debris  of  an  old  Indian  villa>i:e 
in  Phillips  county,  Arkansas.  The  stone  is  a  hard,  yellowish  .|uart/ite, 
three  and  three-fourths  inches  in  diameter  ("two  spans  around"),  and   an 


liknve  (if  Discoidnl  Stones. 


10 


>i 


itK'li  and  thrct'-(|uarU"rs  in  tliickness  in  the  center;  willi  l)<)tli  sides  eonvex, 
and  ed};es  s(|uare,  an  ineli,  or  more,  ("width  ot'two  tinj^-^ers")  wide.  Tliey 
are  classed  as  "diseoidals,"  and  are  seen  in  all  tnuseunis  and  other  laruv 
eolieetions. 

The  old  idea,  sonietinies  still  advc'inecd,  thc'it  liieave  stones  were  intended 
for  paint  mortars,  is  scarcely  worthy  of  notice.  Oidy  an  idiot  woidd  think 
ot  ni;diinj.i  a  mortar  on  o])|)osite  sides  of  the  same  rocU;  or  excavatiiiji.  lor 
that  i)ur|)ose,  both  sides  of  a  circular  stone  l)ut  an  inch  in  diameter;  or  ol 
constrnctinj^j  a  mortar  olday.ixtttery.  or  shale.  The  cavities  ot  the  linished 
hicaves  are  never  stri'.ted,  or  ronj^hened.  as  wotdd  he  the  case  it  l)rou;,dit  in 
contact  with  stone  pestles;  but  present  the  rej,fnlarity  of  proijortion.'-.  and 
smoothness  of  surface,  that  could  only  l)e  produced  by  a  rot.itin;j;  instru- 
ment, probably  of  wood.  In  a  few  of  the  bicave  stones  it  seems  lli.il 
this  rot.'iry  i;rindin>;  processcontinues  aslony  ;is  they  were  in  use.  iiradually 
carryinji  the  cavities  down  deei)er;  but  in  tlic  j^reater  mnnber  the  cavities 
were  evidently  <iinV  to  the  speeitied  dcptii  to  fit  them  for  their  intended  use, 
and  then  ])olislKil.  Occasionally  in  one,  or  both  cavities  of  a  stone  are  seen 
incised  lines  in  the  form  of  a  liird's  track,  which,  no  doubt,  had  some  siyni- 
ficint  nic;ininj,j;  connected  willi  the  stoii«  s  oIVki  It  is  often  thec.isc  that 
these  stones  are  found — as  are  ^ometiin"M<  ivlts,  uroov  id  axes,  etc.— satu- 
rated, or  heavily  coated,  with  oily  pij^Mieni.  accumulau-d  ai)i).'irently  l)y 
lonj^  contact  with  .itiini;!]  t.it.  If  one  in  this  condition  is  b. uled  in  w.'iter. 
or  subjected  to  immersion  in  a  concentr.'ited  solution  <>',  sal  soda,  for  ,i  few 
hours,  the  j^reasy  matter  will  be  ixtr.icted  and  seen  tloatin^r  on  tin.  surf;iec 
of  the  li(|uid,  and  the  stone  will  be  cl>  an  ;md  britriit  is  in  its  •►rivinal 
uatur.il  state.  This  tact,  toj.;ether  with  their  yreat  numbers,  tht-ir  wide 
distribution,  their  various  dimensions,  lomis.  .and  (le;;rees  of  fine  liitish,  and 
their  presence  in  old  viila;.;e  sites  .and  cimp  reluse,  stroniily  su;.;^esi  the 
prob.ability  of  their  economic  use  as  domestic  implements.  Tome  they  .ire 
the  moM  incomiuehensible  ol  all  prehisturic  stone  relics.  In  our  i;.iiior.mce 
of  primitive  Indian  lite  we  know  of  no  industry  or  art  i>ractise<l  retpiirinj,; 
th'jsc  round  bicave  stones.  They  cannot  re .i son. ably  be  placed  in  either  of 
those  illy-delined  and  (|uestionable  d.isscs  styled  "ceremonials,"  "ch.irms," 
.»r  "tal  sman""";  nor  can  we  .issi<.,n)  them  to  the  c;itaj.rorv  of  ornaments,  oi- 
werip(Hi'«      Were  they  tools  of  the  potter,  weaver,  or  b.asket  m.iker?' 


t 


I 


y    '.ii  !■ 


i 


V 


1  (5S 


I'rch  is  t  (trie  Ituplcnwn  t  s. 


M 


\i 


AdIUTIONAI,    I.NroKMATKlX. 

Many  colkvtnrs  rrsidiii;^  in  Iowa,  Missouri,  cUv,  have  sen t  hk'  plioto- 
i^raplis  .'ind  Mrawinj^s. 

Mr.  jas|>;.'r  Hrowii.  of  Norway,  Iowa,  has  a  larj,'c' cahiiul.  He  possesses 
a  very  rude  ;.iroo\ed  axe  found  I'J  feet  hi'low  the  surlhei.'.  The  j^roove  is 
wide  and  sliallow.  He  rejjorts  ornaments  and  oilier  ol)jeets  typieal  ot  the 
Plains  and  Miildle  Soutli  liorder.  An  ornament  (like  the  fourth  one  to  the 
ri;;;ht  ot  />  in  V\'^.  .'?)  had  lonj.;  |)roieetions  al  the  lower  end.  There  were  live 
notehes  near  the  jn'rloration.  Several  larj;e  flint  spears,  hut  smaller  than 
I'iji.  U'J.'{,  have  been  found.  Hematite  is  not  rare.  He  reports  one  eopper 
spear-head. 

.V  ;ienlleman  residinj.^  in  Wajielow  County,  Iowa,  makes  drawiu;j;s  of 
sueh  sjieeimens  as  have  already  been  shown.  In  addition  he  illustrates  nulc 
axes  (not  polished)  and  larj^e,  rou^h  knives. 

Mr.  Iv.  H.  Collins,  of  Cherokee,  Iowa,  has  many  eurious  ohjeets  in  his 
eolleetion.  Some  earvinj,'s  on  stone  a])pear  to  have  been  m.ade  by  Plains 
tribes.  Several  odd  sha])ed  eatliniie  pipes;  a  fme  bonelish  hook,  rare  in  his 
region;  a  earvin^i  of  .1  bufr.do  done  on  stone;  pottery  handles  and  decor- 
.'itions,  etc.,  he  has  l)eads  and  other  ornaments  from  this  rijirion.  jasper  wis 
freiiuently  found  in  the  South,  but  is  usually  fashioned  into  arrow  or  spear 
l)oints  ;ind  seldom  made  into  ornaments. 

In  some  of  the  jiottery  has  been  observed  earbonized  fruit  anil  food.* 
A  valuable  paper  ap])eared  in  the  Ameriean  .\uthropolo;.jist,  volume  .">, 
paj^e  (>7,  by  i'rolessor  Holmes,  entitled  "Studies  in  Al)orij,Mnal  Heeorative 
.\rt.'"  His  ri'uiarks  on  the  pottery  of  the  South  .\ppalaehian  e;'.'"i  henware 
are  jiartieularlv  valuable  to  students  of  this  seelion.  Cu])ped  and  pitted 
stones  are  very  numen>us  in  the  Middle  South  but  will  be  deseribed  in  a 
later  seetion. 

Mr.  [oe.  (i.  Vouufi,  of  Hellevue,  Iowa,  kindlv  m.idefor  me  ;in  illustration 
of  the  larjj;est  broad  spear-head  I  ever  saw.  Vx^i,.  '-2',\  reproduees  it  lidl  size. 
It  was  found  near  Mellevue.  The  material  is  a  peeulin  (piartzite;  j,M'eyish 
with  -I  tendenev  to  pink  shades  in  spots.  It  is  a  very  beautiful  spjeiuien 
and  doubtless  has  few  eipials  in  .North  Ameriea.  In  this  statement  I  waive 
the  lonj4,  narrow  eeremoiiials  of  obsidian,  llint,  ete.  .\  few  nearly  this 
larjie  have  been  diseovered  In  \\'ise<msiu  and  elsewhere. 

Stone  tubes  are  thouyhi ,  l)y  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson,  to  have  been  musie.-d 
instruments.!  However,  he  ipialiiies  liis  opinion  by  statin^^  that  the  larj^ar 
lubes  may  have  been  Nueh. 

Sto.ni-;   Trins,    I'ossim.i';   .Mi  sicai.    I.nstui'.mk.nts. 

"Ill  I  III'  .N.'il  Kiiiiil  M  II M' II I II  iii't'  a  litiinlKT  ot  sliiiic  I  ill  its  <>l  in  liiidrii'iil  .iiiil  ntlicr  tin  ins,  iil 
ilit1i'i«-iU  Ifii^llis.  'I'lic  Mli.illiT  iims,  olliii  (iiilv  a  U  \v  iii»li»>  l<  \\)i.  Iiaxt-  I  »«ii  tl  (  17  lit  to  In- 
iiriiamriii  -  A  vaiittv  ol  iim-s  aii'  .iMiilitil  to  I  hi'  larjitT  olijiits,  tlu-  ninst  plaiu  ilili'  hi-ilt); 
tli.il  l>\  tile  iiu'ilu'iiK'  nun  toi-  ilu'  initciKkil  iiiii'  ol  iHm-.im'.  Tluii  ii>«-  lor  Miiokiiijj.  or  .•i>- 
w  liistli-s  or  r.alU  lias  also  liini  Mii.:),;i-sti'<l.  I'v  |)ro|ur  inaiii|  illation  tluv  will  (inil  .1  'oitml 
wliirli  tan  lif  l'»  ml  tor  (|iiiu-  ;i  (list.iiii  c.  .■mil  it  is  |iossiliU'  lliiv  wti  i-  n>-iMl  lor  thai  ]iiii|iom'. 
I'll  is  rcin.'irU  apiilics  to  tlit'  1 11 1  it's  wliiili  liavt- 1' vliuili  it  al  holts  ilrilkil  almost  tlif  1 11  tilt  It  r^  ill 
.mil  tlit'ii  liiiisiit'il  »illi  out'  of  siiiiilli-i  ilianitttr.  :ir,il  also  to  tlit'  t'lass  wiiitli  liavf  liiti  iiital 
holts,  haviiit:  littii  ilrilltil  Ironi  Imili  ftnls,  .iinl  thin  stoo|vil  out  willi  a  tool  so  iliat  tht'  holt- 
I'tiiiloi  ins  soint'wli.'it  to  tl  f  oiirliiii-  .inil  is  sinalli'st  in  tiif  ttiittr.  TlifM-  oliiitts.  it  iimsiral  in- 
st  I  nnit'iils.  wiTf  not  whist  fs  linl  li  iiin|itts,  tor  tlif  sunn  1 1  tan  oiilv  It'  iiiailc  l>\  lilov  iiij;  in  iIk' 
saint'  iiiaiiiici  as  art  instniiiicnts  ol  that  tiass.  1  lit'  inalirials  art'  iiMially  m  apsli  iif,  l.imiltil 
slale,  ami  t'hiorilf,  altlion^li  s)it'i'iiiit'ns  of  sjiiulsloiii' an-  not  wanting."  .\lr.  J.l).  Mi'tiiiirft 
seems  L(>  I'oiisiili'r  that  the  tiilics  wfrr  .ill  iistil  tor  smokiii);. 

*Ko<it]iiints  ot  VaiiishctI  k.iit's  in  tht-  Mississiiipi    V.illt'.v.'"  \.   \.  (."onaiit.    Si,  I  onis,  l.s""). 
i  I'rehisiorK-  .Vrt;   •»!  the  origin  ol  .\rt  .is  Maiiiltstiil    in  1  lit'    Works   ot    rrcliistiirit'    Man; 
Wilson,  Sniilli^'itiian  l<!t'|iort  "'.MJ,  )i.    .''iNl. 

i:l'i)K's  ami  Smoking  Ciisloiiis  x>l  the   .XiiU'ritan  .Miorigiiu's,   SiiiilliMiniaii    Kr|  orl,  '1)7. 


CONTH'ATION  OK  TIIK   MiDDI.K  SolTII. 


Col.DNKL   V(HIX<;'S  Col.l.KCTlON. 

I  have  always  said  that  Knitucky  has  been  slijjJitcd  by  arcliacoloj^nsts 
Wlu-n  thi'  surveys  jj;ct  to  work  tht-rc  they  will  frnd  it  otic  of  the  richest  sec- 
tions in  the  .Mississii)|)i  Valley.  Very  reiiiarkal)lc  speciinciis  in  point  ol 
linish  and  desi^^n  have  come  to  lij^ht,  and  I  suppose  Col.  Heiuiett  H.  Voiin;;. 
of  l/ouisville,  has  the  largest  .'ind  best  exhibit  in  the  st.'ite.  Truly,  it  should 
l)e  considered  a  private  museum.  C«)l.  Voun;.;  has  very  kindly  made  lor  me 
numerous  illustrations  ot  some  of  his  treasures  and  I  only  rcj.;ret  that  lack 
of  space  i)revents  my  printin;.j  all  his  remarks  in  full. 

One  of  the  stranj.iest  thinj.(s  in  Middle  South  archaeoloj.jy  is  the  hij;h  art 
exhibited  in  the  exceedinj;ly  small  jioints  foiiiid  at  Moccasin  Mend,  Teinics- 
see  river. 

The  various  illustrations  of  these  little  jjjems  will  >;ive  readers  an  idea  of 
their  beautv,  so  f;ir  as  outline  is  concerned.  lUit  it  is  to  be  re.urettcd  lliat 
the  colors  cannot  be  shown.  In  short,  the  illustrations  do  not  do  the 
objects  juslicc. 

Col.  Voun^  has  the  larj.jest  collection  of  these  small  Tennessee  arrow- 
points  in  this  country.  Not  more  than  ."jOO  have  l)een  found,  and  he  li.is  in 
his  cal)inel  a  collection  of  .'{">().  Tlicy  have  attracted  ;itlention  and  cre;ile<l 
much  interest  wherever  exhibited  and  lor  a  Ion;.;  time  many  people  were 
disposed  to  l)elieve  they  were  comiterfeit  productions  of  the  ])resenl  time. 
In  order  to  satisfy  himselt  of  the  ;d»sulute  authenticity  and  <;;enuineiicss  ol 
these  arrow-i)oiiits.  Col.  Vounj;,  on  two  occasions,  visited  the  place  where 
they  were  found.  lie  crawled  on  his  hands  and  knees  over  the  sand,  silling 
it,  and  after  three  days  hard  work  secured  two  very  line  specimens  .'ind 
found  hundreds  of  lu'oken  pieces,  showinj;  that  these  .irrow  he, ids  were 
m.ide  at  .Moccasin  point  in  l.iryc  lunnbers.  Tiie  spawls  from  the  ;i>:;itt.  ;ind 
Hint  are  still  found  in  K'oj^c  (pi.intities;  but  wli.itcvcr  r.icc  ni.ide  tiicin 
h.ad  evidently  .attained  the  hij.jhest  possil>le  skill  .and  perfection  in  the 
manul.iclure  of  arrow  heads  .and  ol)t.'iined  ;i  knowledue  which  had 
not  been  communiciled  to  other  lril)es,  for  in  the  s.inie  locality,  williin  a 
inmdred  miles  of  this  point,  no  similar  articles  h.ave  ever  been  found. 

I  m.ike  (|uotalions  from  Col.  Voun;.;'s  letters  of  description  "'I'hc  most 
unnsu.al  of  the  objects  on  this  card  is  the  llinl  lisii  hook,  wiiicli  h.is  ;i  well 
deliiied  b.iib.  The  sm.ill  drills  at  the  top  of  the  plate  .-nid  one  .it  llic 
bottom  ;ire  very  uimsual,  some  have  scpLare,  sonu  h.i\e  rounded  licids. 
.\I1  of  tliese  came  from  Willi.ims  Island  in  the  Teimessee  river,  .at  Moccasin 
Mend.  They  .irenot  only  of  splendi<l  material — ni.iny  of  them  bcinj^  of  .lyatc 
— !)ut  the  points  are  very  sharj),  the  serr.ation  i-*  rejiul.ir  ami  even,  .ind  the 
shoulders  to  tiie  |)oints  .are  not  only  very  nmch  prolon,!.;cd    but  the   points 

These  were  evidentlv  ni.ade  in  niodeni  times,    Itisini 


'  'Mi 

"A 
^'<  ji 


I  if 


nil 


■  u'c  liiK'  .i'^  a   needle 

possil)le  to  conceive  of  such  serrations   on  arrow 


head 


s  of  such  small  bize 


170 


Prehistoric  Inij>lcttwnts. 


without  the  usi-  oriiK'tril  impk-ini-nts  of  sonu'  kind,  cither  tor  the  puqiose  ol' 
s.'iwiiijj:  tile  in.'iteri.'il  iVoni  which  these  points  were  made  or  for  the  purpose 


oi'euttiii^  tl\eni." 


F'i;,'.  i;r><l.     Col.  Viiimir's  .MiiiiUf  Points  liniii  'l\iiiiesstc.    S.  1-1. 


^     s-     ^- 


/2  A 


^ 


t^ 


> 


U 


\\". 


A         ^         ^ 

F'if,'. -r>l.     S.    II.     Col.  \oimj,''s  C'olliTtioii. 
Some  o(  Col    N  oiiii!,''s  sni.illcst .    }I<  sent  inc  '_".!  ol  llicsttor  Mis)iiition  rind  I  do  not  licsil.-ilr 
ill  sa\  ill).;  tli.it  tluv   aif  iiiai  vtis  ol  skill  and  lieantv.     I  i-an  j^ivf  no  reason  for  tluir  uianiitav 
tiirt',  itorcaii  1  itiui  rive  lui\y  llu\  toiild  lie  ilii|i|r<(|  dmvn  so  small. 


I-ij,'.  LT.L'.  S.    l-:<. 
Tlictwo  lon);cst  ol  tlic  arrow  htads  in  tins  lolUctioii  wcif  found  on    the   p 
trail    wliieli  led  Iroin  .\leiti|iliis,    Tenn  ,  up   Uiroiiyli    Kentiiekv   to   the  Ssih    Siiriny^  at    iiltK 


rent    Imtlali/ 


7 


The  Mi(hlk'  Smith. 


171 


I  ioks.  It  is  I'xacllv  (i  iiii'lics  in  li'iinlli  and  is  vtTv  hiaiiliUil;  it  was  i-viili'iilly  \isfil  toi  th» 
killing  III   IiiiII'mIo. 

"111!  iiixt  iMif  is  "i  iiiclu's  ill  U-iii;lli  ami  was  likewise  rmiiiil  un  (lie  liiiD'aIn  Irail.  wliili 
llio  liiird  one  is  1-'  i  iiielies  lony  ami  was  alsn  .iiiiiid  l  lieie. 

"Iliese  l)iitValii  were  liie  lirst  ami  liesl  cii)iiii<(is  thai  ex|p|<>rvil  Keiiliieky.  Tra  veliii^;  liniii 
tlie  praiiifs  <>l  the  West  to  the  sail  liiks  so  almiidaiK  in  Keiitiaky,  they  had  trails  as  Iniij;  as 
r>(MI  miles,  1111(1  when  in  nuxlern  limes  railroad  en^iitieers  Intiiid  it  neeesi^iiiy  to  survey  the  liest 
riiiite  loi  railways,  it  »vas  disi-oveied  ih.at  these  Imllalo  liy  llieii  early  r\|i|<)i  .it  iims  h.ul 
iilreadv  traeed  the  liest  lines  lor  travel,  whether  liv  loot  or  liv  rail." 


■)'  ii  'I 


.-r::^T7- 


-^'TxiTj^S'^vx:!. 


'■^m^ 


I'i);.  L'.'.;i  S  M.  The  Hilled  ^;  eaiheail 
111  this  eiil  Is  .s  iiulirs  loiii;  and  J 
iiiehes  wide.  Il  was  loiiiid  in  Wnodlord 
iciiinly,  KeiiltK  li\ .  It  is  an  iiMiisiial  sli.ipe 
;iiid  was  iimie  than  iikely  nsed  .as  a  s|ie.ii 
lu;id  in  I  he  destrnetioii  ot  linlialo.  Tlie 
others  i.iiiu-  trom  Cenlr.al  Kflitliekv. 


■■:1 


^^^^Miit^. 


ate 

lav 


I'iH.  'J.'il-.  S.  .ihmit  1  :i.  riirsi 
drills  and  spear  heads  e;ime  tioiii  tin 
'reniicssee  river  near  Williams  Island 
(not  lar  trom  the  lamniis  .Moee.isin 
Mend),  .i  short  dislaiue  helow  (."hat 
lanoojja  They  are  made  ol'  various 
lliiils  and  .ij^.-iles.  The  S|,ir.i|  )ioiiil:- 
were  loiiiid  in  a  j^iave  iie.ii  the  livei 
li.'iiik 


i 


If'' 


ill.' 
line 


Fit;.  -■>"'  S.  1-1.  Minute  point  Iroin  l»r.  II  .\1.  Wlielnley's  eolleetion.  St.  l.ouis.  It  was 
(ilso  t'oiiiid  .It  .Mcx'ciisiil  Mend.  Contrast  this  one  with  the  iinmeiise  lioiiuh  iiLpleiiunt 
shown  ill  I-'i^.  '2^y^  and  yon  will  I'orin  a  eoneeption  ol'  the  raii^'e  and  variety  ol  pieiiis 
torie  .•\inericaii  Hint  weapons  and  tools. 


172 


I  i!. 


i 


ti 


I'rchis  t  or  if  I  in  f  tie  nun  t  s . 


!■' I  y. '_',".(;.     S.I   1       Siii.ill  .iirriw  lu;i(l  I'mii.       'sf-issii  pi.     This    is    ,il  (Mit    .-is    mii.iII    .is    it« 
IdiiikI  Mill  III    Tt'iiiU'SMc  ill  llic  Sriiitliiiiiil    is    ml .  ..diiifd    liy    w.iv    <il  ('i>ni|i:iriMOi. 


KiK  l.'.'i7.  S.  1  ,"  This  iivf  \v;is  fniiiiil  tu'.ir  SoiiuTstl  I'lilii^ki  iniiiitv,  K»n- 
I  iii'kv,  close  to  thi'  w.'itcrs  III  tile  (.'iilllliciiiinii  rivir.  It  is  iiiiHlf  ol  shi tc  .-itiil  is  till - 
iisu.il  in  th.it  il  h;is  ;i  j^M'oovc  oil  it  ;iiiil  ;i  (jii'f  ill  wllicllthi'  iiioiit  h,  iiosi' iiiiil  f\  l'^> 
.iiT  |iiilritlv  (lisliiut  mill  (.;ivis  this  iixe  thf  ii|i|i('!ii'aiU'('  nt  ii  sktUli.ii  It  it.  liniii- 
liliilly  |ioUsliv'il. 


fii.f  I  I  .'l^4f^  '  ,j 


f'in.  -•'•N.  S.  1-1.'.  Cul.  \i)(iii),'  siiys  "It  IS  II  iI;ij,'j;it;  yon  f.'ifl 
liftciniiiif  this  l>\  llic  ilcprcssioii  iil.  the  Uasv  whi-rc  it  wotilil  lie  Uvlil 
i'l  'lir  li.-mil 


-Mill.     S.      1- 


S(o(iC 


kiiik 


Col.      \oii 


i-ii     sent     iiic 


llitsithrec  liilfs|KTimriis.    TIk'i 


.lie     ;i     il.iil 


leililisli     liriiwir 


stoiif.    iiiiUiiown.    vei  V     lii^jhlv 
(lolisheil   .-mil  e\iniliiij;ly  nirf. 


T 


The  Middle  Soiilh. 


V'\)i.    '.TiU.     S.   11.     "IdiiiiDt  ktmw  v\li;il  thin  \v;i> 

IIMli    till  I    Milt    tllis   to   till'    SlIlltllMlllMII    lll>.lillltl(lll    llll 

llu'iii  til  ill  tci  iiiiiir  till  11,'iliiH'  anil  I  hiiriii  til  ul  tlit 
Kliiiif.  lull  lluv  iiiiijtl  mvr  iiu'  nil  >.;m>liu  till  \  vl.ilf- 
liiriit  III  svliMl  it  wiifi  iir  wliiH'  it  laiiu'  trdiii.  TIum 
lliHT  .ntulfs  Wfir  tiiiinil  in  a  iiirlii-  nl  .1  link  in  I'liu- 
tniiiiiit.iin.  Hi'll  I'linntv.  Kv.  At  ilit  saiiu  lime  srvi'al 
aniiw  luails  were  liinm'.  I  have  Iiitii  iiIiIc  In  ;,'«'I  uiiIn 
niu'  III  the  ari'iiW'lieaiN.  The  >tiiiie  is  very  nniiMial  anil 
the  rnii>h  i?-  alMi  virv  titif.  Thev  were  lininil  li\  amal 
iniiiei  wliii^-ave  tin  111  in  a  |ili\  ^ieian,  lioiii  whiiin  I  jjiit 
iheiii  at  Jelli'ii,  K  \ .  i  know  nntliin^L;  ol  tlieir  lii>i'ii\ 
cxeept  the  i«laleiiietlt><  nl  1  lie  ineii  at*  >;iven  In  ine,  Imt 
they  are  verv  haiiilsinne  N|ieeiineiis  and  I  value  I  hem 
hijjhly."  ThlK  iilijeet  is  j^rniiveii  anil  has  a  very  sharp 
e.l),'e. 


Ci»l.  Vouiiji  sinils  iiK-  ;t(l(lili()n.il  iiiitis  lunririiin;^  his  pijirs  ilhisliiiUd 
on  panics  ir>.")  ami  \r>S.  I'nrorlinialcly.  iIil-si-  i.jiiiu'  too  lalv  lo  lie  iiisi-rlcil 
in  their  ])n)pcr  places. 

01' I'i;.!.  '2'J'>  lie  says,  "This  pipe  was  toiindin  N'ieholas county,  Kenliu-kv, 
on  the  h.inUsot'lhe  LieUinn  river,  near  the  lllue  Lieks  h.-iltle  field.  It  is  lo'- 
inelies  lonjj,  and  \vei;j;hs  -I-' ■_>  pounds.  On  ilsliaek  it  haslwo  holes  lor  smoke, 
whieh  are  united  at  the  bottom.  The  tohaeeo  was  evidently  pl.ieed  in  either 
of  these  two  holes  or  howls,  and  the  pipe  stem  was  inserted  on  the 
o|»posite  side.  It  re|)resenls  a  huj^e  jj;reen  Iroji  sneh  as  are  loimd  in  Ken- 
tucky, with  white  helly.  While  the  artistic  ]toints  ;ire  crude,  they  are  yet  a 
most  raithlnl  representation  ol  this  animal.  The  pipe  was  pl.iccd  mi  the 
nronnd  and  Iroi'i  it  the  smoke  came  thronnh  the  hack." 

()t  I-'in.  2.'{r>.  Col.  \'oun;.i  says:  "This  pipe  has  ;m  unusual  history. 
It  was  lound  in  a  mound  in  Hart  eiuinty,  near  the  U.inks  oj  (".iceii  ii\er. 
The  mound  was  hnilt  on  the  hottmn  lands  ol' (iieeii  river  and  was  covered 
with  very  larye  tiinl)er;  on  the  top  (•!  the  mound  in  which  this  jiipc  was 
loimd  was  an  immense  heech  tree.  The  liceeh  tree  was  blown  down  and  in 
the  roots  of  the  tree,  this  pipe,  in  several  pieces  was  discovered.  It  was 
taken  out  and  the  pieces  were  ingeniously  put  tonether  hy  Col.  Koht.  .Mum- 
ford,  lately  deceased,  who  was  one  of  the  most  distinj^uished  ;ireli;icol(ij.;ist 
in  Kentucky.  Alter  preservinj.i  it  lor  many  years,  he  j^^ave  it  to  me.  It 
is  17  inches  lon;i.  the  stem  is  S  inches  in  circumteretiee  and  the  huwl 
is  l-'i  inches  in  width."  It  weij^hs  S  pounds.  It  is  made  Irom  oolitic 
limestone. 

Ok.sa.mkxts.  ktc.  i-kom  Mk.  Wiivk's  Coi.i.ia  tio.n. 

Ikl'ore  eompletinji  the  Middle  South  section  I  desire  to  present  11  stone 
ornaments  or  eereiuonials  from  Mr.  James  Wier's  collection,  Muscatine, 
Iowa.     Some  are  oecasionallv  found  hut  most  of  them  ;ire  rare. 


>m 

m 


h.H 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


m  _ 
S  IIIIIM 

L6 


lis 
1^ 


—  IIIM 
IIM 

12.0 


1^ 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

M 6"     - 

► 

my 


^ 


w 


/a 


'/a 


e3 


o 


^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


t<p 


174 


Prehistoi  ic  Implements. 


n 


u     (triKMi'iit  willi  llulcd  cuds. 

/)     K;ii-'- CLri.'iUDiiial  (?)  |K.T!"<)r;ite(l,  curved  and  haviiij^a  liroad,   sliarji  l/ladc-cdfje. 
c     r-ilsiiowu  ccvcinoiiial. 

./  Tlii.i ')l)it'CL  is  of  pyramid  t";)iti)   perforated    tliroujili  like  a   "hutlertly  ceremonial"  and 
also  ])ert'oraled  from  upper  to   lower  surface.     The  areliaeolojj^ical  wi.se  men  of  tlie  mnsenms 
will  have  l.o  name  it. 

c    .\  lonj;  ornament,  very  nicely  made. 

n 


Fig.  262.   S.  1-2. 


r 


Th'.  ivikklle  South. 


175 


,    .«s 


Fij;.  2C)_'.     TIicJ.'is.  Wicr  tolltct:  -ii. 

!i     Lonji  oriianif' -,  niif  ]KMlV)iation  ;m(l  fiioovc-d.     I'nkiiowii. 
/)     Boat  shaped  ccrcinauial  ofgraiiit,-, 
c    OniaiiicMit  with  lilies  cut  across  each  end. 
il    Till)!.'  like  stone,  unknown. 

In    the  center,   typical  Middle  South  hanner-stone  of  white   and   jiiiik   (|uartx.     rerl'or- 
.'itcd.     A  line  object. 

WiiKRE  Specimens  May  re  Procured. 


I  receive  many  letters  from  students  requestinj;  information  as  to  where 
they  cfin  purchase  specimens,  and  as  to  the  best  locahties  for  field  searching, 
buying  of  farmers,  etc.  Missouri,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Tennessee,  (ieor<jia,  Ken- 
tucky and  Mississippi  are  not  overrun  In'  collectors  and  if  persons  can  visit 
certain  counties  in  those  states  I  think  that  the}'  will  be  able  to  secure  many 
ancient  olyects  at  reasonable  prices. 

A  few  "dealers"  in  archaeological  material  are  reliable  and  hon- 
est. But  many  have  sold  bogus  "relics"  as  "genuine  prehistoric  art 
forms,"  etc.  A  bill  is  now  (April  10th.)  before  congress  to  make  "relic" 
counterfeiting  and  the  destruction  of  monuments  a  penitentiary  offense. 

As  was  intimated  on  page  18,  the  bcPt  way  to  enlarge  a  cal)inet  is  to 
visit  a  rich  territory  and  carefully  canvass  it.  Wheeling  is  out  of  the  (pie.s- 
tion  in  many  places;  a  horse  and  buggy  being  necessary,  for  the  roads  are 
rough.  A  i)arti<'d  list  of  localities  is  as  follows:  Southeastern  Mo.;  Southern 
Ills.;  the  great  valleys  of  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee;  Licking,  Ross 
and  Scioto  ccmnties,  Ohio;  the  Knawha  Valley,  W.  Va.;  Eastern  Iowa;  the 
Illinois  Valley,  (southern  part)  Ills.;  the  cemetery  region  of  Mcin])his, 
Natchez,  Greenville,  Paducah,  Enola,  etc.,  of  the  South;  New  Madrid  Co., 
Mo.;    Poinsett,  Cross,  Crittenden  Cos.,  Ark.;  Eastern  Indian  Territory,  etc. 

Small  collections  are  in  the  hands  of  farmers,  doctors,  storekeejiers  and 
boys  throughout  this  vast  region.  Some  want  much,  others  can  be  bought 
for  a  dollar  or  so.  There  arc  no  set  values  and  the  cost  of  a  rare  object  or 
of  a  collection  dejK'uds  on  two  things:  how  keen  the  purchaser  is  to  jxisscss 
it,  and  the  price  desired  by  the  owner.  Most  of  the  more  valuable  collec- 
tions have  been  bought  by  museums.  Single  rjirc  objects  may  be  had  of 
the  three  or  four  dealers  of  good  reputation. 

Pottery  used  to  be  ccmnnon  in  the  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Tennessee 
region,  but  now  ni;iny  farmers  demand  money  for  "digging  privileges"  and 
the  most  accessible  sites  are  explored.  The  largest  collection  of  really  goo<l 
niater-ial  sale  now  f(»r  from  the  Midtlle  South  that  I  know  of  is  owned  by 
the  legal  lirm,  Messrs.  Poguc  X:  Pogue,  P.  S.  Hank  Building,  Cincinnati,  O. 
It  formerly  lielongcd  to  a  well-known  collector  who  spent  many  years  and 
a  large  suui  in  its  acciunulation.  It  is  on  exhibition  in  the  Cincinnati  Art 
Museum. 

There  arc  100  fine  v«'*Jsels,  bowls,  etc.,  and  5  large  idols  in  it.  There 
may  be  other  objects,  for  aught  I  am  aware.  The  idols  range  froni  20  to 
2S  inches  in  height  and  weigh  .'j5  to  40  pounds  each.    All  are  well  made. 


I 


176 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I 


S 


Collectors  who  do  not  travel  in  search  of  specimens  are  often  able  to 
secure  them  by  correspondence.  I  have  no  faith  in  the  scheme  of  exchange 
resorted  to  by  bejifinners.  As  a  rule,  it  is  simply  a  "gouge  game"  in  which 
Mr.  Z.  expects  to  trade  his  worthless  things  for  Mr.  X's  best  material. 
There  are  exceptions;  notably  the  exchanges  of  museums  and  well-known 
collectors,  the  exchange  of  books,  reports,  etc.  for  specimens.  If  a  beginning 
collector  can  secure  the  addresses  of  owner.s  of  good  cabinets  West  or 
South,  he  is  frccjuently  able  to  buy  worthy  things  at  a  reasonable  figure  for 


Fi{j.  203.     S.  about  1-7. 

Two  stone  idols  from  Tennessee,  I'ogiie  &   I'ogue  collection,   Cincinnati.      Five  idols  of 
(liffeienl  form  were  found  in  one  burial  place. 


cash.  What  an  advanced  and  experienced  collector  considers  "duplicate" 
is  often  very  accci)tal)le  to  the  beginner  or  the  man  of  limited  means. 
Among  reliable  collectors  the  word  duplicate  does  not  imply  poor,  broken 
objects.  I  would  sviggest  the  correspondence  method  to  those  who  cannot 
leave  home  to  collect.  Every  student  who  is  able  should  spend  his  vacations 
in  some  good  locality  and  personally  collect.  He  will  never  regret  a  sum- 
mer so  spent.  The  collector  who  desires  "something  for  nothing"  will  meet 
with  the  same  ill  success  that  men  in  business  do  who  take  that  selfish 
mott<.  tothemselves. 


The  Middle  South. 


Ill 


to 
ch 

Ell. 

vn 

">? 
or 
or 


Fig.  264.    S.  1-5.  Fi.r.  265.    S.  1-5 

.\rk:iiisas  mound  i)ottery;    Fof^tie  &  Pogiie  collection;  Cincinnati. 


iMg.  206.     S.  1-5.  Fig.  267.     S.  1-5. 

The  ixnter.v  is  like  that  from  the  Middle  South  illustrated  elscwlierc  in  this  volume. 
Fig.  26  k     .\  tall  jar  with  eiilarge<l  hase  (perforated)    and   slender  neck.      These   i)erfora- 
tions  are  ornamental  and  are  sometimes  observed  in  the  bases  of  pottery. 
Fig.  265.     Tall  jar  with  enlarged  base  and  thick  neck. 
Fig.  266.     Typical  urn  or  jar,  witli  short  neck  and  large  body. 
Fig.  267.     Eating  dish  or  bowl. 

IVIakylani)  West  Virginia,  ViwiiiNiA,  etc. 

The  upper  Potomae,  Kanawha  and  portions  of  states  named  above  lie 
between  the  region  deseriljcd  by  Mr.  Berlin  and  the  Middle  South.  Many 
coUeetors  residinj^  there  have  written  me  and  sent  photographs  or  draw- 
ings.    There  is  much  published  information,  also. 

Mr.  Robert  W.  Gordon,  of  Cumberland,  Marxdand,  has  kindlv  furnished 
me  with  many  f^iets  regarding  the  Potonuie  valley  and  portions  of  the  Vir- 
ginias.    I  am  sorry  that  I  cannot  reproduce  his  letter  in  full. 

"Situated  as  Cumberland  is,  at  the  junction  of  the  north  branch  of  the 
Potomac  (called  Cohongoronto,  by  the  Indians),  and  W'  ;  Creek  (or 
Caiuctecuc)  and  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  great  gorge,  through  the  moun- 
tains known  as  The  Narrows,  it  was  especially  adapted  for  a  trading  cen- 
ter, or  the  gathering  place  of  large  war  parties.  Ancl  the  many  evidences  of 
camps  along  the  river  at  narrow  places,  where  it  is  overhung  by  beetling 
cliffs  and  the  flakes  and  chips  of  flint,  in  large  quantities,  with  broken  and 


1  f ;  L 


1  i 


I 


17S 


Preliistot  ic  Implements. 


M 
m 

1:1 


'Mi' 


unfinished  arrow  points,  make  certain  the  location  of  many  .-i  rude  arsenal. 
Flint  was  not  the  only  material  used.  Often,  apjjarently,  it  was  not  to  he 
had  and  then  the  hard  Hamilton  shales  were  used,  and  even  fine  ^rair.ed 
sandstones  for  arrow-points.  Some  of  the  arrow-points  found  iiere  have 
very  .yood  casts  of  l)rachio])ods  upon  them,  unmistakal)ly  provin.n'  their 
origin.  Two  of  these  ancient  camps  are  located  on  the  Potomac  river, 
al)i)ut  three  and  four  miles  res])jctively  bjlow  Cumberland,  and  for  years 
rich  have  been  the  finds  of  arrow-points,  in  every  staj^e  of  manufacture. 
Fvaeh  of  these  eamjjs  was  at  a  very  narrow  point,  in  the  river,  and 
on  the  side  where  the  cliffs  were  liiiih  and  almost  iniassailable.  At  such 
cam])s,no  articles  f)f  domestic  use  are  found.  Their  towns  were  situated,  in 
the  broad  bottoms  of  the  North  and  South  Branches  and  Patterson's  Creek, 
olif  of  the  main  line  of  eommimication,  and  the  rich  loamy  soils  of  these 
valleys  are  sim])ly  burial  places  for  the  numerous  relics,  which  those  who 
have  taken  an  interest  in  such  matters,  have  Ibund  in  the  past.  The  South 
Branch  is  particularly  rich  in  relies.  And  the  farmers  in  that  valley  have 
preserved  many  beautiful  specimens.  The  arrows,  scrajiers,  axes,  i)estles 
and  s])ear-heads  vary  little  from  those  found  in  other  localities;  they  are  of 
;ill  kinds,  all  shajjcs  and  all  sizes,  and  made  of  almost  every  kind  of  rock  or 
stone.  The  a.xes  are  smoothly  polished  and  many  of  them  are  really  beau- 
tiful, in  their  proportions. 

"Pieces  of  pottery  are  also  found  nearly  all  of  it?  showin.y  tlie  marks  of 
the  basket  bark,  or  willow  work,  in  which  it  was  moulded.  One  piece  in 
my  collection,  a  jjiece  broken  from  the  rim  of  a  vessel,  sIdws  part  of  a  hole, 
throujjfli  which  was  undoubtedly  passed  a  sinew  or  bark  handle;  probal)ly 
used  as  a  water  vessel. 

"In  no  dei)artment  of  their  handiwork  has  so  much  skill  or  intjcnuity  been 
exhibited,  as  in  their  jiipe  m.akin,<4'.  They  fashioned  the  most  beautiful  ones 
from  serpentine.  One,  which  was  ])re.sented  to  me,  evidently  had  been  an  a.c- 
cretH)n,  formed  around  an  orthoceras  from  the  Hamilton  strata.  Part  of 
this  orthoceras  has  fallen  out,  leaving  a  small  plu.u"  still  in  the  lower,  or 
small  end  of  the  accretion.  The  Indian  who  formed  it  had  drilled  a  hole 
just  al)ove  the  ])art  of  the  fossil  remaining,  and  had  secured  a  very  durable 
and  complete  pipe.  He  had  made  no  attempt  to  smooth  the  surface,  for  on 
one  side  of  the  nodule  there  still  remains  tightly  adherent  a  small  gas- 
tropod." 

Many  varieties  of  pipes  are  found,  some  of  them  being  modern. 

"I'rom  a  mound  which  was  o])ened  at  Petersburg,  in  Orant  county. 
West  Virginia,  was  taken  a  very  Hne  serjjentine  i)ipe,  with  a  flat  btise, 
monitor  shape,  and  around  the  edge  were  notches  not  seemingly  jjlaced 
there  for  ornament,  but  I  should  judge  as  a  tally  of  events,  in  the  life  of 
the  owner.  It  may  have  been  used  as  his  calendar.  There  were  1(5  notches 
on  the  end,  7  on  one  side  and  8  on  the  other.  From  the  same  mound  was 
taken  a  paint  mortar,  which  would  hold  about  a  gill  and  a  half  made  from 
Oriskany  sandstone  and  in  it  still  remains  2  paint  balls,  one  of  which  had 
probably  been  made  from  hemfitite  ore  for  the  red  paint,   and   the  other 


I- 


The  Middle  South. 


17U 


(l)lack)  i'roni  plumbajjo.  The  rock  hrul  evidently  lirst  been  jjowdered,  then 
mixed  witli  oil  ready  for  use  and  was  probably  ke])t  in  a  putty  condition. 
They  are  now  as  hard  as  bones.  The  niort;tr  had  a  knob,  on  either  side. 
Another  made  of  the  same  nitaterial  probably  holds  a  ])int  and  had  the 
kaol)s,  or  protuberances,  on  either  side.  These  may  have  been  intended  to 
enable  the  owner  to  i^t't  a  better  hold  while  jj:rin(lin,!.r  the  ])aint. 

"Shell  disks  fre-m  the  size  of  a  Hve-eent  i)iece  to  six  inches  in  diameter, 
made  from  the  valve  of  some  lar^e  lamellibranch  are  common.  L.-ir^e  num- 
bers of  ])one,  shell  and  sandstone  beads  liave  i)cen  found  and  iVom  the 
positions,  in  which  they  v/ere  discovered,  witii  resjjcct  to  tiie  skeletons 
acconii)anyin^  them,  were  used  for  necklaces  and  bracelets  for  wrists  and 
ankles.  Kubl)in,n  stones  re  (juite  common.  A  line  (|Uoit  has  been  iound 
and  a  roller  ])estle  21' i>  inches  in  diameter  and  hij^hly  polished.  .\s  far  as  I 
have  been  al)le  to  make  iiuiuiry,  only  one  ceremonial  of  bird  shape  has  been 
found  in  tliis  locality  and  that  I  have  not  seen." 

TllK  LoWKK    PoTOM.\C,  VlKCI.NIA,  ETC,  RkCIO.N. 

In  the  lUireau  of  Ivthnolojiy  Ke])ort  for  'DH-'O-t,  Professor  Holmes  had  a 
jjaper  of  ir)2  pa!,.!:es,entitlcfl  "Stone  Im])lements  of  the  Potomac-Chesajjcake 
Tidewater  Province."  rn(|uestional>ly.  Professor  Holmes  is  the  most  care- 
ful, thorouijli  and  com])etent  of  all  American  Archcolojjjists.  Beyinninji 
with  the  ^colo^^ic  features  of  the  reji^ion,  {.^ravels,  deposits  and  where 
bowlders  and  other  materials  occur,  he  traces  the  evolution  of  the  sjjcar, 
.arrow  ;ind  axe-iieads,  from  the  raw  material  to  the  com])lete  form.  I  rec- 
ommend liis  pa])cr  to  all  students  and  collectors. 

He  also  deseiibes  stone  bowls,  ornaments,  pipes  and  all  the  other  stone 
objects.  I  am  indebted  to  Professors  McCiec  and  Holmes  and  the  Hurcau 
for  permission  to  use  some  of  the  illustrations  from  their  r.eports. 

No  jrood  ])ottery  is  found  here.  The  ornaments,  ])ipes  and  ceremonirds 
are  rare,  .\side  from  projectile  points,  axes,  hammers,  soa])stonc  dishes, 
etc.,  there  is  little  evidence  of  art.  The  tribes  left  enormous  deposits  ot 
oyster  and  clam  shells.  Indeed,  these  continued  with  more  or  less  rejj:ular- 
ity  for  many  miles  alonji  the  Potomac,  Chesa|)e,ake,  James,  etc.  In  ])laees 
the  shell  hcajji  are  5  or  (>  feet  in  thickness.  Where  food  was  so  easily  ob- 
tained, it  is  natural  that  the  natives  would  become  shiftless  and  make  no 
fidvancement  in  the  arts. 

The  axes  differ  sHj^ditly  from  those  descriljcd  I)y  Mr.  Berlin  or  Professor 
Perkins.  Professor  Holmes  says  of  them:  "A  broad  distinction  in  shape  is 
based  on  the  manner  of  hafting.*  In  one  jj;rou])  the  j^roove  extends  entirely 
ar(nmd  the  imi)lement,  while  in  ;inother  yrou])  one  laterrd  edye  is  stminht, 
beini;-  so  arranj^ed  as  to  permit  the  wed,!j:inj4'  of  the  haft  I)an(l.  There  are 
no  si)ecimens,  however,  varying  so  far  from  the  tyjic  forms  as  to  brid<.;e  the 
ga])  between  types.  The  S])ecimen  seen  in  ,v,  I-^ig.  2().s,  is  Hat  and  rectangu- 
lar in  outline,  with  encircling  groove  in  the  middle;  /;  is  similar,  but  with 
the  groove  more  shallow  on  one  margin,  and  ])laeed  al)out  one-third  of  tlie 
way  from  the  top;  c  has  a  wide  encircling  groove  near  the  toj)  and  a  nar- 

*   Stollf   llll|lllllKIIlS  ol  llu'   I'nllHIIMl',  Li':. 


•;■ '  It 


^'Mi 


'!'i 


180 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I-'i^.  -'ON.     S.   1-3. 
rmvinK^  tc.wanl  the  point;  d  has  the  f^njove  very  low  on  the  shaft  and  the 
l)la(le  IS  wide  at  the  ed-e;  v  has  one  straight  sido  for  wed-e  hafting    and  -i 
wide  projeetniK  shoulder  l)eh)w  the  j-roove  in  the  opposite  edge:  /has  the 
groove  bordered  h\  low  ridges  all  'round." 

I-ig.  2(;s  might  well  stand  for  a  North  Carolina.  Distriet  of  Columbi-, 
or  Long  Island,  group.     The  tide-water  points  are  <|uite  similar,  wliether 
trom  Staten  Island,  or  Charleston.  Wilmington,  or  Raleigh. 


i.l 


it      ii 


The  MkkUc  South. 


181 


»  - 


5 


U 


ti'.\r 


-I 

5 


•i;     ■  I'l 


31 


I- 


•K 


209.    S.  11. 


Speci.'ilized  quartzite  Ijlades  from  Potomac  Vill.'ijte  sites.    Tlic^e  show  tlit  niori-  ionin;(.ii 
forms  i'otiiul  aloi)}^  tilt  toast  from  tlif  mouth  of  tlic  lliidsoii    io    North    larclina.      ^rok■^><.r 
Holmes  ^ays  that  this  };rou])  iiithidcs  nearly  the  full  raii<»e  of  projeetile  ];oiiits.      He   found 
many  rough   notched  axes  .'ill  along  the  eoast  which  were   used  in   soapston^-  (|uarryinjj,  as 
well  as  about  the  camps. 


IP 


1 


1 


I'! 

1,1 


I'l^ 


IH' 


■.■■,       ATPEXniX  TO  SRCTION' II. 
.;  Mi.\Ni:si»TA   Aktii'acts. 

'  Hv  I'UDKKssoK  T.  H.  Li;\vis,Sr.  I'aii.. 

[After  !")()  jjc'ij^^cs  of  tliis  hook  had  Ikvii  |irinLf(l  I  rcrcivid  tlu- follow  in.i; 
intcrostinj,' ])a]K'r.  Rather  tlinn  omit  it,  I  insert  it  as  an  appendix  to  See. 
II.  No  one  is  more  familiar  with  the  upper  Mississippi  \'alley  than  I'ro. 
lessor  Lewis. — \V.  K.  M.| 

Minnesota,  eoini)aratively  s])eakin,<i:,  is  hnt  little  known,  in  so  lar  as  the 
artifaets  of  hyjuone  ajj;es  .are  eoneerned;  and  hut  little  has  heen  written 
rej.jardin,ii  the  numerous  prehistorie  moiuids,  and  still  less  ahout  the  stone 
ohjeets.  Mounds  or  other  evidenees  of  aneient  oeeui)aney  arc  found  in 
every  eounty  within  the  stat*.'.  Ramsey,  Henneijin,  \Vri;.iht,  (ioodhue  and 
Winona,  in  tlie order  named,  are  the  hanner  eountiesfor  specimens;  ))ut  there 
are  others  where  the  mounds  are  numerous,  which  may  he  e(|ually  yood  or 
even  hcttcr. 

Within  the  state  there  are  over  100  collectors,  with  collections  ranf^inj.i' 
from  a  score  to  1500  si)eeimens.  One  collector  rejjorts  over  .".OOO  stone 
and  chert  artifaets  collected  in  Minnesota  and  the  two  Dakotas.  It  is  safe 
to  estimate  that  there  are  from  12,000  to  10,000  Minnesota  relies  now 
owned  hv  private  individuals  witliin  the  state,  with  jjcriiaps  1,000  in  the 
various  institutions  of  learning",  academies  of  science,  ete.  Tiiis  does 
not  include  pottery  sherds  wliich  some  collectors  liavc  included  in  their 
statements  of  the  numhcr  collected  hv  them.  Chipi)ed  imi)lements  of  the 
various  ty])es  are  hy  far  tlie  most  numerous,  hut  others,  made  from  stone, 
c()])per,  hematite,  slate,  steatite,  sea  shells,  hone  and  horn,  are  also  found. 
The  jicncral  classification  is  as  follows: 

Stonk.  Axes,  ceremonial  axes,  adzes,  chisels,  celts,  mauls,  grooved  and 
un.u;ro()ved  hammers,  sinkers,  ])estles  (two  forms),  mullers.  mortars,  rollers, 
l)alls,  pendants,  disks,  discoids,  (with  and  without  the  perforation),  ruh- 
hing  stones,  pipes,  imajj;es,  and  a  few  other  implements  the  use  of  which  is 
not  clear.  Orooved  hammers  are  fairly  numerous,  especially  in  the  western 
pfirt  of  the  state,  hut  the  same  cannot  he  said  of  the  other  im])lcments. 
One  forni  found  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  is  rare,  it  iK-ins^^  lonj^', 
with  a  very  narrow  diameter  in  jjroportion  to  its  len}.^th. 

CoiM'KK.  Axes  or  celts,  chisels,  spear  and  arrow-heads,  knives,  ice- 
choppers  ("spuds"  so  called),  awls,  fish-hooks,  ornaments  find  heads. 
While  not  very  numerous,  coi)per  relics  arc  scattered  throui;liout  the  state. 
The  notched  hase  spear-head  (knife?)  similar  to  those  found  in  the  New 
Bu;j[lan!l  states  (see  Fi<4'.  IIG,  B)  is  also  occasionally  nut  with  in  this  state; 
their  heinir  four  of  this  class,  all  in  different  collections.  There  is  .also  one 
of  relatively  the  same  shai)e  in  the  museum  of  the  I'niversity  of  Minnesota, 
which,  instead  of  hein_y"  notched,  is  hetter  deseril)ed  as  l)ein,y-  scalloped. 
This  is  douhtless  a  rare  form. 

IlK.MATrrK.  Celts,  jjcndants,  plundis  and  siidcers.  These  ohjeets  are  1)Ut 
few  in  numher,  and  are  found  mostly  in  the  counties  alons^'  the  Mississip])i 
river  Ijelow  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  river. 


I 


Appendix  Section  II. 


isa 


Si, All-:.  I  Vndrinls,  jiipi's  and  ornamental  stones.  Relics  of  this  material 
are  si'aree. 

Sti;.\titi:.  I'ip.-s,  ornamental  stones  an«1  .•,'orL;ets.  These  are  also 
scaree. 

Siii-;i,l,.  Awls,  heads,  pendants,  pins  (li.'iir  ornaments?),  yoriiets.  ear- 
rings. Nearly  all  oi' these  are  ot"  sea-shell  or  made  I'rom  them,  hnt  a  lew  are 
made  iVom  muscle  sliells.  They  ;ire  found  in  nearly  all  sections  of  the  mound 
rei^ion,  which  embraces  the  major  portion  of  the  state;  and  in  nearly  every 
instance  they  have  been  obtained  from  the  mounds.  l)ut  few  bein^^'  found 
on  the  viilajje  sites. 

Ho.NK.  Awls,  chisels.  Ijcads,  and  blunt-ended  im])lements,  whieli  are 
from  two  to  five  inches  in  length,  the  use  of  which  is  doubtiul. 

Horn.  Awls,  chisels,  and  harpoon-shaped  im])lements.  The  latter  are 
from  six  to  eleven  inches  in  leii.Lrth.  and  have  fron)  three  to  six  barbs  on  one 
side  only.  Some  are  l]attenc<l  at  the  toj)  barb  of  from  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  they  are  frt)m  one  and  one-half  to 
two  inches  in  width  at  the  s.ame  point,  while  others  ap])arcntly  have  only 
the  natural  flatness  of  the  (u-i^^inal  horn  or  antler;  and  rdl  are  finished  im- 
plements. In  every  instance  these  have  been  foinid  in  buildin;.^  roadbeds  and 
(lams,  or  in  ditching  or  excavatin.ii.  ,\11  have  the  ai)]K'arancc  of  beinj;  very 
ancient,  some  l)ein^  decayed  to  {ilmost  the  consistency  of  chalk. 

CiliPi'Ki)  I.Mi'i.K.MK.NTS.  Arrow  and  sjjcar-heads,  awls,  scrajjcrs  (with 
and  without  notched  base),  disks,  knives,  ])endants,  notched  and  lumotched 
hoes,  and  some  other  forms  the  use  of  wdiich  is  jjroblematiccal.  Caches  of 
leaf-shaped  implements  are  occasionally  found.  The  two  la rj^est  (one  con- 
taining 47  and  the  other  23  ])ieces)  were  imcarthcd  within  the  city  limits  of 
St.  Paul. 

PoTTKKV. —  Fragments  are  found  in  nearly  every  county  in  the  state, 
and  are  com])osed  of  broken  stone  and  clay,  shell  and  clay,  sand  and  clay, 
and  occasionally  of  clay  without  any  admixture.  Fifteen  whole  (or  nearly 
whole)  vessels  have  been  obtained,  some  of  which  were  from  mounds,  while 
others  were  duj.;  u])  from  villa,<;e  sites.  The  pottery  comp.arcs  favorably 
with  that  found  in  the  lower  Mississi])pi  valley.  There  are  not  many  forms, 
and  most  of  the  vessels  are  small,  only  a  few  the  size  of  a  (piart,  and  but  a 
small  proportion  is  painted  or  coated  in  colors.  The  decorations  are  also, 
fairU'  made,  and  in  some  instances  the  etched  work  and  smoothness  of  finish 
are  not  suqjas.scd  further  south.  Hut  a  small  ])rop()rtion  isasrouijhasthat 
manufactured  l\v  the  Mandan,  (iros  Xentre  and  Arickaree  Indians.  Burned 
clay,  mixed  with  jj;rass  and  weed-stems,  similar  to  that  found  in  the  south- 
ern States,  is  .also  met  with  in  various  parts  of  the  state,  but  only  in  small 
quantities. 

Gknkr.vlitiks. 

Figs.  54,  56  and  87  can  be  duplicated  in  this  state.      Fig.  03,  but  in 

more  perfect  form,  is  found  from  Minnesota  th  Arkansas,  inclusive,  but  in 

no  great  numbers.     Pi  of.  N.  H.  Winchell,  of  the  State  University,   has  one 

made  from  granular  (|uartz,  which  must  have  been  at  least  ten  inches  in 


fc^f 


.i  --'ii' 


Ri.:  ^;^ 


III 

i 


i-i 


184- 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


i 


tf' 


lcr.;ith,  but  the  base  is  j^one.  There  is  a  inodiFied  form,  which  is  much  nar- 
rower in  jjroportion  to  the  lenjj^th;  and  another,  which  is  broader  and 
mu:h  more  common;  but  they  caimot  I)e  said  to  )>e  i)revailinj»  types.  The 
beveled  knife  nhown  in  I'i^.  90  is  also  found  in  the  st.ate,  but  they  are  j»ener- 
ally  narrower  in  pro])ortion  to  their  lenj^th  tl)an  the  one  tijj[ured.  The 
;;;i UK- forms  are  also  found  in  the  counties  alon;j[  the  Missouri  river  below 
Kansas  City. 

The  materials  from  which  the  chij)ped  implements  are  made  arc  man^-, 
and  amon^  them  there  may  be  reeo;^nized  chert,  (piartz,  .ijranular  (pj.'irtz, 
m  )ss  ar^.'ite,  chalcedonny,  obsidian,  slate  and  micaceous  slate.  Most  of  the 
mat-MJals  here  named  ;ire  also  rejjresented  by  various  colors  and  modifica- 
ti  ):i:..  Oae  material  which  has  been  described  .as  obsidian,  and  which  is 
well  represeated  in  v.arious  forms  of  im])lements,  is  dou')tless,  in  nearly 
cvory  instance,  nodular  Hint ;  the  nodules  bein>;  found  in  the  drifts. 
Twenty  chipped  im])lements  of  sceminj^ly  unusual  materials  or  structures 
liavia;^  been  submitted  to  I'rof.  N.  H.  Winchell,  state  ji^eoloj^ist  of  Minnsota, 
lu'  ,;if  ive,  after  a  limited  examination,  the  following  cl.assification:  Silicified 
fossil  wood,  Hint,  (juartzitc,  light  ])ink  (juartzite,  hem.atitic  quartzite  and 
ferrugenous  (juartzite. 

(irooved  stone  axes  are  found  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  state,  and 
vary  in  wei>i;ht  from  a  few  ounces  to  fifteen  pounds.  The  recognized  forms 
arc  as  follows,  viz.:  (1)  Round  head,  with  straight  sides  and  square  or 
rounded  edge;  {2)  the  same,  with  a  very  narrow  bit  as  compared  with  the 
width  at  the  groove;  (;{)  j>ractically  the  same  as  the  first,  but  broader  and 
having  pr()jec.:ing  ridges  along  the  groove;  (4)  with  the  groove  extending 
around  th^  top,  except  on  the  side  next  to  the  handle,  the  surface  of  which 
may  be  either  Hat  or  concave;  (5)  those  with  nearly  flat  sides,  edges  and 
l)ole,  and  nearly  stpiare  corners;  (G)  a  similar  one,  but  very  long  and  nar- 
row in  ])roi)ortion  to  their  length;  (7)  another,  lacking  the  usual  groove 
around  the  head,  but  having  a  groove  along  the  sides  and  over  the  pole. 
The  latter  are  all  heavy,  weighing  from  ten  to  fifteen  pounds.  Axes  having 
two  grooves  and  those  having  notched  sides  arc  occasionally  met  with. 
Only  the  more  radical  tvpes  are  here  described,  there  being  many  intermedi- 
ate forms.  1 

Pii'Es.  Nearly  all  the  clay  pipes  have  very  thick  stems,  and  the  bowls 
are  generally  ornamented  with  incised  lines  or  indentations,  and  occasion- 
ally by  bo.sses.  The  monitor  or  platform  pipes  are  small  and  few  in  number. 
The  round  and  nearly  square  bowls,  the  so-called  "ceremonial,"  and.  one 
similar  to  the  tribal  pijjc  of  the  Dakota  Indians,  but  lacking  the  flange,  is 
also  found.  Hammer  pipes  made  fromstoiie  (see  Fig.  8G),  and  of  about  the 
same  size  as  shown  in  the  illustration,  are  found  in  this  state  and  along  the 
Missouri  river  from  Stanton  to  old  Fort  A.  Lincoln.  It  is  possible  that  this 
form  originated  among  the"house"  Indians  in  the  region  mentioned  ahmg 
the  Missouri;  for  it  is  here  that  the  mauls  and  hammers  are  most  abundant, 
and,  while  but  few  of  the  whole  pipes  have  been  found,  many  fragments  of 
them  have  been. 


T 


■n 


SECTION  VI. 

The  East  Ali.kchany. 

Mr.  A.  F.  Rerun,  Allentown,  Pa. 

Hamitat. 

Between  the  years  1 500-1  (KM )  the  Algonkin  stock  to  which  hcU)njj;e(l 
the  Lenni  Lenape  or  Delaware  tribe  of  Indians,  oceui)ie(l  the  Atlantic  coast 
from  the  Savannah  rivc"  on  the  south  to  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle  on  the 
north.  They  were  neij^hbors  to  the  Eskimos,  and  some  of  their  sub-tribes 
wandered  as  far  west  as  the  Rocky  mountains.  They  surrovnded  (m  all 
sides  the  Iroquois,  often  called  the  Five  or  Six  Nations,  who  with  the 
Hurons  from  the  west  presented  the  finest  type  of  the  North  American 
Indian  family,*  and  who  occupied  the  lake  region  of  central  New  York,  the 
valley  of  the  Suscjuehanna  li  or  down  throujrh  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
alonj^  the  eastern  shore  ot  Chesapeak'r  bay  into  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  of  Maryland.! 

It  is  a  fact,  well  known  to  \.ntliroi)olo^ists,  that  b  'fore  the  Indian  occu- 
pied this  jjeojjfra])hical  section,  the  Eskimo,  now  the  most  northern  tribe  of 
Indians,  wandered  over  it  as  far  south  as  North  Carolina.  We  are  told  in 
a  tradition  of  the  Tuscarora  Indians,  who  claiined  that  the  arrived  on  the 
Virginia  coast  about  the  year  1300,  that  they  found  there  a  race  who 
knew  nothing  of  maize  and  were  eaters  of  raw  flesh.  The  Northmen  in  the 
year  1000,  found  the  natives  of  Vinland,  probably  near  Rhode  Island,  of 
the  same  race  as  those-with  whom  they  wore  familiar  in  Labrador. J  Such 
implements  as  those  Arctic  jjcople  now  u.sc  have  fre(|ucntly  been  picked  up 
in  the  northern  ]y,xrt  of  the  state  of  New  York  i|  and  elsewhere  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast. 

Than  this,  to  the  red  people,  there  was  no  more  attractive  secti(m.  The 
northern  part  contained  many  large  and  small  lakes.  In  every  direction 
flowed  large  and  small  streams,  while  coi)ious  springs  everywhere  dotted 
the  surface.  The  central  and  southern  portions,  with  the  excejition  of  lakes, 
were  equally  well  watered  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  for  miles  b.-ithed  its 
shores.  Forests  covered  the  ground  for  miles,  and  game  was  plentiful  in 
ever\' section.  East  of  the  Alleghanies,  in  the  valleys  of  the  Delaware,  the 
Potomac  and  the  Hudson,  throughout  the  swamps  and  forests  of  X'irginia 
and  the  Carolinas,  their  osier  cabins  and  palisadocd  strongholds,  their 
maize  fields  and  work-shops  of  stone  implements,  were  numerously  located.!; 


•Aiiti(|ni tics  of  Tennessee.    Thrnstoii.     Page  12. 
fTlie  Lenape  and  Their  LeKtiwis.     Urinton.     Pages  13-14. 
$The  Myths  of  tlie  New  World.     Foot  note,  page  23.     Urinton. 
IIAboriginal  "hipiied  Stone  Implements  of  New  York.     Page  11. 
SThe  Lenape  and  Their  Legends.     Page  10.     Urinton. 


Willianj  M.  Heauchain]). 


.  I  ;■      u 


!:«' 


■fM' 

■  l'^  '^ 

w^ 

t 

^'i 


Si 


m 


Hi- 


186 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Material. 

With  Ihe  exception  of  numerous  imported  implements,  (tr  those  brou<ifht 
from  distant  sections  and  made  from  obsidian,  or  volcanic  lava,  etc.,  of 
which  more  will  be  said  he  "cafter,  the  materials  from  which  stone  tools 
were  made  b\'  the  aboriginal  people,  were  nearly  alwaj-s  found  in  jjlace. 
Especialh'  so  may  this  be  said  of  those  in  .plementsfound  in  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. Here  abounds  in  inexhaustible  quantit\'  jasper*  of  many  colors 
which  played  so  important  a  i)art  in  the  manufacture  of  their  various  tools. 
Chalcedony  or  hornstone,  (|uartz,  cjuartzite,  argillite  and  fine  grained  sand- 
stone, all  of  which  could  be  nicely  chipped. 

In  all  the  princijjal  valleys  draining  from  the  west  into  Chcsai)eakc  Bay, 
was  found  in  broken  off  masses,  often  reduced  to  cobble-stones,  (juartz  and 
(juartzite  which  were  brought  by  erosive  agency  from  heavy  strata  in  the 
mountainous  regions  of  the  Northwest.  L:iter  they  were  exposed  along 
the  biuffs  by  the  elements  to  the  view  of  the  Indians  who  made  use  of  them 
to  excellent  advantage.  The  many  (|uarry  sites  found  in  the  above  valleys 
substantiate  this  fact.  On  those  sites  along  ri  ers  more  fully  occupied, 
arrow  and  spear-heads  arc  found  in  so  great  quantities  as  to  seem  almost 
inexhaustil)le. 

Steatite  or  soapstone  is  a  tough  massive  rock  found  in  formations  of 
gniess,  seldom  detached  from  the  mother  rock.  It  was  extensively  cpiarricd 
in  Indian  times  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Outcrops  of  this 
rock  have  been  worked  extensively  by  the  aborigines  in  many  other  states. 
It  was  used  by  the  natives  in  the  manufacture  of  difterent  forms  of  vessels, 
pipes,  ornaments,  beads,  ceremonial  weapons  and  other  objects. 

Rhyolite  an  igneous,  brittle,  slaty  rock  found  in  South  Mountain,  which 
extends  from  the  southern  side  of  the  Sus{|uehanna  Ri^cr  at  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania,  to  near  the  Potomac  River  at  Harper's  P^erry,  West  Virginia, 
wasextensively  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  lower  Sus(|ueh.'inna  Valley  and  Tide 
Water  region  in  manufacturing  many  of  their  flaked  im])lcments.  Quarries 
of  this  material  were  first  discovered  m  the  above  mountain  by  Mr.  William 
H.  Holmes,  an  archaeologist  of  note,  at  Maria  Furnace,  Pennsylvania,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Monoeacy  10  miles  south-west  of  (icttysburg.  The  (|uarries 
examined  here,  as  indicated  by  their  refuse,  show  that  blade-making  was 
the  almost  exclusive  work  of  the  shojjs.  These  transported  to  distant 
places  were  then  worked  into  such  tools  as  desired  by  their  maker.  The 
colors  of  rhyolite  arc  generally  bluish-gray,  sometimes  of  a  jnirplish  hue, 
and  often  banded  and  mottled.  Dark  varieties  closely  resemble  slate.  It 
is  generally  flecked  with  light  colored  crystals  of  feld-sjjar,  by  which  chfir- 
acter  it  is  easily  recognized.    On  account  of  a  shaly  structure  its  fracture  is 

*Thc  caliiiict  of  mcliaeolofjical  olijccts  owned  by  J.  D.  McCiiiirc,  Ivllicott,  Maryland,  con- 
tains a  miinber  of  flaked  sptciniciis  of  jasper,  dark-jjrcen  in  color,  the  <.rigin  of  which  is  un- 
known. For  interesting  information  relaling  to  material  .tnd  implements  once  nsed  l)y  the 
red  ])eople  in  the  region  drained  by  Cliesa])eakc  bay  the  writer  is  indebted  to  the  vaUiable 
production  entitled  Stone  Implements  of  the  I'otomac-Cliesajjcake  Tidewater  Province,  by 
William  Henry  Holmes.  I5th  Annual  Report  of  the  Biirenu  of  Ethnology.  1893-'94.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


ttlliJl 


w> 


The  East  Alleghany. 


187 


I 


J 


i 


often  uncertain.  Mr.  Holmes  tells  us  in  his  excellent  pro(luetif)n,  page  73, 
that  at  least  one  (|uarter  of  the  implements  found  in  the  Tide  Water  region 
were  made  of  this  gray  slaty  stone. 

In  the  collection  of  Dr.  T.  R.  Stewart,  Lock  Haven,  Pennsylvania,  are  a 
number  of  nicely  wrought  implements  of  this  material.  This  town  near 
which  they  were  found  is  distant,  as  the  crow  flies,  from  its  south-eastern 
source,  110  miles.  In  the  writer's  collection  is  a  finely  flaked  rhyolite  leaf- 
shaped  knife,  four  and  one-(iuartcr  inches  long,  found  near  Weatherh', 
Pennsylvania.  This  town  is  distant  in  a  straight  line,  i'nnn  the  same  source 
128  miles.  Thus  arc  similarly  scattered,  im])lenients  of  this  rock  over  the 
northern  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  as  are  jasper  and  Jirgillite  over  the  tide 
water  region.  Imijlements  of  argillite  in  blade  form  from  the  valley  of  the 
Delaware  150  miles  to  the  North,  and  jasjjcr  from  the  Lehigh  Hills,  120 
miles  away  in  the  same  direction  are  also  found  associated  with  rhyolite 
specimens. 

Dit)rite  or  greenstone,  serpentine  and  other  tough  iJorjihA-rytie  stones 
from  which  were  manufactured  polished  and  pecked  cutting  and  scraping 
tools,  often  ceremonial  weapons  and  ornaments,  similarly  treated,  are 
also  found  here.  The  softer  minerals  called  sh.-de,  and  slate  from  which 
the  greater  number  of  polished  ceremonial  weapons  and  ornaments  were 
formed  are  here  too  found  in  jilaee.  Slate  was  also  sometimes  used  in 
making  arrow  .'ind  spear-heads. 

In  his  very  interesting  and  entertaining  bulletin  in  No.  16,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Beauehani])  tells  us  that  most  of  the  material  for  the  finer  arrows,  knives 
and  speat-s  came  from  without  the  state.  Amo.ig  these  implements  occur 
jaspers  of  every  hue,  white  cjuartz,  chalcedony,  argillite,  schist  and  sand- 
stone, as  well  as  the  finer  flints  of  bluish  or  brownish  gray.  Yellow  jasper 
was  a  favorite  material,  especially  for  large  implements,  and  it  is  comparji- 
tively  fre(|uent  in  caches.     It   was  probably   brought  from  another  state.* 

Every  material  mentioned  above  occurs  in  the  Lehigh  Hills  in  eastern 
Pennsylvania  which  arc  nearly  one  half  pure  quartz,  and  the  different  strata, 
where  exposed,  afforded  the  Amerind  an  abundance  of  material  for  the 
manufacture  of  his  imj)lements. 

From  these  hills,  extending  from  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river  near 
Riegelsvillc,  Pennsylvania,  in  a  south-west  direction  to  Reading,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  the  Schuylkill  valley,  was  (|uarried  the  jasjier  which  was  trans- 
ported in  nodules  and  blades,  hundreds  of  miles.  From  Rattlesnake  Hill! 
to  the  vicinity  of  Reading,  at  different  stations,  have  been  found  many  de- 
pressions from  which  was  taken  this,  to  the  Indian,  valuable  material.  .\t 
the  suggestion  of  the  author,  who  had  for  some  time  known  of  the  sixty 
dejjressions  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  at  Macungie 
in  Lehigh  county,  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  H.  C.  Mercer  made  a  scientific  examin- 
ati(m  of  them.    An  old  stump  with  195  rings  at  the  side  of  a  ])it  at  Vera 


*.\l)oriKiiial  Chipped  Stone  Iinplements  of  New  York.    Vol.  +,  pti^e  18. 

tTlie.se  depressions,  nine  in  number,  were  first  i<nown  to  .\Ir.  Ciiarles  Laubach,  of  Kiegels- 


•St'i< 


i 


ii 

I: 


I' 


ville. 


I  1 


188 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Cruz,  and  a  tree  nearly  four  feet  in  diameter  at  Ma  -ungie  indicate  that 
work  in  these  two  shafts  was  abandoned  in  about  1680-'90*.  In  excavating 
one  of  the  depressions  so  plentiful  at  Macungic,  Mr.  Mercer  found  lying  on 
the  unworked  clay,  at  a  depth  of  eighteen  Jind  one-half  feet,  a  large  disc- 
shaped imi)lement  of  limestone,  a  foot  in  diameter  and  well  worn  on  its 
cutting  edge.  At  the  fourteenth  foot,  among  the  refuse,  a  smaller  tool, 
similarly  worn,  of  (juartzitc,  and  a  rude  limestone  ])oint,  were  lound,  while 
at  the  bottom  two  cavities  in  the  clay  produced,  on  pouring  in  plaster 
of  Paris,  the  fac-similes  of  two  sharpened  wooden  l)illets,  which  had  long 
since  rotted  away  and  had  left  only  their  moulds.  One  was  about  six  inches 
in  difimeter  and  of  unknown  length,  as  the  upper  i)art  was  destroyed  in 
digging.  The  other  with  a  di.'imeter  of  about  two  inches  was  two  and  one- 
half  to  three  feet  long.t  These  unique  digging  tools  now  rest  in  the  Museum 
of  American  Archaeology,  belonging  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia. 

The  origin  of  argillite  from  which  so  many  of  the  paleoliths  or  "turtle 
backs"  were  made  and  which  was  also  much  used  in  making  the  smaller  flaked 
tools,  was  for  a  long  time  unknown,  and  it  remained  for  that  indefatigable 
explorer  and  archaeological  .authority  just  mentioned  to  find  it  in  place.  In 
the  month  of  May,  1 893,  while  exploring  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  river 
at  Point  Pleasant,  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Mercer  discovered  argillite  (juarries 
on  the  bluff  a  short  distance  from  the  river,  consisting  as  he  then  wrote  the 
author,  of  eight  or  nine  holes  and  tons  of  chips.  Thirty-three  turtle-backs 
were  taken  out  of  a  depressicm  four  feet  dec])  and  four  feet  in  diameter,  about 
one  to  every  bushel  of  chips. $ 

Palkouths  or  Rude  Stone  Lmim.e.mk.nts. 

Lying  side  by  side  with  the  finely  chipped  fiints  are  rudely  made  im])lc- 
ments  of  leaf-shaped  torm,  fiat  on  one  side,  ridged  from  end  to  end  on  the 
other,  and  because  of  this  ])eculiarity  they  are  termed  "turtle-backs."  They 
first  gained  prominence  through  the  i)rolific  archaeological  writer,  Dr.  C.  C. 
.\l)bott,  who  discovered  them  in  the  glacial  drift  at  various  dcptiis  in  the 
steep  banks  of  the  Delaware  river  not  far  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey.  Since 
they  have  the  form  of  the  i)aleolithic  or  rude  fiint  im])lements  found  with 
remains  of  extinct  animals  in  the  river  drifts  of  Europe,  and  since  they 
were  made  by  a  savage  ])eo])le  cfmtemporaneous  with  these  animals,  he 
came  to  the  conclusion  after  careful  examination  of  the  places  where  he  dis- 
covered these  interesting  objects;  that  they  too  were  made  by  a  race  of  men, 
low  in  the  status  of  civilization;  and  who  lived  in  this  valley  during  the 
melting  of  the  glaciers,  the  waters  of  which  hurled  down  their  debris  and 
man's  imjilements  toward  Delaware  bay,  the  head  of  which  then  was  where 
now  stands  the  above  mentioned  city.  While  no  archaeologist  questions  the 
statement  that  man  existed  during  that  cold  and  awful  period,  there  are 
those  who  dispute  the  claim  that  the  so-called  paleoliths  or  turtle-backs  were 

•Tlie  Anieiican  Anthropologist.    Vol.   VIII.  Page  80. 

tll)iil.     Page  H+. 

JTlie  Archaeologist.     liditoral.     Vol.  I,  page  113. 


i 


i 


i 


'n  ; 


The  East  Alleghany 


189 


made  by  man,  and  insist  that  they  are  the  Indian's  unfinished  implements 
or  rejects.  They  are  found  in  this  country-  wherever  roamed  prehistoric 
man.  By  no  means  jire  they  an  attractive  implement,  but  they  are  of 
enough  interest  to  hold  a  i)laec  in  the  cabinet  of  every  scientific  archaeol- 
ogist and  collector.  The  large  archaeological  museums  own  fine  cabinets 
of  them.  Those  found  in  the  Delaware  valley  are  made  from  sand-stone 
and  argillite,  while  in  other  sections,  jasper,  quartzite  and  other  silieious 
material  was  used.  The  discoveries  in  Eurojjc  were  for  a  long  time 
regarded  with  distrust,  and  their  finder  regarded  as  "daft,"  but  hiter  and 
careful  examinations  made  of  the  places  by  learned  geologists  proved  them 
to  be  authentic.  Here,  time  alone  will  tell  whether  they  are  the  remains  of 
ii  people  who  lived  in  North  America  when  the  greater  part  of  it  was  cov- 
ered with  a  veil  of  ice  and  snow  hundreds  of  feet  in  thickness. 


5 
I 


Fiji.  :i7o. 

In  the  annexed  cut  arc  shown  a  series  of  paleoliths  from  different  parts 
of  the  United  States.  The  lower  im]>lement  to  tlie  right  is  made  of  argillite, 
and  was  found  in  the  glacial  gravel  deposits  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey.  The 
largest  iiviplement  shown  in  the  upper  line  was  taken  from  aqueous  gravels 
near  Wilmington,  Delaware.* 

Corks  and  Flakes. 

Cores  are  blocks  or  small  boulders  of  flinty  stone  from  which  were 
forced  by  pressure,  or  with  a  single,  sudden  blow,  thin  flakes  from  which 
were  fashioned  arrow-heads,  scrapers  Jind  other  small  ehippcfl  tools.   Those 

"friniitive  Man  in  Ohio,  opposite  p.  2.   Moori-heud. 


U'    !. 
-t  ■ 

^'  "■••■i; 


rii; 


'  '5 


i^i 


iiti 


190 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


tound  here  are  of  small  size  and  the  writer  has  seen  none  that  would 
form  a  flake  four  inches  long.  The  material  used  is  of  such  a  nature  that 
long  flakes  could  not  be  produced. 

The  finest  cores,  and  flakes  formed  by  pressure,  are  found  in  the  United 
States  and  Mexico  in  obsidian  or  volcanic  glass  districts.  This  material 
breaks  like  the  cretaceous  flint  of  Europe,  where. flakes  have  been  found 
a  foot  and  more  long,  and  is  therefore  similar  in  form  to  the  Neolithic  flint 
knives  found  in  Western  Europe.*  The  Aztecs,  who  knew  well  how  to  work 
obsidian,  had  workmen  who  made  knives  of  obsidian  in  a  wonderful  and 
admirable  manner  and  tne  ingenuity  which  invented  this  art  is  much  to  be 
praised.     "The  Indian  workman  seats  himself  upon  the  ground  and  takes 


Fig.  273.  S.    1-1.     Fig,  27+, 


Fig.  271.  S.   1-1.        Fig.  272. 

a  piece  of  this  black  stone  which  is  more  beautiful  and  brilliant  than  alaba- 
ster or  jasper,  so  much  so,  that  of  it  are  made  tablets  or  mirrors.  The 
])iece  thc3^  take  is  about  S  inches  long,  or  rather  more,  and  as  thick  as  one's 
leg,  or  rather  less,  .and  cylindrical;  they  have  a  stick  as  large  as  the  shaft  of 
a  lance,  and  3  cubits  or  rather  more  in  length,  and  at  the  end  of  it  they 
fasten  firmly  another  piece  of  wood  8  inches  Umg,  to  give  more  weight  to 
this  part;  then  pressing  their  naked  feet  together,  they  hold  the  stone  as 
with  a  pair  of  pincers,  or  the  vice  of  a  carpenter's  bench.  They  take  the 
stick  which  is  cut  smooth  at  the  end  with  both  hands,  and  set  it  well  home 
against  the  edge  of  the  front  of  the  stone,  which  is  also  cut  smooth  in  that 
l)art;  and  then  they  press  it  against  their  breast,  and  with  the  force  of  the 
pressure  there  flies  oft"  a  knife,  with  its  point  and  edge  on  one  side,  as  neatly 
as  if  ono  were  to  make  them  of  a  turnip  with  a  sharp  knife.  Then  they 
•Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  No.  287,  p.  8.  Kan. 


The  East  Alleghany 


191 


I 


Id 
It 

;(1 

Ell 
id 
It 
•k 

id 
)e 


sharpen  it  on  a  stone,  usinj?  a  hone  to  give  it  aven'  fine  edge;  and  in  a  very 
short  time  these  workmen  will  make  more  th^in  twenty  knives  in  this  man- 
ner. They  have  a  ridge  up  the  middle  and  have  a  slight  graceful  cvirve 
towards  the  point."*  In  western  Europe  they  have  been  found  measuring 
131/2  inches  in  length. 

The  Aztecs  made  razors  from  obsidian  flakes,  and  also  in  war  used  an 
implement  made  from  a  stout  piece  of  wood  3Vlj  feet  long  and  al)out  4 
inches  broad,  on  each  side  of  which  was  fastened  with  gum  very  sharp  flakes 
of  this  volcanic  material  about  3  inches  long,  1  or  2  inches  broad,  and  as 
thick  as  the  blade  of  the  invading  Sp.inish  swords.  So  keen  of  edge  was 
this  weapon  that  once  in  the  hand  of  an  attacking  Aztec  Indian,  it  entirely 
beheaded  his  Spanish  adversary's  horse.  The  first  stroke  was  only  to  be 
feared  for  the  razors  soon  became  blunt. t 

Two  very  fine  flakes,  the  hirger  of  spotted  yellow  jasper  are  shown  in 
Figs  271  and  273  in  full  and  side  view  5.  The  larger  measures  in  length  3% 
inches.  On  the  upper  end  of  it,  in  Tig.  272,  can  be  seen  the  bulb  of  per- 
cussion caused  1)3'  a  single  sudden  blow.  This  interesting  feature  is  evident 
in  many  flaked  implements.  The  smaller  flake  also  of  yellow  jasper  is  2% 
inches  long.  It  is  ])artly  chipped  along  its  edges,  and  may  have  served  as 
;i  knife.  Both  of  these  specimens  were  found  at  the  large  jasper  (piarries 
jit  Macungie,  Pa.  and  are  owned  by  Prof.  J.  R.  Merkcl  at  Muhlenburg 
College,  Allentown,  Pa. 


Fijj;.  27")  is  a  core  of  dense  red  jasper 
2"i  inches   loiitj,   from  which  a  rir.ml)er 


/7>.      of  small  flakes  have  heeii  struck.   It  was 
■f/   found  at  Allentowji,  Pa.  and  belongs  to 


the  writer 


Flaked  Impi.emknts. — Akkow  Heads. 

No  implement  used  by  the  Amerind  is  so  plentiful  as  the  so-called  arrow- 
head. It  is  found  where  in  deadly  feud  one  hostile  tribe  was  arrayed  against 
another  in  plowed  fields,  along  the  banks  of  flowing  streams:  on  the  shores 
of  lakes  and  other  large  bodies  of  water,  around  once  copious  springs  and 
wherever  in  cjuest  of  sustenance  the  Indian  hunter  wandered.  Mounds, 
graves  and  shell  heajjs  too  have  i)roduccd  many. 

Quickly  made  and  their  loss  a  continual  occurrence  one  can  easily 
understand  why  found  in  so  great  abundance.  Although  frequenth'  beauti- 
fully chipped  into  graceful  form  it  is  more  often  found  flaked  in  a  rude  and 
bungling  manner.  This  is  obvious  from  the  fact  that  the  material  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  their  chipjjed  implements  was  often  of  a  texture  which 
did  not  allow  fine  and  artistic  work.  Not  every  Indian  was  an  adept  in  the 
production  of  chipped  implements.   There  were  men  who  did  no  other  work 

•Prehistoric  Times.    Lubbock,  pp.  89-90-91,  who  (juotcs  from  tiie  Spanish  writer  Tor- 
(juemada. 

tHislory  of  Mexico,  bk.  VII,  p.  307,  Clavigero. 


■4i 


11 


i:('t 
I' 

m 


4 


Is::' 


192 


Prehistoi  ic  Implements. 


but  manufacture  this  sort  of  ware.  It  is  a  well  attested  fact  according  to 
an  Ojibway  tradition,  that  there  was  a  class  of  men  among  the  northern 
tribes  who  were  called  makers  i'  arrow-heads. 

It  is  said  that,  among  the  Indians  of  Cherokee,  Georgia,  in  ancient 
times,  were  men  who  devoted  their  attention  to  the  manufacture  of  spear 
and  arrow-heads,  and  other  stone  implements.  As  from  time  to  time  they 
accumulated  a  supply,  they  would  leave  their  mountain  homes  and  visit 
the  sea-board  and  intermediate  regions  for  the  purpose  of  exchanging  these 
implements  for  shells  and  various  articles  not  readily  obtainable  in  the  lo- 
calities where  they  resided.  These  were  usually  old  men  or  persons  who 
mingled  not  in  the  excitements  of  war  and  the  chase.  To  them,  while  en- 
gaged in  these  commercial  pursuits  free  passage  was  at  all  times  granted. 
Their  avocation  was  deemed  honorable,  and  they  themselves  were  wel- 
come wherever  they  appeared.  The  finding  of  many  chipped  implements, 
the  material  of  which  is  foreign  to  this  geographical  section,  is  conclusive 


Fig.  276.  1-1. 

evidence  that  in  times  prehistoric  there  was  carried  on  an  extensive  abori- 
ginal trade,  if  not  one  of  peace,  then  b}^  the  more  forcible  one  of  conquest, 
in  which  the  victor  took  from  the  vanquished  that  which  appeared  to  him 
useful  or  ornamental.  This  practice  prevailed  in  North  America,  before  that 
part  of  the  New  World  was  settled  by  Europeans;  and  the  subject  of  primi- 
tive commerce  is  of  particular  interest  because  it  sheds  additional  light  on 
the  conditions  of  life  among  In'-gone  races.  The  fact  that  such  a  trade  was 
carried  on  is  proved,  beyond  any  doubt,  by  the  frequent  occurrence  of  Indian 
manufactures  consisting  of  materials  which  were  evidently  obtained  from 
distant  localities.  In  many  cases  however  these  manufactures  may  hjive 
been  brought  as  booty,  and  not  by  trade,  to  the  places  where  they  are  found 
in  our  days.  The  modern  Indians,  it  is  well  known,  sometimes  undertook 
expeditions  of  1000  or  1200  miles,  in  order  to  attack  their  enemies.  The 
war-like  Iro(|uois,  for  example,  who  inhabited  the  present  state  of  New 
York  frequently  followed  the  war-path  as  fjir  west  as  the  Mississippi  river.* 
Knives  of  ol^sidian  vs^rite  S(|ueir  and  Davis  v.'ere  taken  from  mounds  in  the 
Mississippi  valley,!  and  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  tells  us  that  obsidian,  in  the  form 
of  nrrow  points,  which  were  always  Ijroken,  have  licen  picked  up  in  New 
Jersey. $ 

'Ancient  Aljoriginai  Trade  in  North  .\nicrii'a,  Charles  Kaii,  Smithsonian  Report  1872,  j). 
348. 

tAncient  Monuments,  Miss.  Valley,  p.  215. 

JStone  Age  in  New  Jersey,  Smithsonian  Report  1875,  p.  303. 


li) 


The  East  Alleghany. 


193 


■  !'• 


The  collection  of  Mr.  Justin  V.  Nilis,  of  Edgeniere,  Pa.,  contains  a  fine, 
perfect  tri^injjfular  flaked  implement  of  blue  translucent  obsidian,  a  figure  of 
which  is  here  shown,  which  was  found  a  number  of  years  ago  while  clear- 
ing a  field  near  Nichecronk  Lake,  Pike  County,  Eastern  Penna. 

The  writer  owns  Ji  very  prettj'  obsidian  knife,  now  on  deposit  in  the 
Archaeological  museum  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
which  was  taken  from  the  Tennessee  river.  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  D.  S. 
Kern,  AUcntown,  Penn.,  is  a  little  leaf-shaped  knife  found  on  the  surface 
seven  miles  north  of  this  city  made  from  ag.'itized  wood.  Both  this  material 
and  ob.^idi.in  are  found  only  in  the  territories,  the  upper  Missouri  river 
and    Mexico. 

Tlie  traveller  Carver  was  told  by  the  Winnebago  Indians,  who  then 
lived  in  what  is  now  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  that  they  sometimes  made  war- 
excursions  to  the  south-western  parts, — then  Spanish  possessions, — and  that 
it  re(|uircd  months  to  arrive  there.*  The  Indian  propelled  his  arrow-tijjped 
shaft  with  wonderful  force  and  exactness.  So  strong  were  these  Red  ])eoi)le, 
and  so  dexterous  in  the  manipulation  of  their  l)ows,  which  we  are  told  were 
as  thick  as  a  man's  arm,  about  eleven  or  twelve  spans  in  length,  that  they 
could  project  their  arrows  a  distance  of  two  hundred  ])aces.t 

The  Spaniards  under  the  adventurer  Dc  Soto  experienced  this  to  their 
sorrow  while  arrayed  in  l)attle  ag.'iinst  them.  Their  armor  was  pierced  by 
these  small  points  and  many  of  them  were  wounded  and  killed,  the  arrows 
passing  completely  through  their  bodies.  At  the  battle  of  Manilla  two 
hundred  Spaniards  were  killed;  of  the  remaining  living  one  hundred  and 
fifty  received  seven  hundred  wounds.  Cabeca  de  Vaca,  a  Spanish  writer, 
who  accompanied  this  unfortunate  expedition  tells  us  that  he  saw  the  butt 
of  an  elm  tree  which  had  been  i)enetrated  by  an  arrow  the  depth  of  fi  S])an. 

Among  other  instances  he  mentions  that  of  an  arrow  shot  by  an  Indian 
which  pierced  through  the  saddle  and  housings  ard  penetrated  one-third  of 
its  length  into  the  body  of  a  Spaniard's  horse. 

So  proficient  in  archery,  says  Clavigero  in  his  History  of  Mexico,  were 
the  Aztecs  at  the  time  of  the  invasion  by  the  Spanish  adventurer  Cortes, 
that  it  was  usual  for  a  number  of  archers  to  assemble  and  throw  up  an  ear 
of  maize  into  the  air,  at  which  they  immediately  shot  with  such  cpiickness 
and  dexterity,  that  before  it  could  reach  the  ground  it  was  stripped  of  every 
grain. $ 

The  chevalier  Tonti,  who  travelled  in  the  now  western  part  of  the 
United  States  two  hundred  years  ago,  alluding  to  the  force  with  which  the 
aborigines  projected  their  arrows  says:  "That  which  is  wonderful  in  this, 
is  the  havoc  which  the  shot  sent  by  the  salvages  makes;  for,  besides  the  ex- 
actness and  swiftness  of  the  stroke,  the  force  of  it  is  very  surprising,  and  so 
much  the  rarer,  because  it  is  nothing  else  but  a  stone,  or  a  bone,  or  some- 
times a  piece  of  very  hard  wood  pointed  and  fastened  to  the  end  of  an 
arrow  with  some  fishes-glue,  that  causes  this  terrible  efliect. 

•Carver.    Travels,  etc.,  Harper's   Reprint,  Nevi- York  1838,  j).  42. 
tCiirver.    Travels,  et:.,  Harper's  Kejjrint,  New  York  183S,  p  42. 
tLife  of  Herii'.urlo  Cortes,  .\rtliur  Helps,  Vol.  I,  foot-note,  p.  76. 


8 


■:ii 


If. 


'Mm 


w^ 


194 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


"When  the  savages  go  to  war,  they  poison  the  point  or  extremity  of  their 
dart  so  that  if  that  remains  in  the  body  death  follows  of  necessity;  the  only 
remedy  in  this  case  is  to  draw  out  the  arrow  through  the  other  side  of  the 
wound,  if  it  goes  quite  through;  or  if  not,  to  make  an  apperture  on  the 
other  side,  and  so  to  draw  it  through;  after  which  they  know  by  instinct 
certain  herbs  the  application  of  which  both  draws  out  the  venom  and 
cures  them."*  Wah-na-tah,  a  Dakota  chief  it  is  said  on  one  occasion  sent 
an  arrow  with  such  force  after  a  female  buffalo  that  it  passed  entirely 
through  her  body,  and  killed  her  calf  on  the  other  side.! 

The  late  Dr.  Walter  J.  Hoffman,  an  anthropological  writer,  of  note, 
and  during  life  an  intimate  friend  of  the  writer,  while  a  surgeon  in  1873 
under  General  Custer  saw  a  Sioux  Indian  drive  an  arrow  clear  through  a 
l)ufFalo.  He  also  asserted  that  in  the  command  there  was  not  a  man  who 
was  strong  enough  to  draw  to  its  full  length  an  Indian  bow. 

In  the  magnificent  archaeological  collection  of  Mr.  H.  K.  Deisher,  Kutz- 
town,  Penna.,  is  to  be  seen  a  dorsal  vertebra  of  a  buffalo  through  which  a 
hoop-iron  arrow-head  has  penetrated  the  point  projecting  on  the  other  side 
a  quarter  of  an  inch.  A  figure  of  this  interesting  specimen  is  shown  here. 
It  was  found  near  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  about  1878. 


Fig.  277. 

Flaked  implements  were  made  both  by  percussion  and  pressure,  some- 
times aided  by  heat,  and  many  interesting  accounts  arc  given  in  various 
works  b}'  writers  who  saw  the  Indians  make  them.  While  numerous  flaked 
or  chipped  implements  clearly  indicate  their  use  it  is  impossible  to  classify 
correctly  the  greater  part  of  them.  Manj'  small  objects  classed  as  arrows 
may  have  served  as  cutting  tools.  These  fastened  in  short  wooden  handles 
with  pitch  or  asphaltum  were  in  use  a  decade  ago  by  Indians  then  living  in 
the  territories.  A  very  fine  series  of  these  interesting  knives  still  fastened 
to  their  handles  which  would  also  have  served  well  as  spear-heads  or  arrow- 
points,  are  shown  in  Vol.  VII  of  the  Wheeler  survey  on  plate  4,  opposite 
page  60.    They  were  all  found  off  the  coast  of  California. $ 

A  comprehensive  and  practical  classification  of  chipped  implements  has 
been  attempted  by  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson,  curator  of  the  archaeological  sec- 
tion of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  at  Washington,  D.  C.  The  specimens  in 
that  collection  he  divides  into  four  gtand  divisions  according  to  forms  al- 

•Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Inciians,  C.  C.Joiies,  pp.  245-46-48-49-59. 
tArchives  of  Aboriginal  Knowletige,  Schoolcraft,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  95-6,  Phila.,  1860. 
Jin  this  valuable  work  Dr.  C.  C.   Abbott  has  written   very  entertainingly  on  chipped 
stone  implements. 


The  East  A/hghany. 


195 


ready  well  known  and  separated.*  Each  one  of  these  primary  divisions  is 
classified  into  a  number  of  subdivisions  which  are  here  shown.  Division  1, 
leaf-shaped.  In  this  classification  the  leaf-shaped  is  placed  at  the  head  as 
being  the  oldest  implement  of  its  kind.  This  division  includes  all  kinds: 
elliptical,  oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolete  forms  bearing  any  relation  to  the  shape 
of  a  leaf,  and  without  stem,  shoulder  or  barb.  Class  A,  is  pointed  at  both 
ends.    The  widest  place  one-third,  or  one-fourth  from  the  base. 

Division  I. 


Class  A.     Fig.  278. 


Llass  B.    Fig.  279. 
Class  B,  is  more  oval,  less  pointed  and  with  base  concave,  straight,  or  convex. 


Division  II. 
Division  II,  triangular.    This  division  includes  all  specimens  which     nc 
corcbng  to  geometrical  nomenclature,  are  in  the  form  of  a  tria^l      wttha" 
the  bases  or  edges  be  convex,  straight  or  concave.    Thev  are  wfth ^rstem 
and  c.,nsequently  without  shoulders,  though  in  some  specimens  th^xt  em 
concavity  of  the  base  produces  barbs  when  the  arrow  shaft  is  attached 


Fig.  281. 


soni 


lArrow  points,  Spearheads,  and  Knives  of  Prchistori,.  t;,.,        t  .  ,.  ,-.„.. 

ian    Institution,  U.   S.  National  Mnsenm    1897  '  *^"""''"  '<«^I'' "» the  Smith- 


Ks 


•sip 


!'  w 

1  pi 

li 

•  n 

i<  .1 


n 


::iji 


;  11 1 


196 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Division  III. 
Division  III,  stemmed.    This  division  includes  all   Vtirieties  of  stems, 
whether  straight,  pointed,  or  expanding,  round  or  flat,  except  those  with 
certain  peculiarities  and  included  in  Division  IV;  and  whether  the  bases  or 
edges  are  convex,  straight  or  concave. 

Class  A  is  luzenge-ishaped,  not  shouldered  or  barbed. 


Class  A.    Fig.  282. 
Class  B,  is  sboHldered,  but  not  barbed. 


Class  B,  Fig.  283. 
Class  C,  is  shouldered  and  barbed.  These  Mr,  Wilson  says,  '"cover  the  commoner  forms 
oC arrow-points  and  spear-heads  throughout  the  world.  Certaiji  other  forms,  few  in  number, 
or  restricted  in  locality,  and  scarcely  entitled  to  divisions  by  themselves,  are  nevertheless 
fitund  in  sufficient  numbers  and  with  such  definitecharacteristics  that  they  cannot  be  ignored. 
These  he  has  placed  in  a  general  class  under  the  head  of  "peculiar  forms." 


Class  C.    Fig.  284. 

Division  IV.  Peculiar  forms. 


Class  A,  beveled  edges. 


Class  B,  serrated  edges. 


Class  A.    Fig.  285. 


Class  B.     Fig.  286. 


I 


I" 


n.s, 
ith 
or 


HIS 
cr. 
:ss 


The  East  AUeglmny. 


19: 


Class  C,  biTurcuted  stems. 


Class  C.     Fijj[.  2.sr.  ' 

Class  D,  long  barhs, 
squareat  ends.  IVculiar 
to  lingland,  Ireland, 
and  found  in  ('icorj{ia, 
in  the  United  States. 
"Onr  interest  in  this 
'•lass,"  savs   Dr.   Wilson 

.V.n,      ,  •  .  .,  .      """  "■      ^'«  -^''-  in    »»"    adn.iral.le   work 

from  which  the  author  qnotes  so  liberally,  "arises  from  the  faet  that,  while  thev  areconfmed 
to  restncted  localities  n,  Europe  as  mentioned,  they  should  have  a,,peared  in  America  in   an 

es»:„!,'77"''  •".r'''''*'  "•''""'■^■'  '^' ''''''  of  Georgia,"    An  elegant  .^ecinnn  sin.ilar  to 
he  stcon.l  shown  ,n  Class  D,  with  a  straight  stem  is  shown   bv  Sir  Fohn   l-vans  as  Fi-.  .Sl8- 

borir  Th  "f  '"  ";*^''"':'"''''  •"«""'^  "t  K"'l«tone,  Ivnglan.l.  in  front  of  the  face  of  an  unbnrnt 
body.     I  he  base  of  the  barbs  which  are  as  long  as  its  stem  are  chipped  almost  straight  form- 

IStttier;'""  h" '":"»'''="*■''" '''^^'^-    ^"  ^--l-t.H-y   .ul  assigned   by  archaeolo- 
gists  to  the  first  epoch  o  the  Bronze  iieriod. 


Peculiar  to  the  province  of  Chiriqui,  Panama.  These  arc 
thin  anil  narrow  ru:le  flakes  struck  from  nuclei  and  left  nearlv 
in  their  original  condition  except  that  a  rude  stem  has  beeii 
chipped,  and  where  necessary  they  have  been  brought  to  a 
point,  "as  the  material  from  which  they  are  made  is  hard  and 
refractory.    The  workmanship  is  rude." 


Class  E.   Fig.  289. 


Class  P.  Fisf.  2:)0. 


Broadest  at  cutting  end  and  chisel-shaped.  "Thev  are  thin  al- 
most flake  like  in  appearance,  not  made  pointed,  nor'are  the  edges 
worked  down  by  secondary  chipping.  The  cutting  edge  is  at  the 
front,  at  the  broadest  end.  and,  thus  propelled,  will  make  a  wound 
large  onough  for  the  arrow  shalf  to  follow.  It  is  a  fiuestion  whether 
these  small  flmt  objects  were  really  the  points  of  arrows.  Several  of 
^''■■'"  f'""  •  '"  P'-HK-ean  I  oth.r  parts  of  Europe  were  fastened  in 
short  h  in:  les,  an  1  m  ly  h:ive  serve  1  as  knives.  A  cache  containing  several  thousand  speci- 
mens was  found  and  .snow  on  exhibition  in  the  Museum  of  Antiquities  at  Copenh  ,<ren    I)en 

mark.    They  may  have  served  for  diflferent  purposes,  just  as  our  varied   flaked   too?s  did   in 
this  countrv. 


Polished  slate.    Peculiar  in  North  America  to  the  Eskimo  coun- 
try and  to  New  England,  New  York   and  Pennsvlvania. 


I  it 

f-'i " ' 


-m 


I'ti,' 


Fig.  291. 
•Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain  p.  .<i43. 


,i 


^^ 


198 


Prehistoric  Implcmehts. 


fi?!' 


J-  (  :i, 

il 


I'oliKlied   slate  s])ear-liea<l    or    aiiow- 

licad  shaped    iiii])leiiieiits  are   very   rarely 

found  ill  I'ennsylvaiiia.     In  I'igs.  l!'.>2-;i  arc 

y^.    shown  two.     The  laruer  is  lieveled   lo  the 

•J|j;  rifjht,  a  pecnliaritv  ^^eldoni  noticed  in   this 

material      It   was    once    lastenid   to  the 

handle.    This  is  shown  by  the  two  small 

grooves  which   were  worn   into   the  iipiiei 

part  of  the  stem  as  shown  in  t*ic  lifjtire.     It 

was  fonnd  on  the  snrfaec  near  Allentown, 

I'a.      The  smaller  specimen  was   (onnd   in 

Viif.  2ii'A.  Schuylkill  County,  I'n.     Both  IhIouk  to  the 

writer.    In  the  State  of  New  York  are  found   s])ecimen.s  of  similar 

form,  sometimes  barbed,  and  often   with  notched   stems   which 

arccalle  I  by  .Mr.  lieauchanip  double-e('geil  slate  knives.   Of  these 

he  writes  in  his  reports* 

"Without  discnssiiiji;  this  (luestion  at  length,  it  may  suffice  to 

bay  that  these  two  forms  of  knives  are  in  present  use  anions  the 

Eskimo,  and  that  that  people  lived  on  the  (Udf  of  St.  I,  awrence 

3'>0  years  ago,  whence,  at  a  still  earlier  day,  it  would  have  been 

e.isy  for  them  to  make  hunting  excursions  into  New   York   by 

Fig.  292.  water.    Certain  il  is  that  south  of  .New  York  one  of  these  articles,  the 

lunar  shape  or  half  circular  knife,  has  never  been  found,!  ;i>id   the  other  but  rarely.    *    *    In 

tact  iicre  they  are  rarely  found  far  away  from  the  larger  lakes  and  streams  tributary  to  the 

St.  Lawrence." 


Fig.  294  and  cross  section  of  same.    This  semi-hinar  knife  is  froni   New    England,  but   it 
will  serve  to  illustrate  the    Pennsylvania  torms. 


^Polished  Stone  Articles  used  by  the  New  York  Aborigines,  William  .\I.  Beaucliani]). 
S.  T.l).;   Bui.  4-,  pp.  t)4-5. 

tMr.  Rcauchamp  errs;  Dr.  Charles  Kan,  in  Prehistoric  l-i^liiiig,  p.  K-o,  ^lK.ws■  a  ii.iisir 
shaped  knife  V2  size.  Fig.  332  which  was  fonnd  on  the  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  river  near  Norris- 
lowr..  Pa.  Another  obtained  bv  the  writer  now  in  tl»e  Smithsonian,  was  found  near  a  large 
creek  five  miles  north  of  Allentown,  Pa.  The  half  oi  another  and  similar  specimen  was  found 
un  the  bank  of  the  north  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  near  Williamsport,  Pa.  I  do  not  know 
where  it  now  is. 


The  East  AUcghimy. 


10{) 


\ 


Class  H,  a  iinsynimctrif,  or  in  otlu-r  words, 
"lopsidfd."  This  piTtdiarity  a]i|i,iri'iitlv  destrovs 
thfir  arti'c'livi'iicss  as  a  iiro  trtilf.  It  is  sti|,>){cstfd 
that  fasti'iicd  to  a  short  iiandk' the  concave  jiart 
may  liavc  hccii  used  Cor  ^cralllll^;  jmriion'S,  ami 
the  convex  cdjic  /ts  a  knitc.  Of  llii^  class  I'ij,',  !!<.>"> 
of  jasper,  lielotiKs  to  Mr.  Dcishir,  and  tlic  pro- 
iionnced  perfect  spctiinen  of  lirown  jasper  siiown 
|in  l-'ijf.  20(5  is  owned  l)v  Mr.  Iv.  J.  Sellers,  of 
Ki»nt/lown,  l*a. 


Two  very  rare  forms  of  flaked  itniiKments  are  here  shown 
as  Fiji.  -'.t7-H.  They  are  made  ol  jasper  and  nicely  flaked. 
Hotli  were  foiiiul  in  the  lA'hij.;h  Valley  near  Allcntown,  I'a. 
The  perfect  one  is  owned  by  Mr.  Austin  V.  Hrnsh,  ot  thi*^  city, 
and  the  other  by  the  writer,  who  owns  ahont  twenty  ))erlect 
specimens,  the  finest  of  which  arc  now  on  deposit  in  tlu'i 
nuisenm  of  the  I'niversity  of  Pennsylvania.  The  three  i)oinls 
mentioned  here  were  all  found  in  the  territory  over  which 
wand  red  the  Lenni  Lena|)e  or  I)elewarc  Indians  and  some  of 
them  were  nndonhtedly  the  makers.  .M)ont  one  hnndred  of 
them  are  shown  h\  collectors  in  this  vicinity,  and  all  are  nia<le 
of  jasper  of  various  colors. 


CI 


L 


Cur  ions  forms,  fotnid  not  alone  in  the  I'nited  States,  hnl 
in  luigland,  France,  'Switzerland  and  rarely  in  Italy. 


Fig;  800  represents  a  curious  form  similar  to  that  of  a  shark's 
tooth      It  may  have  been  used    for  drillinff  |)urpose. 


The  existence  of  fossil-shark's  teeth  was  known  to  some  of  the  southern 
Indians,  who  sometimes  perforated  and  wore  them  as  ornaments  around 
their  necks.  They  have  been  taken  from  earth  mounds  on  the  coast.*  Col. 
J(mes  appears  to  think  that  the  triangular  form  of  arrow-head  was  the 
jjrimary  or  simplest  shape,  and,  no  matter  how  various  are  other  forms, 
•Antiquities  of  the  Soutiiern  Indians,  C.  C.  Jones.  I).  255. 


■  ,1*' 


.1 


m 


1 

'i    "' 

]■}'. 

']     ■ 

I 

1 

i    ■; 

$ 

'    1 

II 

IS 


■•-"V 


200 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


they  are  but  modifieations  of  the  triangular  idea;  thus,  if  the  lower  eorners 
of  the  triangular  arrow-point  are  round,  the  leaf-shaped  form  is  produeed. 
Still  preserving  the  triangular  form  and  by  merely  ehi])])ing  a  noteh  on  eaeh 
siflc  to  faeilitate  its  attaehtnent  to  the  shaft,  we  have  the  stemmed  imple- 
ment. When  hollowed  out,  the  liase  of  the  triangle  produees  the  indented 
or  shark's  tooth  form. 

Fij;.  301.  Three  more  curi- 
ously ))oiiUe(l  aud  barbed  ioriiis 
are  seen  iu  I'ijj;.  301.  .Ml  of 
them  are  made  of  jasper.  The 
one  with  but  oue  barb  be- 
lonns  to  the  lieisher  collection. 
The  other  iwo  are  owned  by 
Dr.  Stewart.  The  small  im- 
plemcT.t  has  ;i  drill-like  ai)i)ear- 
anee.  li  is,  however,  loo  deli- 
cately chippc.i  to  h;ive  served 
lor  that  purpose.  Its  needle-like  point  would  have  be<n  destroytd  (.n  frsl  ei.ntact  with  an- 
other hard  material.  The  other  two  s])eeiiiicns  may  have  been  repointed.  All  three  ot  tluni 
arc  nicely  flaked.  Many  other  curii.us  and  interestinjj  forms  from  this  section  mijjht  Ijc 
ligurt<l,  but  want  of  s])acc  forbids. 

Si'KAR-Hi:.\i)s. 

Spear-hcads  are  but  larger  forms  of  the  many  and  various  shajjes  of  so- 
called  arrow-heads.  Attached  to  a  pole,  (5  to  S  feet  long,  they  were  used  at 
close  range,  and  when  smaller,  were  used  as  javelins.  Often,  too, 
those  long,  ta])L'ring  and  .slender  forms  were  tised  as  fish-spears.  I 
have  found  this  class  always  along  streams  which  aljounded,  in  Indian 
times,  with  fish.  "The  form  in  (pjcstion  is  comi)arativeiy  rare  in  the  fields 
or  associated  with  other  weai)ons  or  other  impltmtnts  of  the  chase,  but 
((uite  common  on  the  shores  and  in  the  beds  of  those  fishing  localities  that 
arc  nearest  to  known  sites  of  ancient  Indian  villages. "t 

We  do  not  find  here  such  artistically  wrought  nor  so  large  implements 
of  this  class  as  are  obtained  in  the  western  and  southestern  states,  and  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  While  they  in  those  j)nrts,  in  some  instances,  obtain  a 
length  of  from  12  to  almost  18  inches,  their  greatest  length  in  the  nt)rthern 
.\tlantic  States  and  New  England  is  about  0  inches. 


Fij;.  302  represents  n  spear-head  or  dapger  of  the  very  rare  leaf- 
shaped  tanged  form  -t'^  inches  long  and  V'l  inches  broad  at  its 
widest  |)art.  It  is  made  of  jasi)er  and  nicely  flaked.  It  was  found 
on   the   surface   near  Ktitztown,    I'a. 


i>mitlisoiiinn  Report,  1875,  j).  278. 


The  East  Alleghany. 


201 


Fip.  303.  S.  M.  Another  iii- 
tcrcstiiijj  ini  I  (lenient,  S'i  inclies 
lonjj  rnu!  almost  3  inches  wide  at 
its  stem,  is  nicely  flaked  from 
ytllow  jasper.  It  is  covered  with 
that  j^lossy  patina  produced  by  age 
and  very  often  seen  on  jasper  inr 
plements  and  so  much  admired  by 
archaeologists.  The  relic  was 
found  on  Great  Island  in  the  Sns" 
<iuehanna  River,  Clinton  County, 
Pa.,  and  belongs  to  Dr.  T.  H.  Stew- 
art, of  Lock  Haven,  Pa. 


W' 


Tile  two  slender  iniplenients  shown  Iiere  as  I'igs.  3()+-.*>  were  n<( 
doidjt  used  as  tish-spears.  Attached,  however,  to  a  short  handle 
they  would  have  served  e(iually  well  as  dtiggers.  The  first  is  of 
black  flint  or  basaiiite,  S'x  inches  long  and  7-H5  of  an  inch  thick 
through  its  centre.  The  second  made  of  <|uartzite  has  a  length  of 
^^'h  iiicl:'.- -  and  is  5-10  of  ,'in  inch  thick.  Hoth  were  found  by  the 
writer  on  the  surface  of  Lclugh  Island  in  the  Lehigh  River  at  A  Hen- 
town,  Pa,  and  belong  to  his  collection.  The  broader  spear-heads 
too  may  have  served  as  well  in  spearing  large  fish  as  that  of  ani- 
mals on  land. 


m 


;   '.I 

-I 


S.  1-3 


1 


202 


Prehistoi  ic  Implements. 


I 

i 


The  sturgeon  (Acipcnser)  frequently  attains  a  length  of  eight  feet,  while 
some  gars  (Lepklostens)  taken  in  the  Delaware  have  measured  five  feet. 
With  sueh  fish  to  deal  with  the  very  stoutest  of  the  himtiug  spenrs  we  have 
deseribed  would  ahme  be  of  use;  and  even  with  them  it  would  ap])ear  a 
laborious  task  to  fintdU'  subdue  and  land  these  large  and  powerfid  denizens 
of  the  water. 

Just  as  the  broad-bladed,  stout  hunting-spears  were  fre(|uently,  we  think, 
used  in  ea])turing  the  largest  of  our  river- fish,  so  it  is  jjrobable  that  these 
long,  slender  forms  of  spear-points  were  oeeasionally  used  for  the  smaller 
animals,  for  wliieh  they  are  as  available  as  an^-  stone  weajjon  that  could  be 
devised;  yet  we  doubt  not  the  jirincipal  jjurpose  of  their  manufacture  was 
that  of  spearing  fish,  and  that  the  other  uses  to  which  thev  were  i)ut  were 
governed  by  the  custom  of  adaptation  to  circumstances.* 

Every  collection,  even  of  moderate  size  contains  heavy,  though  nicely 
ehijiped  im])lements  having  the  arrow  or  spear-head  form,  varying  in  length 
from  lio  to  2VL>  inches  and  of  almost  the  same  breadth  which  were  used  as 
points  for  s])ears. 


Fir- H(i((,  represents  one  to  nn  of  llicse  iiiiiileiiunts. 
It  m;iy  l)e  the  lower  or  base  part  ol  a  once  hnjier  s)  eei- 
lueii  w.as  eliiuped  into  its  present  shape.  Iniplenients 
altered  in  this  manner  are  ol'ten  lonnd  It  was  picked 
np  near  Locl<,  I'a.,  and   is  in    Dr.   Stewart's  eolkelion. 


The  writer  believes  they  answered  the  purpose  much  better  than  those 
long  imi)lements.  In  a  life  and  death  struggle  I)etween  man  and  animal 
there  was  no  danger  of  the  loss  of  a  short  point. 

.\  favorite  and  manly  mode  of  taking  fish,  says  Col.  C.  C.  Jones,  was 
with  the  bow  and  arrow,  and  with  the  dart  or  sjiear.  .\gain  he  writes  and 
([uotes  Father  Hnnnepiiri^  who  pays  the  following  compliment  to  the  dex- 
terity of  the  southern  Indians  dwelling  "upon  the  River  Meschasi])i."  They 
"are  very  sid)tle  and  have  such  lively  and  piercing  Ivyes  that  though  the 
fishes  glide  very  swiftly  in  the  Waters,  yet  they  fail  not  to  kill  them  with 
their  Darts,  which  they  vigorously  thrust  a  little  l)cforc  into  the  Water 
when  they  shoot  out  of  their  How.  Moreover,  tJiey  have  long  I'oles  with 
sharp  Points  which  they  dart  from  them  with  great  Accuracy,  because  of 
their  l)eing  so  sharj)  sighted;  they  also  kill  great  Sturgeons  and  Trouts, 
which  are  seven  or  eight  feet  under  water." 

*Keport  Smithsonian  Institution,  IH'i.'),  p.  288. 

tA  Lonlinuation  of  the  New  Discovery."  eti.,  p.  102.  London,  ItiU.S,  in  .\nti(|iiities  of  the 
Soutlieni  liidiuns,"  p.  32«. 


The  East  Alleghany. 


203 


Knives  or  Ci'ttinc,  Tools. 

These  implement  are  found  from  the  simple  partly  sharpened  flake,  tem- 
porarily used  to  the  most  artistieally  fmished  leaf-shaped  object.  So  varied 
in  form  arc  they  and  so  often  do  they  assume  the  sha])e  of  the  arrow  or 
spear-head  that  it  is  very  dithcult  to  classify  them. 

Dr.  Charles  Kau  says,  "collectors,  for  instance,  are  very  ready  to  class 
chipped  stone  articles  of  certain  forms  occurrin<j;  throuj^hout  the  United 
States  as  arrow  and  lance-heads,  without  thinkinjr  that  many  of  these 
specimens  may  have  been  (juite  differently  emi)loYed  by  the  aborigines.  Thus 
the  I'ai  L'tes  (jf  southern  Utah*  use  to  this  day  chi])ped  flint  blades,  identical 
in  shajjc  with  those  that  are  usually  called  arrow  and  spear-])oints,  as 
knives,  fastening  them  in  short  wooden  handles,  by  means  of  a  black  resin- 
ous sul)stance.  The  writer  was  informed  by  Major  Powell  that  these  jk'o- 
l)le  use  tlieir  stone  knives  with  jj^rerit  effect,  especially  in  cutting  leather.!" 


In  the  ai)ove  cut,  .iic  slicnvii  ii 
few  furiously  fonncd  iinplcmcuts  wliiili  the 
jihorij^iuts  usjd  (or  lultiufj;  ijurposcs.  A  tlw 
ot  I'lciu  liavt  llic  loriii  ol'  our  picscut  knives 
and  were  no  douht  hatted.  .Nearly  all  o' 
tlieni  eould  also  he  used  as  serapinj^  tools. 
Xos.  1  of  lelsile  and  2,  3,  ."),  of  jasper  were 
found  near  l^ocU  Haven,  I'a.,  and  lielon;^  to 
Dr.  Stew.'irt.  Nos.  4  and  (5  of  jasper  found 
near  Kntztown,  I'a..  helona;  to  Mr.  Ueisher. 


Fijj.  'Ml.     Knives   S.  'i. 

Knives  were  sometimes  wrapped  around  one  end  with  a  strij)  of  the 
skin  of  an  animal.  This  was  no  doubt  done  to  ])rotect  the  hand.  These 
can  l)e  seen  in  the  large  public  museums.  So-called  hafted  flint  knives  were 
also  used  as  daggers. 

Tcshous,  or  "si)all  knives"  are  found  on  old  Indian  camp-sites.  They 
are  round,  flat  discs  of  sharp  stones,  one  side  of  which  is  convex,  and  the 
other  side  flat.  They  were  with  a  sudden  blow  struck  oft'  water-rolled 
stones.  The  Shoshonee  Indians  use  im])lements  of  this  kind  as  knives,  and 
from  them  we  get  the  n.-imc.  A  number  of  these  knives  of  diflerent  sizes  are 
shown  in  Fig.  308.  They  are  fref|uently  found  on  the  surface,  associated 
with  other  remains  of  the  Indians.  To  the  left  of  them  arc  figured  4-  water- 
worn  stones  from  which  such  cutting  im])lements  were  struck.  They  belong  to 
Mr.  H.  C.  Mercer,  of  Doylestown,  Pa.,  and  were  found  in  that  vicinity.  Mr. 
Mercer  writes  in  an  entertaining  manner  of  them  in  his  article.:!: 

*This  was  written  in  IHTo. 
,,j     tSinithsoni;in  Coutrihutioiis  to  Knowlcd^ic,  287,  p.  -'. 

$l'el)i)les  ehipp-.' 1  l)v  Modern  Indians  as  an  aid  to  the  study  of  the  Trenton  (Iravel  Im- 
plements, I'uhlished  in  I'roeeedings  of  the  Aniericun  .\ssociatioii  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  Vol.  XVI,  1H91.'. 


.  Yp  '  ;• 


i 


tl 


.1 


■fti 


.fiiii 


k' 


l 


204 


Prehistoric  Implements. 
Scrapers. 


Scrapers  are  simple  forms  of  stone  implements  easily  changed  from  flint 
flakes  into  serviceable  tools,  and  so  called  because  they  were  used  principally 
in  scraping  skins  and  other  surfaces.*  A  typical  scraper,  Sir  John  Evans 
says,  "may  be  defined  as  a  broad  flake,  the  point  of  which  has  been  chipped 
to  a  semi-circular  bevelled  edget  wound  along  the  margin  of  the  inner  sur- 
face, similar  in  character  to  round  nosed  turning  chisel."  These  tools  are 
classified  in  America  as  those  notched  above,  and  those  having  the  form  of 
a  sheaf  of  wheat  viewing  them  stem  downward,^  or  as  Gen'l  Thruston  will 
have  it,  spoon-shaped. S  These  were  chipped  to  an  edge  on  both  sides,  and 
were  notched  and  stemmed,  some  having  expanding  bases.  Others  with 
straight  stems,  and  with  the  aid  of  pitch  or  other  resinous  substance  were 
fastened  to  short  handles  and  no  doubt  made  useful  tools. 


■  -  .  '"!iW?''*"^ 


B!i' 


Fig.  308.    S.  1-5. 

They  were  often  made  from  other  broken  chipped  implements.  They  are 
sometimes  called  "bunts"  or  blunt  arrow-points,  and  were,  perhajjs,  u.sed 
to  stun  game,  often  more  desired  living  than  dead.  Thcw  are  also  found 
with  their  edges  worn  smooth.  These  were  certainly  used  as  tools  for 
scraping  or  dressing  skins.  Professor  Perkins  has  described  them  in  a  pre- 
vious section  and  but  few  remarks  are  necessary. 

*Col.  C.  C.  Jones  owned  several  having  square  cutting  edges.  See  Antiquities  of  the 
Southern  Indians  p.  289. 

tAncient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain,  p.  269. 
tl)r.  C.  C.  Abbott  in  Smithsonian  Report  for  1875. 
§Antiquities  of  Tennessee,  p.  224. 


II 


1.. 


The  East  Alleghany. 


205 


In  connection  with  scrapers,  althouj^h  they  were  not  used  as  such,  may 
be  mentioned  small  chipped  implements  of  almost  s(iuare  form,  which  were 
used  as  gun-flints.  Two  in  the  writer's  possession,  of  yellow  jasper  were 
found  on  Lehigh  Island  at  Allentown,  Pa.  One  of  them  measures  on  every 
side  %  of  an  inch.  The  other  is  of  an  oblong  form  measuring  on  two  sides 
%  of  an  inch,  and  on  the  other  %  and  13-lG  of  an  inch.  Similar  objects 
have  been  found  in  the  state  of  New  York.* 


Fip;.  309  represents  an  intertstin;;  and  rare  t'orni  of  stemmed  l)evele<l 
serai)er  'a  size,  wliieli  was  no  doubt  hatte<l.  Tlic  materiai  .rem  wliieli  it  was 
made  is  a  l)liiisli  jasper.  It  was  fonnd  near  Heading,  I'a.,  and  , belongs  in  tlic 
eolieetion  owned  bv  .Mr.  Deislier. 


Drilli.no  Tools  or  Perforators. 
It  is  certainly  a  diflicult  undertaking  to  correctly  classify  these  very  in- 
teresting and  at  the  same  time  j)erplexing  implements;   which  assiMic  an 
almost  endless  variety  of  forms. 


FiK.  310. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  forms  figured  in  this  book  represent  most  of 
those  in  the  hands  of  public  and  private  collectors  and  were  used  as  drills. 
Of  them,  Dr.  Wilson  has  this  to  say:  ".\n  anomaly  in  arrow-i)oints  should 
not  be  overlooked.  One  of  the  ])rehistoric  imi)lements  of  America  is  that 
which  usually  has  been  called  the  jjcrforator  or  drill,  though  sometimes, 
jocularly  'hair])in.'  It  consists  of  the  base  or  jiile,  which  is  roimd  or  nearly 
so,  poi  Lcd  as  though  suital)lc  for  drilling  or  boring,  with  a  stem  or  base 
after  the  fashion  of  an"ow-i)oints.  It  has  usually  been  supi)osed  that  this 
spreading  l)ase  was  to  be  held  between  the  thumb  and  fingers,  gimlet 
fashion,  and  used  as  a  drill.  Some  of  these  imjilemcnts  apjK-ar  to  have  been 
made  primarily  for  this  purjjose,  while  others  have  th(  full  and  complete 
base,  stem,  shoulders  and  sometimes  barbs,  of  the  stem  end  of  an  arrow- 
point,  and  of  these  it  has  alwaN's  been  said  or  supi)osed,  that  the  ])erforator 
or  drill  filled  a  secondary  office  and  was  possibly  a  broken  arrow-point.  The 
blade  is  chipped  away  on  either  edge  until  the  pile  or  base  is  ver\-  nearly 
round  and  (|uite  pointed.  These  have  never  been  classed  as  jirrow-points 
or  spear-heads,  but  it  is  curious  to  remark  that  the  on.y  wounds  shown 
in  the  two  human  skulls  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  should  have  been 
made  by  stone  implements  or  arrow-points  of  this  peculiar  class. "t 

•Aboriginal  Chipped  Stone  Implements  of  New  York,  William   M.  Betiiichnm]),  S.  T.  B. 
Vol.  4,  )).  66. 

t.\rrow-point8.  Spear-heads  and  Knives,  pp.  944-4.5,     Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institn- 
tion,  Fart  1,  1897,  Wnshington.  D.  C. 


M 


■  Hit 

■m 


i 


;*i 


^ri 


1 


1^^ 


I 


I; 


206 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


.  The  iTiajprity  of  them  show  no  signs  of  wear,  and  so  delicately  wrought 
are  some  of  them,  that  were  the\' used  in  contact  with  other  stones  they 
would  at  once  he  destroyed.  These  long  slender  objects  would  do  very  well 
as  graving  tools.  Thq  Indian  engraver  certainly  used  a  pointed  flint  tool 
upon  the  various  polished  objects  of  stone  and  also  of  shell  found  in  the 
United  States,  and  the  so-called,  drill  may,  in  many  instances  have  been  used 
for  that  purjjose.  They  are  found  stemmed,  pointed  at  l)oth  ends,  and  with 
exapnding  base,  or  T  shaped.  Those  doubly  pointed  may,  as  some  think, 
have  served  as  fish  hooks.  This  theory  seems  to  the  writer  as  nither  far- 
fetched. 


m:^ 


K<i*'» 


111  Fig.  311  is  shown  ;i  skull  ot'aii  Indian 
pierced  willi  a  Irill-like  arrow-]. oinl.  It  is 
now  in  the  Army  .\Ie<lical  >'U!-euni.  VViishinj;- 
ton,  U.  C.  The  skull  was  orifiiually  riceived 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institulidu  i'loni  I)r.  L.  (i 
Vales,  ot"  .Mameda  County,  Calilomia.  It 
shows  a  man  of  advanced  ajje.  A  lonj-  Hint 
arrow-point  has  leuetratcd  the  skidl  throufili 
the  left  orbit,  and  the  figure  shows  it  in  iiliue 
as  originally  found  im|)acted.  .\nother  human 
skull  from  Henderson  County,  Illinois,  ))ie)nd 
through  the  S(|uamvsae  hone  on  the  left  si(!e 
by  a  drill-like  arrow-head,  can  be  seen  in  the 
I'nited  States  National  Miisetmi  at  Washington  D.  C. 


Fig.  312  shows  a  wing<(l  drillshai'cd  objecl  o( 
jasper  natural  size,  and  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Deisher.  It  was  found  on  the  surface  near  Moseleni,  I'a. 
It  belongs  to  the  stemmed  variety  and  shows  no  signs 
of  wear. 


mmi 


The  East  Alleglmn\ 


20'; 


Via.  313.  Thi.s  iiitercstiiiy  little  ol)ject  I/l-  s<izv,  ni.-ulc  of  j.-isiici 
l)cloiif,'s  to  l»r.  Stewart,  and  was  (duikI  near  lii>  lit, me  W  liile  Uie 
npiier  i)art  of  it  is  linely  ciiiijped  into  a  needle-like  point,  its  liase  is 
ronjrh  r.nd  nnfijiished.     It,  mav  have  lieen  used   as  a  gravinjj;   tool. 


Frj?.  314-.  A  jasper  specimen  shown  fnll  size  and  loinid  near 
Kntzt,  wn,  I'a  ,  lielonKs  to  Mr.  Deisher.  I  introdnee  it  here  beeatise 
ot  Its  drill-like  shape.  Continual  use  mr.y  have  worn  down  its  long 
point  to  its  i)re.«ent  form. 


V\'A.  31o  is  a  finely  ehip,)cd  T-sha])ed  nlijeet  of  mottled  l)hiejasiier  3  3-10  iiiel  es 
Ion-.  The  I.a.se  or  T  part  is  one  nieh  wide,  and  the  lonj,'  slender  point  at  widest 
part  a  little  more  than  an  ineh.  It  is  sli-htly  indented  at  the  ha.se.  This  fuu- 
speeimeii  belongs  to  Dr.  Stewart  near  whose  home  it  was  found. 


in 


■■3 
■2 


I'i;::.  310  was  found  in  New  F.n-;laii(l.     It  is  peculiar, 
originally  heeii  a  very  long  drill. 


ust  have 


Stkatitk  Tools  a.\i)  Vessels. 

The  Indians  of  the  Atlantic  coast  used  extensively  steatite  or  soap-stone 
in  the  manutaeture  of  their  various  kinds  of  vessels,  for  eookin^r  and  other 
purposes,  which  was  either  obtained  on  the  surface  or  I)v  (piarrvin^r.  The 
material  is  plentiful  over  a  larj^c  section  of  tcrritorv,  and  wherever  it  occurs 
the  outcrops  of  it  have  been  worked  by  them.  The  implements  used  in  pro- 
eurinjj:  and  makin^r  steatite  vessels  are  somewhat  varied  There  were 
brought  into  service  no  doubt,   wooden  levers   which   have  disappeared 


m 


208 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


S 


m,  >, 


mauls,  hoes,  picks,  grooved  and  ungrooved  axes  and  other  implements  that 
served  as  shovels.  Many  of  the  grooved  axes  found  in  the  vicinity  of  these 
quarries  show  signs  of  very  rough  usage.    They,  with  other  heavier  tools. 


Fig.  317.   S.  jibotit  1-9. 

were  used,  no  doubt,  in  detaching  from  the  mother  rock  the  blocks 
to  be  shaped  into  tools  which  were  then  finished  by  smaller 
tools  into  vessels  ready  for  use.  These  are  shown  in  Fig.  317  in  the  fine 
series  of  picks  and  chisels  small  and  double  pointed,  which  are  owned  by 
Mr.  Thomas  H.  Windle,  Coatesville,  Pa.  These  tools  were  found  in  the 
l^ast  in  great  abundance  at  a  soap-stone  quarry  about  2  miles  S.  W.  of 
Christianna,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.    Both  picks  and  chisels  are  made  of  an 


The  Bust  Alkffluiny. 


209 


fit 
sc 

Is. 


eruptive  rock  and  arc  very  touj^h.     This  material  is  found  abundantly  in 
Eastern  I'enns\-lvania. 

The  chisels  measure  in  lenjj^th  from  3'l>  to  0  inches  .and  wci^h  from  Vs 
of  a  pound  to  2  pounds.  The  ])icks  are  jieneraliy  shorter  than  the  chisels 
and  \veiij;h  from  Vs  <>1  a  pound  to  ">  ])ounds.  Mr.  Windle  has  found  a  few 
chisels  of  jasper  and  white  (|uartz.  There  are  several  ways  in  which  these 
tools  were  used,  says  Prof.  H.  W.  Holmes.* 

In  the  lower  part  of  the  cut  are  also  seen  three  nntinishcd  ])ot-st(me 
vessels,  which  were  found  near  a  (piarry  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa.  They 
also  helonjj^  to  Mr.  Windle. 

Soapstone  or  steatite  althoujj^h  rather  a  soft  stone  is  tough,  and,  if  free 
from  veins,  can  be  worked  into  any  desired  form.  It  will  resist  a  high  de- 
gree of  heat  without  beinj^  destroyed.  It  was,  therefore,  a  very  desirable 
material  for  culinary  purposes. 

TJie  fmished  bowls,  which  are  fj^cncrally  shallow  and  oval  in  form,  have 
at  each  end  car-like  projections  which  served  as  handles.  They  ditVcr,  how- 
ever, in  shape  and  size  and  in  ])osition.  When  the  vessel  was  deep  the 
handles  were  ])laced  near  the  base.  If  shallow,  they  ()ccu])ied  a  place  nearer 
the  rim.  These  vary  in  size  from  small  eu])s  to  those  havinji'  a  diameter  of 
almo>L  I'm  icct,  .'ind  over  one  foot  hii,di  on  the  outside. 


m 
m 


ks 

er 

|ne 

)V 

he 

of 
Ian 


\'\fi.  ;iis.    s.  .-iiioiu  1-5. 

I-'i}j.  ;U.S  ii-pre-i'iits  two  of  tlicsi-  l)iist-slia)ii."(l  sloiics  now  in  tlie  nijjartiiiiiit  otAnli.'Ko- 
loi(v  an  1  I';ilai.'ontol()gy,  rnivorsity  ot  I't-nnsylv.'inia.  I'liilat  fl]  lii.i.  Tlicir  catalc;,'tit  nnnil  iis 
arc  IO.OT.t;    wliicli  is  12Vj  inches  hijili,  and  lO.OiS'J,  which  attains  a  licight  of  20  inches. 

Anvil  Shapkd  Stones. 

Of  great  interest  to  the  archaeologist  are  the  above  objects,  also  called 
Indian  busts,  found  along  streams  flowing  through  the  northern  part  of 
Buck's  county,  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.    They  vary  in  height  from  5  inches 

■'*.>toiR'  Iniple.nciits,  p.  112.  Fifteenth  .\iinuai  Report,  lUireau  of  lithnohjgy,  Washing- 
ton, ;).  c.  ' 


11^ 


■5  '\ 


im 


■  J  i 


I     rll 


210 


Prehistoric  Implcmcn ts. 


to  2¥j  feet,  .'ind  arc  made  of  ar^illitc  l)()ul(lcrs  tound  //;  loco.  Mr.  Charles 
Laiibach,  of  Kiejj;clsville,  Pa.,  a  well-known  ;:;e()l();.jist  and  archaeologist 
found  a  number  of  these  relics  at  Fairview,  which  were  nicely  carved,  and, 
in  outline,  he  informs  the  writer  they  resemble  somewhat  the  features  of  the 
Red  people. 

A  few  months  after  the  discovery  of  these  above  noted,  Mr.  II.  C. 
Mercer,  another  well-known  writer  and  arehaeologicrd  authority,  thoroughly 
investi,!j:.'ited  the  above  locality  and  adjacent  country,  and  was  fortunate 
in  discovering  more  of  them.  These  are  ^o  be  seen  in  the  archnco- 
lo^^ical  museum  belonjj^in^  to  the  I'niversity  oi  I'emisylvani.i.  .\t  (irst  they 
were  r.'ithcr  coldly  received  by  archaeolo;j;ical  cxjjerts,  but  their  j^cnuineness 
becominji:  ajjparent  they  were  classiticd  as  above.  Their  use  is  unknown. 
.Mr.  Laubach,  after  a  thoroujjh  investitjation  of  them,  arrived  at  the  con- 
clusion that  they  were  utilized  in  some  mortuary  ceremony,  or  were  made 
to  commemorate  the  life  and  service  of  a  ,^rj:it  and  depart  j  1  chieftain. 

Net  Si.nkkks. 


These  implements  are  found  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  lartjc  creeks,  and 
other  bodies  of  water  where  nets  were  used  in  takinij^  rtsli.  They  are  teener- 
ally  flat  water-worn  stones  of  different  sizes  .and  various  forms,  tcndinj,\ 
however,  almost  always  to  the  oval  in  sha])e.  They  have  notches  artifici- 
ally worked  into  their  sides  o])posite  each  other  by  a  few  simjile  blows,  and 
are  correctly  tcrmetl  "net  sinkers."  They  vary  in  weij.jht  from  half  an 
ounce  to  10  ounces,  and  once  in  a  while  are  found  weijrhinjj^  from  a  ])ound 
to  more  than  15  pounds.*  Mr.  T.  M.  M.  Gernerd,  of  Muncey,  Pa.,  owns  a 
very  fine  collection  of  them  and  has  pvil)lished  some  interesting?  papers  on 
.archaeolojj^ical  subjects.  The  fre(|uency  of  sinkers  in  this  vicinity,  says  Dr. 
Rau,"i"  indicates  that  the  Indians  were  niuchenj;ai;edin  fishinf?  at  this  i)oint. 
(Sus(|uehanna  river). 

The  sinkers  found  here  are  almost  exclusively  made  from  the  material 
called  .uraywacke  which  belon^ys  to  the  ueolotiical  formation  whereon  is 
situated  Muncey.  The  longest  specimen  shown  IwDr.  Ran  is  a  flat  stone  of 
irregular  outline,  S  inches  wide  across  the  broadest  part,  and  l''s  inches 
thick  in  the  middle.  It  weij.ilis  2  jjounds  and  14-  ounces.  It  may  have  served 
for  weijrhinjj^  a  set-net.  From  this  region  have  been  t.aken  many  sinkers 
weighing  from  V2  ounce  upward.  These  small  and  light  specimens  were  no 
floubt  used  in  connection  with  hook  and  line. 

*Mr.  Nat.  E.  Booth,  of  Southolcl,  Loiijj  Island,  reports  a  grooved  siiikcr  or  anchor  from 
that  vicinity  weigliinp  ISVa  jionnds.  It  is  flat  on  one  side  and  slightly  convex  on  the  other. 
The  groove  completely  encircles  the  upper  part  of  the  implement.  Its  shape  is  similar  to  a 
plununet. 

Il'rehistoric  Fishing,  p.   157-59. 


1^ 


riw  liust  MIcL^hnnv. 


L'll 


Tho  .'{  sinkers  shown  here  j^ive  a  delinite  idea  of  the  tbrni  of  tliese  imple- 
ments, alth()u;^h  many  fomid  are  not  of  so  ovoid  a  shape.  Most  ol"  tliem 
are  notehed  either  on  tlieir  sides  as  represented  in  the  first,  or  at  the  ends  as 
ean  l)e  seen  in  tlie  last.  More  rarely  do  they  oeeur  niehed  both  at  sides  and 
ends  as  theeentral  one  shows.  Mr.  (lernerd  tells  us  that  speeimens  are  some- 
times found  with  but  oneartitieial  noteh,  a  natunilone,  on  the  opposite  side, 
serving;  the  recpiired  purpose.  One  was  found  havin;f  several  artilieial  nieks, 
due,  no  doubt  to  a  jjlayful  whim  of  the  maker.  "We  have  sometimes  ])ieked 
up  these  sinkers  (piite  a  distance  from  the  river;  but  only  on  the  banks  ol' 
the  stream  have  we  found  them  in  large  numbers.  They  are  still  (1SS9)  fre- 
(juently  found,  althouj^h  thousaixls  have  been  earried  away  by  relie 
hunters."* 

Dr.  C.  C  Abl)ott  found  in  the  summer  of  1S7S,  a  series  of  these  (".'{) 
notehed  p(.bl)!es  in  the  wasting  northern  shore  ol  Crosswiek's  Creek,  about 
2  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  Honientown,  New  jersey.  They  were  in  an 
irre.milar  heap,  in  ^()me  instances  one  just  above  the  other,  but  in  eonlaet. 
They  were  '2'.*  i'lclies  below  the  surface, v 

I'i.y.  ,'!'_'()  shows  one  <il  llu'  |iliiiiuiicls  in  tlii' 
lli'islur  colltilioii.  Tlii'  wriltr  owi.s  '.)  ol  lliisc 
iiii|il<.'iiicms  wliiili  ;iri-  |i;irl  old  liiihc  loiiiid  on 
till'  l).niks  ol  .\(|ii;Misliie<)l;i  circk,  ii  sllovt  (!is- 
l.'iniT  Ironi  wIkii'  ii  cinptics  lulo  llic  l.iliiuli 
riviT  ol  wliiili  il  is  a  l.'iiiic  triliiitarv  ;il  llu' 
!,ilii,uli  W.itiT  (laj)  in  iristitn  rcMinsylvani.'i.:!: 
I'lic  laritcsl  is  I!'-.,  inilirs  lonjj  jind  llic  sinallisl 
nicasmc's  in  Icnylli  I'o  inilus.  TluTcol  lluni 
are  coniplcUly  firoovfd,  and  llic  icniaindtT 
l);irtly  jjroovcd  oi-  noU'lic.L  One-  ot' tlicin  was 
l)ci'i<cd  into  a  rounded  shape  from  a  inner 
e   a    lew   notched   so.ipstone  .'■inl<eis   ol  siniihir 


pieie  ol  stone, 
appe.iranee.     > 


In    llie    writer's  eoiieetio 

11. 


In  the  eatchiii.tj;  offish  the  Indians  used  hooks  of  either  stone  or  bone  as 
well  as  nets.  The  Moravian  missionary,  (ieorire  Henry  Loskiel.S  writin<f 
on  this  subject  about  the  Lenni  Lena])e,  or  Delawarcs  and  Iro(|uois,  says: 
"LiLtle  boys  are  even  fre(|uentl\-  seen  wadiny  in  shallow  brooks,  shooting 
small  iishes  with  their  bows  and  arrows.  The  Indians  always  carry  hooks 
and  small  harpoons  with  them,  wherever  they  are  on  a  huntinj.j  party;  but 
at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  they  j^o  out  ])urposely  to  fish,  either  alone  or 
in  parties.  I'or  this  purpose,  they  use  the  neat  and  li^j^ht  birch-l)ark  canoes 
and  others  made  chieHy  of  cypress.  These  look  like  lonj^-  trouj^'is  and  are 
of  various  sizes." 

He  also  de.scri))es  shad-(ishin;j;:  "The  Indians  run  a  dam  of  stones  across 
the  stream,  where  its  depth  will  admit  of  it,  not  in  a  straight   line,  but  iji 

°'l"lic  N'ow  and   Then,  Vol.  II,  p.  "">.  J.  M.  .M.  (lernerd. 

vPrimitive  Industry.  C.  C.  .Mibott.  ]).  238. 

ij:  V  |u  iti-iliie<i  a  I  Djla  ware  In iian  word,  means  in  our  lanj;u.'ij;;e   nnisli  net  fishinj;. 

S  ilistory  of  the  Mission  of  the  United    Brjtlireti   among  the  Indians   in    North    Amcriea 
London,  18<)-1,  Pari  I,  p   94,  etc. 


*■■'■'><   hi 
■tw-vf-    I 


m 


id 


A- 


212 


Prcliistot  ic  ItiifjIvnictUs. 


(;■. 


'^  i 


[,       .,: 


■il    ' 


two  parts,  vcrj^in^j:  towards  t-acli  otiicr  in  an  aii^lo.  An  opciiinj^  is  left  in 
tilt'  middle  for  the  water  to  run  off.  At  this  openinj;  they  i)laee  a  larjic  box, 
the  bottom  of  whieh  is  lull  of  holes.  The  Indians  then  ^m)  up  the  stream 
and  (\rn^  a  hu>,'e  brush  and  vine  affair  down  to  the  dam,  tints  drivinj;  the 
fish  ahead  and  into  the  box.  Uy  this  eontrivanee  they  sometimes  catch 
above  a  thousand  siiad  and  other  fish  in  hall" a  day." 

Robert  Hcverly  writes:  "Helbre  the  arrival  of  the /i/j,v//.s/j  there  tiic  In- 
dmns\.',n\  I'ish  in  such  vast  plenty,  that  the  Hoys  and  (iirls  woidd  take  a 
])ointed  stick,  and  strike  the  lesser  sort,  as  they  swam  u])on  the  I'Mats,  The 
larj^cr  I-^ish,  that  ke])t  in  (lee])cr  Water,  they  were  i)Ut  to  a  little  more  Dilli- 
culty  to  take;  Hut  lor  these  they  made  Weir;  that  is,  a  Hedjj:e  of  small  riv'd 
sticks,  or  reeds,  of  the  Thickness  of  a  man's  I'injicr,  these  they  wove  to,i,fether, 
in  a  Row,  with  Straps  of  (ireen  Oak,  or  other  tou,i,di  Woo<l,  so  close  that 
the  small  I'ish  cou'd  not  pass  throujj:h.  I'pon  Hij^ii  Water  Mark,  they 
pitched  one  end  of  this  Hed;j:e  and  tlw  other  they  extended  into  the  River  to 
the  Depth  of  Iu;.rht  or  ten  I'^oot,  fastening;  it  with  St.akcs,  makin;f  Cods  out 
from  the  Hed^^e  on  one  side,  almost  at  the  luid,  and  leaving  a  (»a])  for  the 
I'ish  to  ^o  into  them,  which  was  contrived  so  that  the  I'isli  could  easily 
find  their  Pass;i).;e  into  those  Cods,  when  they  were  at  the  (ia]),  but  not  see 
their  Way  out  a^ain,  when  they  were  in.  Thus,  if  they  offered  to  pass 
throuj^di,  they  were  taken. 

"Sometimes  they  made  such  a  Hedj.je  as  this,  (juite  across  a  Creek  at 
High  Water,  and  at  Low  would  j.:;o  into  the  Run,  then  contracted  into  a 
narrow  Stream,  .and  i..ke  out  what  I'ish  they  pleased."* 

AOZKS  A.Nl)  CmsKi.s. 

The  Adzes  are  similar  in  ajipearance  to  the  celts.  The  dilTcrcnce  being 
that  while  one  of  their  broader  sides  is  convex,  the  other  is  Hat.  They  are 
in  very  rare  instances  found  slightly  curved.  The  writer  owns  two  of  these. 
Chisels  are  generally  long,  wedge-sliajjcd  tools.  All  of  their  sides  are  Hat. 
Both  of  these  im])lements  are  extremely  rare  in  this  gcograijhical  section, 
and  but  few  can  be  seen  in  private  collections.  They  are  mostly  made  of 
tough  eru])tive  rock.  Slate  was  sometimes  used  in  their  manufacture. 
Figiu'cs  of  both  of  these  implements  are  shown  in  other  parts  of  this  book. 

Relics  OF  Coi'pkk  \-u(n\  Ivvi.rKRN  Ph.n.nsvi,v.\.\i.\  .\ni)  Xicw  Jkkskv. 

Imi)lements  of  the  materia)  hanmiered  into  shape  with  the  aid  of  stone 
tools  are  very  rarely  found  in  chc  above  gcograjjliical  section.  Native  cop- 
per has  been  found  in  pieces  weighing  several  pounds  along  the  Connecticut 
River,  and  also  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey.  Therefore  one  cannot  with  a 
certainty  say  that  all  the  tools  found  here  were  brought  from  the  coj)per- 
bearing  regicm  of  Lake  Superior.  A  small,  much  oxidized  celt-like  object 
was  found  on  the  surface  near  Millbach,  Lebanon  County,  Pa.,  by  Mr.  H. 
L.  lllig,  its  present  owner.  The  lowest  or  broadest  part  of  a  chisel  or  celt 
much  corroded  by  the  elements,  was  found  a  few  miles  south  of  Reading, 
Pa.  A  short  distance  south  of  the  same  city  was  found  n  gouge-like  cop])er 
•The  History  of  Virginia,  in  Four  Ports,  p.  130,  etc.  London,  1722. 


The  li/ist  Allc^lmny. 


'2\[\ 


iniplonicnt,  oviT  six  inrlics  loiij;  and  t.'ijjcrin^' almost  ccni.'illy  towards  cu-li 
end.  Two  more  copper  ohjtrts  were  loiiiid  not  very  far  away.  .Aiiotlier 
copper  axe  was  loinid  on  the  surface  near  I-'riedeiishurjf,  Ik-rUs  Co.,  i'a.  <  >iie 
of  tile  finest  eelts  or  eliisels  ever  handled  by  the  writer,  and  there  is  nowhere, 
in  ;,ny  eolleetion,  either  puhlie  or  private,  one  to  exeel  it;  was  found  in  ISIO 
on  Chandler's  Island,  in  the  Delaware  River  four  miles  .'ihove  the  Delaware 
Water  (iap.  With  it  were  olitaincd.Jit  the  s.'inie  time,  heads  and  other  small 
(ilii».'i!-;  j.tih;  i;s  the  eontints  of  a  ;.;rave.  It  is  .''/''s  iiiehes  lonji  and  llj 
wide  at  its  top,  and^^radually  inereases  in  breadth  to  its  euttiii;.;  edj^e  where 
it  measures  li  inehes.  At  the  toj)  is  also  its  thickest  part.  Here  it  mcisuies 
7-l()  ol'  an  inch,  and  tapers  down  etjually  on  both  sides  to  its  cuttin;,' ed^e. 
It  v<eijihs  'J  ounces.  A  (juarler  ot"  an  inch  aliove  its  cuttin;.j  edj^e,  on  cieli  of 
i'  four  aii;;les,  aiv  cut,  on  one  side,  11  notches  and  on  the  opposite  anj^les 
12.  W!ieLli?r  these  notches  were  cut  into  the  celt  to  add  to  its  beauty  or  to 
commemorate  some  event  is  impossilile  to  tell.  It  still  shows  marks  of 
hamnicrin;^  and  is  in  perfect  condition.  Dr.  Stewart's  collection  eont.'iins 
co])pLr  ornaments.  .\  few  copjier  perforated  pendants,  and  s|>iral  objects 
are  owned  by  I'rof.  .\.   |.  Waycholf. 

Dr.  C.  C.  .\bbott  ascertained  throu}j:heor.es])on(lencc  th.'it  in  New  Jersey 
were  found  in  .ill  12.S  coppL-r  objects,  11  celts,  ">  s])ears,  S  arrow-jxiints,  i;> 
bracelets,  70  b^-ads  and  21  frayin.'iits  of  nu'tal.* 

In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  I'eabody  Museum  of  American  ,\rehaeolo,<j:y 
by  Professor  I'.  \\ .  Putnam,  Dr.  .Abbott  also  reports  that  when  in  l.s;{2 
the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  was  dujjf,  there  were  found  many  skeletons 
of  Indians  durin.ij  the  course  of  the  excavations.  About  the  wrist  bones  of 
many  were  narrow  bands  of  hammered  copjier,  and  some  larj^e  crescent 
shaped  ornanunts  were  also  uncovered.  In  one  insttinee  a  ^rave  was 
opened  from  which  a  nodule  of  native  coi)])er  was  taken  weij^hin^  thirteen 
ounces.  Mr.  ().  M.  BiLrelow,  of  Haldwinsville,  N.  V.,  sends  me  photo,ifra])hs 
of  co])])er  objects  from  his  rej^ion  where  (|uite  a  number  have  been  found. 

Aktici.ks  of  Shki.i.  i.\  X.  V. 

Shell  beads  and  ornaments  are  mostly  (piitc  recent  in  the  interior  of 
New  York,  but  a  few  early  ex;imi)les  have  been  found:  Two  worked  sliell 
jiendants  (ornaments)  have  been  found  in  Onondaj^a  county  precisely  like 
the  shell  sinker  fij.iured  by  Dr.  Ran  from  Florida.  Shell  cujis  arc  rare.  Dis- 
coid and  cylindric  beads  i)ecame  abimdant  after  KJ.'iO.  A  New  York  bulletin 
on  wampum  and  other  articles  of  shell,  profusely  illustrated,  is  in  ])re])ar- 
fition  by  Dr.  Beauchamp.  .\rtieles  made  of  this  material  are  very  rare  in 
other  parts  of  this  section.     The  writer  does  not  now  know  of  one  object. 

GOT'OES. 

Gouges  arc  ccmcave  or  jiartly  concave  celt-shaped  implements  of  various 
lengths  and  sizes.  They  arc  generally  made  of  the  same  tough  materials  as 
are  grooved  and  ungrooved  axes.  They  are  less  plentiful  than  axes,  and 
their  occurrence  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  states  bordering  on  the  Atlantic 

*The  r.se  of"  Copper  by  tlie  Delaware  Indians  in  American  Naturalist  18S5,  pp.  774-7H. 


«'!"  n 


2U 


Prehistoric  Impiementb. 


ocean.  Tlicy  arc  most  plfiitiful  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  Canada.  A 
lew  have  lieen  found  in  other  parts  of  this  section.  Hein^'  often  hafted,  they 
were  no  (hml)t  used  in  abori<j:inaI  cari)entry  and  were  unknown  to  the  later 
In(Hans.'-  iM^ures  of  these  interesting  tools  are  shown  in  otiier  sections  of 
this  vohtnie. 


I'ij;.    '.VJl    reiJiesi'iils    a    vitv  rare    s|i<iiiiKii   ':i    size,    wliieli    is 

),>i(>()v<'il  around  its  nppt-r  i-tid.     Il  is  iiia(!i'  <il  a  mix   Ii.ih'   <.(iiiii)ai  I 

slalf.     It   iiil'Migs  lu   Mr.    I>iisini,  and   was    loiui  1    m-ar  Kiil/lowii, 
I'tiin. 


! 


I'iPKS. 

There  is  found  no  work  of  .\horij.;inal  .\rt  which  so  ni'ieli  coium  iiids  the 
attention  of  arcliaeoh)>iists  and  collectors  aliki'  as  do  tiic  pipes  m  kK'  Iw  our 
l)rehistoric  .\nicric.'in  races,  and  which  arc  discovered  in  mounds,  i^ravcs 
and  often  ')n  the  surface.  Ivvcn  more  were  they  ai)prceiated  and  held  in 
esteem  by  tiieir  makers  and  owners,  which  isconvinccd  by  thc,yrcal  amount 
of  artistic  work  done  upon  many  of  them. 

With  the  .Vmcrind,  even  at  the  present  day,  was  there  no  lial)it  so  uni- 
versrd  as  that  of  smokin_ii'.  Tiie  narcotic  inlluenees  of  tobacco  produced 
feeliniis  of  hilarity,  and  often  that  of  into.xieation  when  the  smolic  was  in- 
haled, and  it  was  also  often  a  solace  to  the  smoker  iji  his  home  f'.urmj;'  his 
iiours  of  relaxation  and  rest.  Xor  w;is  he  without  liis  favorite  ])aslime 
even  when  ;iway  ai  war  or  on  the  ciiasc.  He  bi'Iieved  that  tolsacco  was  ol' 
Divine  origin,  coming  as  a  direct  j^ift  lor  his  especial  l)enetit  from  tlie  (ireal 
Spirit,  whom  he  believed  to  be  also  addicted  to  the  habit  of  smoking'. 

JMir  tlie  construciion  oi' his  pipe  which  tlie  .Xboiij^ine  vahudso  hi.^hly 
the  choicest  material  was  selected.  Often  iVd  he  "io  far  away  from  his  home 
to  procure  liic  stone  from  wliicli  he  made  '.t;  and  in  siiapin^  ar.d  polishin,^ 
it  spjnt  days  and  even  months.  I'^vpericncc  tau,!.iiit  him  what  sort  of  stone 
best  withstood  the  action  of  .almost  continued  heat,  and  as  it  was  his 
almost  constant  companion,  one  can  well  understand  why,  when  possible, 
it  was  so  elal)oratcly  made.!  Tiie  most  primitive  pipe  of  all  was  a  strai.yht 
tube,  many  of  which  have  been  founil  in  aborij^inal  burial  places,  from 
Mexico  to  the  (ireat  I^akes,  and  from  the  .\tlantic  to  the  Pacific  oceans. 
Pipes  of  this  class  are  fij.jured  in  other  i)arts  of  this  volume. 

•  I'tilislud  St(MK'  .Krliili's,  ftc,  Vol.  IV,  p.  l.';i.  \\  illiain  .M.  Ikatiilianiii.  S.  T.  U. 
1 1'ijifs  and  Snndung   Cuslonis    of  llic  .\niiric;in   .M)(irijiim>,   |.  !•.  MtC.iiitr,  >  iiiill.M  iii:,n 
Ril)orl,  IS'.)7.  i,  ]).  :((!.".. 


fw 


m 


The  East  AUci^bnny. 


21;') 


IS 

ill 
\' 

IK- 

no 
lis 

It. 
int 

IS. 


These  smokinjr  utensils  ot  various  kinds  ot  stone  as  well  as  those  ol  elay 
or  terra  cotta,  from  the  size  ot  a  thimble  to  those  havin;^  a  eapaeity  ot  one 
and  even  two  ounees  and    of  nianv   difierent  designs   both  in    human   and 


I-'iy.  .'ilTi  is  ,1  !-iii,mil.iv  (loiilili'-t'atfd  \n\K-  dI  day,  sti-ni  \vai\tiiiu. 
s'iMvvii  lull  si/c.  It  WMS  roiiiul  tiiaiiv  \i-ar>  a,L;i)  iirar  Mtiiiii'V.  I'tiiii. 
fill-  laces  a))|ifar  <>\vl-lil<f. 


Imlt.  ;i'_'(i  is  aiintluT  lull  size  iiipeol  vl.ay,  tlu-  howl  nf  wliiili  is 
tirn.'.iiKiiU-il  willi  loid  lil.i'  liiiys,  over  wliitli  on  taili  sii!e  ol  tlu- 
spei-inuii  iias  htcii  ]ilareil  a  riTlaii.yiilav  |  icci- ol' eiay .  I  was  taken 
tVoiu  a  burial  tnonii  1  near  Hall's  Station,  leini  ,  and  its  stem  is 
missing.  These  inlMestin,u:  speeinKiis  aie  i-ailol  I  he  line  eolleeiion 
lieloMLiniy    to  Mr. J    .\I .  M    t'lei  iKi  ci.  <!!   Mnneev,  I'enn. 


A^^T"^^ 


fkMr   f^ 


■ttoA.^ 


l-'iii  .'IL'T  was  loimd  nHO\'  lli.in  Id  viars  .aiio 
on  an  Iniii.in  villajm-  siu  ncir  .Mmuey,  I  mii.  Il 
w,is  made  ol  (l,iy,  well  litniit,  find  is  shown  lull 
size.  Its  ornanuul.uion  eonsisis  ol  stiai};lit  and 
eirenlar  ineised  lines  and  dots, 


animal  forms  arc  found  in  this  }>eoj;rai)hical  section.  In  a  perfect  condition 
they  are  far  from  mnnerous,  lispceially  may  this  lie  said  of  those  of  terra- 
cotta.   This  is  easily  accounted  for.     In  making  them  they  u.scd  tlie  same 


-    -.  a 


I 


\m 

1 

■■■. 

i| 

1 

1 

I 


216 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


material  as  that  from  which  their  pottery  wns  made,  which  appears  to 
have  been  a  mixture  of  sand,  chiy  and  broken  or  pounded  shells.  I'i])es  of 
this  material  were,  no  doubt,  used  almost  individually,  and  not  in  any 
ceremonv  or  other  function. 


Fig.  8'_'iS.  This  s|)tTiiiicii,  also  of  day,  sliowii  "s  size  was 
tbiiiid  nearly  o))])osilf  N'mucy,  I'a.  on  llic  ^<;lUll  s:(!c  of  1  lie 
West  Biaiieli  of  tlie  ^nsinicliaiiiia  Kwer.  '1  lie  Inin  an  laee  is 
depleted  on  on  •  side  only.  It  is  somewhat  ornaiiunted  on  the 
opposite  side.  Its  entire  •.teiii  is  missiiifi.  i'liese  two  pijies 
are  also  owned  by  Mr.  t'.emerd. 


r'iij.  ;52',)  is  an  aniiti  il  pipe  shown  natnral  si  e.  Il  was 
found  on  the  surf  lee  9  miles  north  of  Allentowu,  I'a  ;ind  is 
owned  bv  .VIr.  1.  V.  \au;le,  Allenlown,  I'a.  The  funnel-shaped 
bowl  whiih  faees  the  effigy  and  the  stem  perforation  of  same 
sha])e  were  hollowed  out  with  a  broad  drill.  It  is  3  inelies 
long,  1  ineh  tliieU  and  weighs  H  onnees.  The  lail,  as  the 
figure  sliows  was  jierforaled  for  stispeiision.  This,  savs  Mr. 
.Mel'.uire,  "is  tlu  e.ise  with  so  many  of  the  pijies  fmiiid  in 
eonutries  where  dei'p  snow  lies."* 


Hollow  and  solid  pieces  of  wood  with  the  aid  of  sand  and  water  were 
used  in  drillino  pipes.  Also  often  large  and  stron;^'  stone  jierforntors.  Those 
pi])es  with  rounded  hollow  terminations  in  either  stem  or  bowl  were  drilled 
with  a  solid  wooden  implement. 

I'ig.  H80  ])rtsents  (i  pijies  of  various  forms  from  the  eolleetion  of  I'rof.  .\.  J.  Wayehotf, 
\Va>nesburg,  I'a. 

No.  1,  is  ol  blaek  sl.-ile  and  shows  a  we  learved bird-head  Surfaee  find,  Carniii  haels,  I'a. 
Ulaek  slate. 

.\o.  2,  a  ))latlorin  or  monotor  pijie  of  iihie  sandstone,  found  ii  miles  south-east  of  Waynis- 
burg.     Mroken,  one-fourth  being  lost.    lidgc  of  i)latform  ornamented  with  transverse  nolehes. 

No.  ;{,  of  grayisli-brown  ste.'itite.  I'rom  ;i  grave  near  Hlacksville,  \V.  Va.  It  is  ^el('(lm 
th;it  the  stems  of  this  elass  of  pipes  siiow  signs  of  wear  of  the  teetli,  henee  one  must  infer  that 
;i  small  stem  of  wood  or  bone  was  inserted  before  use   ir  smoking. 

No,  4-,  is  of  skilled  workmailsilip,  representing  a  horned  owl.  Its  wings,  legs,  tail,  be. ik. 
large  eyes,  horns  and  breast  are  plainly  outlined.  .Made  of  steatite,  ]iolished.  Found  near 
Waynesburg,  I'a.,  in  a  stone  eairn. 

*.\meriean  .Vboriginal  Pipes  and  Smoking  Cnstcms.  Kep.  of  Nntional  Museum,  Washing- 
ton, I).  C,  p.  t-'iO. 


The  East  Alleghany. 


217 


I 


to 


V) 


Np-.-''  is  ■>"  ovoid  bowl  of  red  hc-m.-itite  reprcseiitiiiK  the   hnm;in  fiicc      Tlic  eves   the  nose 

m    'tIu.  vl'^u"";'.  "'"''"^^  '!"•'  ">  ■   >'"M,th  -J,  artistieally  represe.Ue.l      The  lipVa  e      o      n- 

thel,as^of'u';eoiJ,'u';';;„;re."-'^""'^"''-     ""^"  '-^"-ti—e  eo.,ie.l.     The  sU  hdle  .s  at 

It  is^,n:,riJ»n!n.*'"":''  '•''^«>'  l^'l'^-  )v'lh  a  continuation  of  the  neck  which  forms  a  short  stem. 


R' 


f,lH4 


'in^ 


It:" 


!Ml!; 


21H 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fi.L,'.  :i;{l.  This  llj;tirf  rcprt'stiits  ;i  citrioiis  <  (irnhiiiriticii  of 
lnini;in  and  aiiiiiial  foriiis.  Tlu-  Ix.wl  is  llial  ol  a  liiiiiiaii  lu-ad.  rnid 
the  sU'iii  tlif  licad  and  tht  jaws  of  a  rcpliliai)  .iiinial,  i)i-rliai)s  tliat 
of  an  alli^alor.  TIk-  niau-rial  is  soapstunc.  It  was  tonnd  near 
Jcrsty  Shove,  I'a.,  and  l)cloiigs  in  ihc  Gcincrd  Collciiion.* 


Piff.  '{.'52  also  a  plalfonn  pipe,  made  of  soapstone,  was 
fottnd  near  Muncy,  I'a.  Kcsenililing  very  ninch  the  Indians 
foot-gear,  its  owner,  Mr.  Gernerd  calls  it  a  "Moccasin"  pipe. 
Its  base  is  curved. 


In  Fig.  .S33  is  shown,  'u  size,  a  beantifnl  iiolished  broad  l)asc 
"Monitor"  ))ii)c  of  l)lack  steatite,  fonnd  on  surface  near  Kutztown, 
Pa.  Of  this  class  of  pipes  Mr.  McGuire  discotir>;cs  cntert.-iininuly.* 
This  pipe  plainly  shows  the  steel  tool  lines  noticed  hy  Mr.  McC.nire 
in  his  description  of  modern  forms.  .\  rcniarka))Ie  ,'ind  nnitpie  feature 
noticeable  on  this  pijjc  is  the  letter  S  plainly  cut  into  its  bowl  in  a 
single  nnbroken  line.  This  letter  w;is  on  the  ])i]ic  when  fonnd  .-ind  it 
h.is  the  same  appearance  ot  age  as  have  the  stri;ic.  It  belongs  to 
the  l>r.  Wanner  collection.     Kutztown.  l';i. 


Fig.  .'?'{4-  is  ;i  large  rcctangtilnr  ))ipe  i-j  size  made  of 
it  yellow  stc.ntiie.  It  was  fonnd  on  the  surface  near 
Ktitzlown,  I'a,,  and  belongs  to  Mr.  II.  K.  Deisher.  The 
bowl  shows  stone  chisel  marks.  The  hole  for  the  stem 
w.is  drilled  with  ,i  slender  stone  tool  which  is  distinctly 
shown  by  the  concentric  circles  in  it.  This  specimen 
lindonbtedly  belongs  to  the  order  of  calnniet  pii)es. 


I'( 


I'K 


*The  editor  is  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Gernerd    foi  the  loan  of  several  cuts. 

t.\merican  Aboriginiil    I'ijjcs  :ind   Smoking  Customs.     Report  National  Miisenm.  1897. 


The  Bust  Alleghany. 


219 


Fijj.  33"!  represents  a  larpc  flaked 
jasper  implenicnt,  wliicli  is  supposed 
to  have  been  used  for  dijj;}j;iuj;  purposes. 
It  shows  uo  sifjus  (  i  wear  on  auy  part 
of  its  finely  flaked  surfaces,  and  its  edjjes 
are  as  shar])  as  on  the  day  it  was 
finished.  The  specimen  Ijelonf^s  to  Mr. 
Irwin  I'-.  Naglc.  It  was  found  on  the 
surface  at  Northampton,  I'a.   S.  1-1.'. 


Polished  Stone  Hatchets,  or  Celts. 

This  implement  is  obtained  in  every  portion  of  the  Western  World.  It 
is  found  ehi])i)e(l  or  pecked  into  form  with  euttinjj;^  edjj^es  only  shaqjened, 
but  more  often  with  itssurfaee  entirely  ground,  in  some  instanees])resenting 
a  beautiful  polish.  Illustrations  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  Southern  and  New 
England  sections  show  Bast  Alleghany  ty]K's. 

Ceremoni.\l  Weapons. 

Gracefully  formed,  and  in  almost  all  instances  finely   polished,  banner 

stones  are  found  herein  various  forms  and  sizes.     Hut  why  they  are  called 

by  this  unsatisfactory  name  has  often  been  a  mystery  to  the  writer.     There 

is  nothing  about  them  to  indicate  that  they  were  carried  on  a  pole  at  the 

head  of  a  body  of  men.     They  were  made  from  banded  Jind  other  slate, 

soa])stone,  and  often  from  the  harder  and  tougher  kinds  of  stone  such   as 

diorite  .and  greenstone.*    The  greatest  numbers  are  perforated  lengthwise 

thrcmgh  their  central  part.f    Many  of  these  perforations  show  the  spiral 

*.Many  are  found  with  perforation  wantii.^  and  others  partly  drilled.     It  is  suiijiosecl 
that  these  were  unfinished. 

+Tlio.se  here  made  of  this  tough  material  arc  rarely  polished  and  seldom  perforated. 


■r 

m 

'  ^BtWik 

i^S 

■B^ni 

-fk 

K^fi 

\'\ 

du^$ 

»i 

BkWb 

A 


I 


220 


Prchistoi  ic  Implements. 


.   ■■■ 

■ ,  ■  i 

^-  ii; 


lines  caused  by  a  stone  drill.  Others  found  still  have  remaininjj;  a  central 
core,  indicating;  that  the\'  were  drilled  with  a  hollow  tool.  A  wooden  drill 
cut  from  the  elderhush,  or  a  piece  of  southern  cane,  would  with  the  aid  of 
sand  and  water,  have  done  j^ood  service  in  an  undertaking  of  this  kind. 
These  objects  are  only  found  in  America,  antl  are  of  early  date.  The  Iro- 
(|Uois  knew  nothing  about  them,andthe  later  Indiansmadenouseof  them.* 
Their  uses  arc  an  almost  complete  mystery.  Thfit  to  them  was  attril)uted 
a  supernatural  power  cannot  l)c  doubted.  1  cite  here  an  instance  in  vcrifi- 
cati(m  of  this  theory,  i  own  a  perforated  liutterfly  shajjcdi  banner  stone 
of  steatite  given  by  a  Dchiware  Indian  130  years  ago  to  an  early  white 
settler  living  7  miles  N.  \V.  of  Allentown,  for  a  small  c|uantity  of  tobacco. 
The  Indian,  loaded  with  skins  and  furs,  which  he  had  obtrined  in  the 
mountains  towards  the  north,  was  then  on  his  way  to  the  trading  post  of 
liethlehem,  12  miles  away.  He  carried  this  object  because  he  believed  that 
while  on  this  mission  the  pos.session  of  it  would  bring,  while  hunting,  good 
fortmn.  i  o  him. 


Fiff,  M8(>  shows  a  fiiiclv  wrought  aiul 
polished  l)aiiiicr  stout  '.j  size,  tn;  de  of  slate 
II  was  ioinid  near  Kutztowii,  I'a.,  and  hilougs 
to  Mr.  Ziinnicrnian. 


I 


I 


Fig.    337    shows    two    views   of   an  unfinished 
lianinier  stone  of  diorite  or  greenstone,  Mi  size,  whieh  ^~^- 
was  ])artlv  firilled  with  a  hollow  tool.     The  core,  an 
evidence  of  this,  's  still  visible.     It  was  found  in  Isl- 
ington, N.  V.  and  belongs  to    Mr.  W.  T.  I'enton. 


Fig.  ,'l,'!,S,  ij  size,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  lerforatcd 
h.'iinier-stones.  It  eoiitr\ins  two  extra  l.-iterrd  holes,  ;i  feature  never 
before  seen  liv  the  writer  in  i)erfeet  inii)lenients  of  this  kind.i  Many 
notches  oceur  on  both  si<les  of  the  specimen,  and  upon  its  face  have 
been  engraved  zig-zag  and  trce-hke  parallel  lines.  It  is  nitide  of  gray 
soajislone;  belongs  to  Mr.  Zitnniennan  and  was  fonnd  near  Kntz- 
town,  I'a. 


'Polished  Stone  Articles,  etc.   \V.  M.  Reauchani]),  Vol.  +,  p.  72. 

■I'.\  similar  ob;ect  is  shown  in    I'olished  Stone  .Vrtielcs,  etc.,  Beaiichnnip,  Fig.   189,   and 
Stone  Art.  Fowke,  Bureau  of  Fthnology,  13th  An.  Kep.  Fig.  141,  p.  122, 
tMaiiy  broken  specimens  found  about  here,  have  this  peculiarity. 


led 
•vcr 
my 

ilVf 

r;iy 
II  tz- 


uut 


The  Hc'ist  Alk%rhany. 


Pesti.ks,  Mtllkks,  Etc. 


221 


«i!l 


These  eyliiulrieal  iiii])leiiients,  various  inlen<:;th,  and  sometimes  flattened 
on  their  sides,  here  often  formed  supplementary  parts  of  stationary  or  port- 
able mortars. 

In  the  ])()ssession  of  a  selfish  woman  livinj^  not  far  from  Allentown,  Vn., 
is  an  interestinji:  evlindrieal  implement  u])on  whieh  have  been  inseribed  the 
followin<i^  eharaeters.  .  ^ 

This  inseription,  the  writer  w.'is  informed  by  Mr.  Warren  J.  Sehmoyer, 
of  Alburtis,  Pa.,  who,  after  eonsidera1)le  trouble,  sueeeeded  in  seeinjjf  the 
im])lement,  appe.'irs  as  old  as  the  surfaee  of  the  somewhat  oval  shaped 
cylinder.  It  is  made  of  sandstone,  10  inches  lon^,  weijj^hs  5  pounds  and 
was  found  in  the  northern  part  of  Lehigh  county,  in  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

Mullers  are  numerous.  They  are  almost  always  circular,  with  two  flat 
surfaces,  or  one  flat  and  the  other  sli<rhily  convex.  Small  mortars,  or  paint 
cups  are  found  here  but  are  not  common. 

Bird  or   S.\i)I)i,k  Sto.nes,   Ho.\t  Sh.\i>ki)  I.mpi-emf^nts,  Etc. 

Ceremonial  objects,  either  solid  or  hollowed  out  on  one  side  with  holes 
at  each  end  bored  from  one  side,  are  very  rare  in  this  section.  In  outline 
they  are  both  rectangular  and  oval,  with  cavities  often  shallow,  but  in  some 
cases  so  deep  as  to  be  shell  like  in  ajipearance.  Most  of  them  were  made  of 
slate.  Tougher  stones  were  sometimes  used  in  their  m.-mufacture.  They 
appear  to  be  more  plentifid  in  the  State  of  New  York  than  in  finy  other 
portion  of  this  section.*  Bird-stones  of  banded  slate  are  rare  here  but  fre- 
quent in  Canada  and  New  York.i- 

Pierced  Tablets  or  Gorgets,  a.nd  Pendants. 

Another  form  of  implements  or  ornamental  wcajjons,  variously  used  in 
ceremonial  functions,  and  carefully  finished,  are  ])ierced  tablets.  They  are 
mostly  made  of  slate,  often  of  a  harder  and  tougher,  stone,  and  are  pierced 
with  one,  two  or  more  round  holes,  which  in  most  instances  have  been 
drilled  from  both  sides  fiirming  a  funnel  sha])ed  perforation.  Those  con- 
taining two  holes  are  jjlentiful,  but  specimens  having  only  one  hole  or  more 
than  two  are  not  often  foiuid.  Thc}'  occur  in  every  portion  of  this  section 
and  are  of  many  forms. 

In  New  Yorkt-  and  New  Jersey  §  they  are  found  in  graves  near  the  breast 
of  the  occupant. 

'Polished  Stone  Articles,  Reniielianip  ]).  (51. 

tTlie  nird-Stoiie  Ceremonial,  Moorehcad. 

tl'oiiehed  Stoiie  .Articles  in  N.  Y.,  etc.Ht'atichanip,  Vol.  4,  p.  079. 

§Stone  Age  in  New  Jersey,  Abl)ott,  Sniitlisonian  Report,  1H75,  p.  327. 


mi 


aM 

(.1 


P 

IJ 

H 

■v^v,;; 


m 


■>•)') 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fig.  840  ifiiresents  .-i  rcctaiif;ular 
beveled  tablet  iiolehefl  on  all  of  its  sides. 
Hotli  perforations  show  si<(ns  of  abras- 
ion, wliieli  is  an  occnrrenee  niiicjue  in 
these  ohjeets.  It  was  fonnd  at  Kepanpo, 
N.  J.,  and  l)el«)nj?s  to  Mr.  J.  I'reston 
Thomas,  Whitford,  Pa.S    1-1. 

In  Fijj-  .'HI,  is  seen  an  obloiijif  tablet 
'osizc  with  but  one  bi-eoneave  perfora- 
tion. It  is  made  of  a  greenish  eoloret' 
slate  and  belongs  to  .\Ir.  Brobst,  Ke.id- 
ing,  I'a.,  near  whieh  i)laee  it  was  found. 
In  the  head,  or  tipper  jjart  of  the  relie 
part  cf  whieh  is  broken  off,  were  etit  ;i 
mmiljerof  nieks  or  tally  marks,  either 
for  ornament  or  ])erhaps  to  commemor- 
ate some  tragic  occurrence. 


Fig.  o , 


Kig  340. 


^■M^/i^' 


|-oo.sSfe''^!l;i%  ff^?^;^=?., 


Fig.  342.  S.  1-1. 


». 


The  Enst  Allczhanv 


22.'i 


'Js^ 


ST"  "*■■■• 


I'ii?.  .'5 1- 'J  ic|)icsi'iits,  full  si/.f,  oru'  of  llu'  iiiDSt  iiitcvslius,'  iiiyraviMi  iicri'or.itcd  t;il)k'ls  I'vi-i- 
fotiii  1.*  It  is  ill  two  parts  as  tij^iiic  shows.  It  w.is  foimd  on  the  stirtacc  in  a  liilil  I'-.-  inilis 
oa-t  of  llovlrstowii.  lUii'Us  lonnly.  I'a,,  )iy  Mr.  Itcrnaril  Ilaiisill,  and  now  I  iloi  ;js  to  Mr 
Ik'iirv  I'a.xoii,  ot'  I'liiladi'ipliia.  i  he  larj^er  ])ortionor  the  speeimen  was  pieUeil  up  in  the  spriiij: 
of  1S71.  .\lter  nianv  fruitless  searches  the  missiiit;  portion  was  found  liv  the  ^air.e  |  eixin  ai 
the  saiiu-  spot  '.>  years  alterw.'iril.  Tlie  en;4ravinj;  on  the  inipleinent  re|]resems  an  elephantine 
animal,  probably  the  liairv  inaiinnoth,  in  eoinbal  willi  a  luinilier  of  Iniiians.  '1  1  i  <tl.ii  i-ide 
ol  this  objeet  eoiilains  iiiany  eii'jravinjis  of  animals  and  other  objeets. 

*I'or  a  full  (lesi.'ri|>tion  of  this  nni(|ue  implement  sec:  'fhe  Lenape  Stone  or  I  he  Indian 
and  the  .\laminotli;  U.  C.  .Mereer.  livery  lolleetor  and  areliaeolo}i;ist  should  own  this 
valuable  ])ublieation. 

Tlicsc  ornamental  objects  are  rather  rare.     They  ajjjiear   to  be  more 
plentiful  in  the  state  of  New  York  than  in  an^-  other  part  of  this  seetion. 


'■'ijj.  3+3  represents  a  rare  arrow-liead  shajied  iicrforated 
speeimen,  full  size,  fotnid  near  Neadiiij;,  I'a.  It  is  made  of  red 
shale  and  is  partly  chipjied.     Other  parts  of  it  are  ground. 


X  ! 
t-    • 

I  i-  Li..  X  , '. ' 


Fiji.  34-4  shows  the  two  faces  of  a  lilaek  |ier- 
forated  nicely  polished    horn-stone   s]!ecinun,    hd1 
sir.e,  upon  which  have  been  cn-jiiaved  two  aninird 
like  finurcs.     This  object   was  found  near  I.auiys 
Station,  I'a.  and  belonjis  to  Mr.  Austin  li.  Unsh. 


Another  very  interesting  perforated  siieeinien,  triangular  in  form,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  3+5.  It  is  made  of  a  dark  slate.  I'pon  its  surface  are  tut  a 
luiinber  of  lines  which  meeting  form  ang'es.  Two  of  its  sides  contain  a 
number  of  notches.  It  was  fonnd  near  Virginsville,  I'a..  and  belongs  to 
Mr.  John  Firobst,  Reading,  I'a.  S.  1-1. 


n''f"? 


Y 


224. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Pkndants,  Cui'pki)  ok  PiT'iKi)  Stones,  Etc. 

These  implements  rcmnd,  oval  and  often  irrej^jular  in  form  with  one  or 
more  (le])ressions  on  their  sides,  are  ])lentit'ul  everywhere.  Their  uses  ean 
only  be  eonjeetured.  Those  of  oval  or  rounded  shape  are  often  battered  at 
eaeh  of  their  ends  which  seems  to  indicate  that  they  were  used  as  hannner 
stones.  Another  theory  is  that  they  were  used  as  a  pivot  for  a  rotating 
tire  drill  or  for  jjcrforating  other  stone  objects.  Col.  C.  C.  Jones  calls  them 
nut  stones,  especially  those  having  more  than  one  depression.* 

IMummets  are,  in  most  instances  jjcar-shaped  imj)lements,  synnnetrically 
made  from  a  tough  and  close-grained  traj)  stone,  and  well  hnished.  Some 
are  grooved  and  others  are  perforated  at  their  smaller  ends.  Once  in  a 
while  is  found  one  which  has  neither  groove  nor  perforation. 


Fij;.   ;-l+()   rt'jjri'stiits    one  of  these   i)liiiiii)iets  fotind   near 
Kntztown,  I'a.     It  belongs  to  Mr.  Deislier. 

Another  interesting  plummet  niaileol'  screen- 
stone  and  j^rooved  is  shown  in  Fijj;.  ;^4-7.  Tlic 
groove  slif.ws  no  sign  ol'ahrasion.  It  lias  on  one 
of  its  sides  a  cavity  as  shown  in  figure.  The  spec- 
imen lielongs  to  Lehigh  University  at  Helhlehem, 
I'a.  It  was  fonnd  in  the  lower  part  of  Lancaster 
Connly,  I'a. 


Fig.  a+7. 


Fig.  34-6. 


Ffg.  34-8  represents  two  of  these  mysterious  implements, 
(ciipstones)  one  rounded  and  the  other  oval,  from  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  (iernerd,  found  near   Muncy.  Fa. 


Beads. 

The  Indians  made  beads  of  stone,  bone,  clay  and  wood.  Those  of  wood 
have  disappeared,  and  those  of  stone  and  shell  are  most  abundant  at  the 
present  time.    Those  of  clay  are  rarely  found.    Shell  lieads  were  used  for 

"Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  p.  315. 


The  East  AUci^lmny. 


ornamctjtal  purposes,  as  mont-y,  and  to  make  belts  wliieh  were  used  on 
eerenionial  occasions.  Heads  made  of  shell  were  both  made  in  the  forms  of 
cylinders  and  discs. 

lionc  and  shell  beads  .-md  ornaments  are  shown   on  i)ajj;e  14-1  of  this 
work. 


V\^.  3+9. 


Tlircc  l)ca(1s  'ij  size  of  steatite  are  sliowii  in  V\\i. 
;M-!).  Till'  siiiMlifst  toiiiid  near  Knlztown,  I'a.,  lieli)nj;s 
to  tile  eolleelion  of  Mr.  H.  I).  Zinmiennan.  Tlie  jjiooveii 
s))eeinien  was  roiind  in  Virjiinsville,  I'a.,  and  liet(in;,'s 
to  Mr.  I.  Hover,  of  tli.at  viliajrc.  The  notelicd  disc  or 
bead,  also  fo\ind  at    Virfjinsville,  lielonjis  to  Mr.  Iteislier' 


Ha.m.mkk   Sto.nks. 


So  well  known  to  every  archaeologist  and  collector  is  this  common 
imi)lement  that  fij^ures  of  them  are  not  necessary.  They  vary  very  nnich  in 
size.  The  writer  has  found  them  weij^hing  from  a  few  ounces  to  more  than 
five  ])ounds.  They  were  undoubtedly  used  in  flaking  flint  tools,  and  from 
continual  use  many  of  them  have  attained  an  almost  globular  form.  They 
are  made  of  iasj)er,  tpiartz,  (juartzitc  and  other  tcmgh  stones. 


% 
(.3 


Fiji;.  350,  represents  a  partly  grooved  lianinier  of  s;»ndstone  liavintr  also 
on  one  side  a  shallow  cavity.  It  was  found  near  .-Mlentown,  Pa.,  and  belongs 
to  the  writer. 


Thk  Wo-.i.vn's  Knife. 


Its. 
L-Ol- 


Thesc  semi-lunar  shaped  knives  only  used  l)y  women  and  which  corres- 
pond to  the  present  saddler's  knife,  are  a  ])attcrn  derived  from  those  used 
b\'  the  Eskimo.  Although  (juite  numerous  in  New  York,  in  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  they  are  exceedingly  rare. 


.»:      i 


for 


Fig.  351  represents  one  of  these  iniple. 
nients  made  of  banded  slate.  It  was  found 
near  .Vniityville,  .\ew  York,  and  belongs  to 
Mr.  S.  R.  Austin. 


.n-ri] 


''*F 


2'J() 


Preh is t on'c  Ituplctnc nts. 

ToTTKRY. 


Tlif  Indians  oftliis  j,a'(>j,n-a])liif.'il  section  know  liow  to  ninkc  term  cottn 
ware.  The  state  of  New  York  lias  lurnislied  nriny  nieely  ornamented 
vessels  still  in  perfect  condition.  In  Pennsylvania  and  New  jersev  hut  few 
perfect  pots  have  been  found.  lM-a;^nnents -are.  however,  plentiful.  .\  nuni- 
l)Ct  of  these  showlnj;  different  desii^ns  are  figured  here.     S.  1-2. 


rmgyggg^. 


Fijr.     3-.2. 

Groovki)   Axks. 

The  Indians  made  a  jj;eneral  use  of  the  imijlemcnts  known  to  every  one 
as  grooved  stone  axes.  Not  only  have  we  authorities  who  cite  this  fact, 
but  it  is  also  proven  by  the  manj'  specimens  found  in  every  section  of  the 
United  States. 

The  Missionary  Loskiel  states  that  the  hatchets  were  wed<jes  made  of 
hard  stcmee,,  (>  or  S  inches  long,  sharpened  at  the  edge  and  fastened  to  a 
wooder  h.andle.  They  were  not  used  to  fell  trees,  but  only  to  |)eel  them  or 
to  kill  their  enemies.* 

Many  of  these  objects  .are  found  with  rather  Idunt  edges  and  this  causes 
Dr.  Rau,  the  late  learned  author  and  curator  of  archaeology  in  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  to  claim  that  they  were  not  used  to  cut  down  trees,  but 
merely  served  in  a  "girdling"  process  from  which  the  trees  died,  and  were 
aftevvvard  leveled  with  the  aid  of  fire. t 

Dupratz  says  that  in  using  axes  it  wasIm])ossible  to  cut  down  trees  but 
merely  to  bruise  them  close  to  the  ground  so  that  fire  jilaced  there  might 
more  readily  destroy  the  bruised  fibres. 'i: 

*Histofy  of  the  Mission  of  the  United  Brethern,  p.  54.  London,  171)-t. 
iSinithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge  No.  2S7,  ]).    21: 
JHistoire  dc  la  Louisiane,  Vol.  1,  j).  166,  Paris,  1785. 


1<;      !: 


Tht  Hnst  Alk'jrluiny. 


Adair  tells  us  tliat  wIk'ii  with  theClicroktr  Indians  he  saw  them  difulcn 
the  tivjs  by  cuttiii,'  thr  )ir,''i  tlu  h  irk,  ail  tli  it  th.'ii  th -v  liurnoJ  tli.-in 
when  they  cither  fell  by  deeay  or  became  th<)r()U}4:hIy  dry.* 

lUit  a  short  time  aj^o  the  writer  had  in  his  hands  a  finely  wr(Mi;;ht 
j4;r()()vcd  diorite  axe  found  near  his  home,  with  a  cutting  edjie  almost  as 
sharp  as  our  iron  axes  of  today.  During  the  shar|)enin}.f  prueess  the  edj.je 
was  finely  polished.  M.'iny  such  sharj)  axes  have  been  found.  Prof,  (leor^e 
H.  Perkins,  of  the  I'nivcrsity  of  Vermont,  informs  us  that  the  explorer, 
Champlaiii,  in  his  aeeount  of  a  journey  which  he  took  with  a  party  of 
.M^onkins  in  l()()i)  mentions  several  times  that  stone  £ixes  were  used  for 
fcllinj.j  trees,  ,'iiid  the  account  shows  that  the  cuttinjj:  must  have  l)een  done 
with  somewhat  of  cxpediti(>»i.  So  well  did  they  understand  the  felling  oi 
trees  with  their  ^M'ooved  stone  tools  that  in  a  few  hours  a  suH'cient  number 
of  trees  were  leveled  to  form  a  barricade,  which  was  .always  the  custom 
when  su|)])ose(l  enemies  were  near,  throu^fh  which  oOO  of  them  would  not 
be  able  to  break  without  much  diniculty  and  j^'reat  loss  of  life.  In  another 
passa,iic  he  speaks  of  the  Irocpiois  as  euttini;  down  trees  for  a  similar  p'ur- 
])ose.;- 

In  a  most  iiiterestin<;  account  Lafitrai  tells  his  readers  that  stone  axes 
were  in  use  in  .\mjriea  from  time  immjm')rial.  "They  are  made  of  a  kind  of 
very  hard  and  touj^h  stone  .ind  it  reipiircs  much  labor  to  m.'ike  them  fit 
for  use.  They  are  i)re])arcd  by  the  process  of  ^rindin^  on  a  sandstone,  and 
iinally  assume,  at  the  sacrifice  of  much  time  and  labor,  nearly  the  shape  of 
our  axes,  or  of  a  wedne  for  splitting'  wood.  The  life  of  a  savajj^e  is  often 
insuHieient  for  aecomi>lisliin_i4;  the  work,  and  hence  such  an  implement,  how- 
ever rude  and  imperfeei  it  may  be,  is  considered  a  precious  heirloom  for  the 
children.  When  the  stone  is  finished  the  difViculty  of  providinj^  it  with  a 
handle  arises.  They  select  a  youn^  tree,  of  which  they  make  a  handle  with- 
out cutting  it  by  splittinii^  one  end  and  inserting  the  stone.  The  tree  grows, 
tightens  around  it,  and  incloses  it  so  firmly  that  it  hardly  can  be  torn  out.i" 
A  wythe  of  proper  length  i)erha])s  two  feet  was  bent  around  the  groove,  or 
a  forked  sajjliiig  served  the  same  pur])ose  which  was  firmly  bound  where 
both  ends  met  with  strings  of  raw  hide  or  material  of  some  other  kind. 

Their  impleiiK'nts  vary  greatly  in  sizeand  weight,  the  smallest  probably 
])laythings  being  not  more  than  a  few  inches  long,  weighing  but  a  few 
ounces,  and  the  largest  often  more  than  a  foot  in  length  and  weighing  as 
much  as  2(>  pounds.    So  heavy  an  axe  was  recently  found  in  Pennsylvania. 

With  reference  to  their  grooves  they  may  be  classified  as  follows:  1st 
those  in  which  tin'  groove,  which  is  invari.ably  near  one  end,!?  com])letely 
encircles  the  implement;  2nd,  those  in  which  the  groove  apjjcars  only  on 
the  two  broad  sides,  the  other  faces  being  often  tlattened;  8rd  those  in 
which  three  sides  are  grooved,  the   fourth   face  being  fretiuently  flattened 

*Hislory  oIiIr-  Viiicricrin  Iiuliniis,  \>  W~i,  Lotulon  1775. 
fPlit.'  .\infricaii  Vatur.ilist,  Vol.  XX,  p.  339. 
jMoi'iirs  (lu^  S;uiv;igcs  .\iiieri(|tiniiis,  Vol.  1,  p.  110. 

iiiKTc  arc  soiiK-linics  roiinil  col)l)K'-stoiie  axes,  always  .showing  very  rough  usage.  Tluir 
grooves  arc  almost  in  the  eentre  of  the  axe. 


»i 


*i*!^ 


228 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


It  I' 


.'ilon^  which  when  the  axe  was  haftcd  a  wcdj^e  was  diivcii  to  better  secure 
the  haiuUe;  4-th,  those  which  have  two  grooves  side  bv  side;  and  r>tli,  those 
wliicli  are  sini])ly  notclied.  The  latter  are,  so  far  as  the  writer  knows, 
rouiihly  made,  often  merely  chipped,  and  sometimes  but  rarely  made  of  a 
silicious  material.  In  most  of  the  specimens  of  the  .above  classes  grooves 
are  cut  into  the  body  of  the  imjilcmcnt.  There  are,  however,  s])ecimens 
wliich  show  on  both  sides  of  the  groove,  which  reaches  only  the  bodv 
of  the   imj)lcment,   a  prominent  ridge  made  to  add  more  strength  to  them. 


I'ifi.      'A~)<\       rf|iii'Miits      .'1 
iiDlclii'il     .Mild      tlalu'il     Mxc    of 

(ili;iltzit<-     ^lltl\VIl     ' ;;    sizi'.      Till' 

not  li  was-  lirst  llakcd  and  tlu'ii 
roKiuIcd  liv  llii-  |ll(il■^;^  i;l  ink- 
ing. .■\.\i-s  ol  lliis  t'lriss  arc  not 
ottcii  t'oniid  luMC.  1 1  was  loiiiid 
near  Kutztown,  I'a.,  and  lie- 
lolly's  to  the  'leislier  eolieetion. 


Akticlks  of  Honk  i.n  Nkw  York. 

The  last  few  years  have  l)een  ])rolific  in  articles  of  hone  in  New  York. 
At  Onondaga  and  Oneida  lakes  hundreds  of  bone  harpoons  have  been  found 
Most  of  these  have  several  barbs  on  both  sitlcs,  variously  arranged.  Some  are 
pointed  at  each  end.  The  larger  variety,  with  barbs  on  but  one  side,  occur 
mostly  on  recent  Irtxpiois  sites,  but  the  other  kind  occasion.ally  ap])ears  with 
them.  Barbed  bone  fish  hooks  have  been  found  in  Onondaga  and  Jefferson 
counties.  One  of  these  is  from  a  site  oecui)ied  about  the  year  KKK).  All  the 
others  vSeem  a  little  earlier,  but  the  known  age  of  one  gives  a  hint  as  to  that 
of  the  rest.  The  barbless  hooks  are  smaller,  but  apparently  of  the  same 
j)erio(l.     Hone  knives  of  beautiful  form  and  fuiish  are  found  in  several  places. 


The  Bust  Alleghany. 


229 


sonic'tiiiR's  with  jK'rforations.  Anion^  other  articles  a  few  bone  ])ii)es  ap- 
l)ear  ola  reeent  date,  and  many  bone  eotnbs. 

A  e.'irved  bone  olyect,  nuieh  decayed  and  j)arts  vi  it  niissinjj^,  was 
obtained  from  i\  <jrave  near  Lock  Haven,  Pa.  It  re])resents  the  liunian 
form,  and  shows  sij^ins  of  ornamentation.  Anotlier  is  a  l)one  point  which 
still  ret.'iins  a  hii^h  jiolish  and  which  was  intended  for  a  har])oon  spear- 
head. This  object  is  trianj^nlar  in  section  almost  to  the  jjoint  where  it  is 
somewhat  rounded.     Its  shaft  end  is  broken  off. 

\  bone  awl  or  perforator,  (>  inches  lon^,  was  also  found  near  thi.s  town. 
It  was  somewhat  decayed.     These  objects  belon<r  to  Dr.  Stewart. 

.\  finely  carved  antk-r  made  by  .a  Delaware  Indian,  is  figured  by  Dr.  C. 
C.  .\b))ott.  He  says  "It  is  a  combination  of  representations,  all  realistic 
and  a1)solutely  jjcrfeet  in  this  way.  The  human  face  is  a  marvel  of  abori- 
j^inal  skill.  The  series  of  lines  and  dots  are  regular,  and  the  faintly  outlined 
snake's  tongue  is  true  to  nature;  as  is  also  the  end  of  the  ol)jcct,  which 
represents  with  marked  lidelity  the  rattlesnake."  He  does  not  tell  us 
where  this  tine  object  can  be  seen. 

lUIILIOC.K.M'IlV. 

lU'low  arc  jfiveii  a  list  of  books  trcatiiiji  on  the  aivliaioloj^y  of  this  jTfogiaijliic.'il  stction. 
I  liavc  (iiiiittcd  soiiK-  whifli  arc  already  niciuioiicd  in  my  text. 
M;u(|iiis  dc  .Nadaillac.      I'rdiistnric  America. 

S(|iiiir,  v..  I'l.  .•\l)orijiinal  .Monuments  of  tlic  State  of  New  V'ork. 

Moliiies,  W.  H.  Stone  luiplcnients  of  llie  Totomac — CliesfijicaUc  Tide-water  Province 

on  Kcp.  Mnr.  of  American  lithnolojiy,  Vol.  15 
Wilson,  'riiomas.  .\rrow-|)oiiits.  Spear-hc-ids  .ind  Knives  of  I'rchistoric  Times.    K'cjioit 

r.  S.  .National  .Miisemn,  1S'.)7 

.Nmnerotis  intcicstitif;  ]  apcrs  liy  Mr.  II.  C  Mercer,  Hr.  C  C.  Aliliolt,  |ir.  1>.  (t.  Hrinton, 
Mr.  Stuart  Culin,  Mr.  Charles  I.auiiaeli,  .Mr.  !•).  \.  M.aihcr.  Smithsonian  Contril  iiti<.ns  to 
Knowlodye.  Kci>orts  of  the  Itnrciu  (if  Kllnioojiy .  Kcporis  of  the  Smithsonian  lnstitulif.ll 
.and  r.  S,  National  Museum.  KeiioTls  of  the  Museum  of  the  I'niversity  of  I'cnnsylvania. 
Reports  of  I'eahody  Musetnn,  Candiridjic,  .Mass. 

Before  closinjj;  that  part  of  the  work  alloUed  to  him  the  author  wishes  to  express  his 
jjrateful  acknowlcd,i;metit  to  those  who  so  kindly  assisted  him  in  his  laliors.  It  is  to  he 
hoped  that  they  will  find  their  reward  in  .1  conviction  that  they  have  aided,  in  a  manner,  to 
adv.incc  the  ciniohlinj;  .md  fasiin.ilini.;  science  of  .Vrchaeolojiv.  I{specia'l_\  does  he  desire  to 
mention  >lr.  II.  C.  Mercer,  of  Hoylestowu,  I'a.,  Dr.  Thomas  \\  ilson  of  the  I'.  S.  .N'iitioual 
Muscmn,  Mr.  \V.  »l.  Heauchanip,  of  Mahlwinsville,  N.  V.,  Mr.  .\.J.  WaychofV,  of  Wayneshuru. 
I'a.,  Mr.  Stcwait  Culin.  of  the  museum  of  the  ruiversity  of  I'einisylvaiiia.  I'rof  I^dward  H. 
Williams,  of  I.chijih  ruiversity,  Hethlehcni,  I'a.,  Mr.  Charles  I.aidiach,  of  Keijjelsville,  I'a.. 
Mr.  H.  K.  Deisher.  of  Kutztown,  I'a.,  Mr.  Thomas  II.  Windle,  of  Coatcsvillc,  I'a.,  Dr.  T.  H. 
Stewart,  of  Lock  Haven,  I'a.  and  to  Prof  j,  K.  .Merkel,  A.  M.,  of  Mnhlenhurf;  collcj^c,  Allen- 
town,  Pa.,  who  so  jjenerously  {^.i  veins  valua  hie  lime  in  editing  the  many  pact's  of  the  author'.s 
iiianuseri])is. 


■i'l 


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1 


r 

' 

! 

-a 


I 


SECTION  VII. 

Akchaeolocy  of   Califoknia 

Dr.  Lokk.nzo  Gordi.n  Yates,  F.  L.  S.,  Etc. 
Southern  Caufor.ma 

In  travcllin<;  southward  from  San  Francisco,  towards  Point  Conccpcion 
(the  northern  hniit  of  the  "Lotus  Land"  of  CaHfornia),  we  see  evidences  of 
chantije  in  the  eliaractcr  of  the  aborijj^ines. 

These  eh  an  Ljes  are  so  marked  that,  we  soon  become  convinced  that  the 
Indians  of  this  rej^ion  were  of  a  different  race  from  those  which  inliabited 
tlie  central  and  northern  ])ortions  of  the  state,  and  as  Point  Conccpcion 
marks  the  boundary  hne  of  the  northern  and  southern  floras  and  faunas, 
so  it  seems  to  betheijoint  from  which  the  Hne  of  demarkation  may  be  traced 
between  the  race,  which  seems  to  have  l)een  of  .\siatic  orij^in,  extenchnu: 
from  .\laska  to  this  point;  and  the  southern  race  which  is  supposed  to  have 
mij^rated  from  Central  America. 

There  wJis,  however,  mor*'  or  less  interniinjjrlin^,  laj^ijinj^  over,  or  intru- 
sions of  the  two  races  as  is  the  case  with  plants  and  animals.  In  the  case 
of  aborij^^inal  man,  he  being  migra*^^ory  and  less  influenced  l)y  local  surround- 
ings, and  climatic  conditions,  as  for  instance,  man  born  in  temperate  zone 
can  migrate  to,  and  flourish  in,  cither  the  frigid  or  torrid  zone,  while  many 
animals,  plants,  etc.,  generally  thrive  only  under  conditions  similar  to  those 
of  the  place  where  they  originated,  except  under  artificial  conditions, — 
conseciuenth'  races  of  men  contiguous  to  each  other,  are  much  more  liable 
to  internii.\  and  overlap  their  original  dividing  lines. 

In  this  instance  the  dividing  line  seems  to  have  been  from  Point  Con- 
eepcion,  northeasterly-  to  the  Tulare  region  and  Sierra  Nevada  moun- 
tains. 

The  tribes  of  the  interior  were  more  nomadic,  and  the  relics  of  the  Tu- 
lare and  rjjpcr  San  Joa(|uin  regions  show  a  more  marked  admixture  of 
the  two  races  than  elsewhere. 

The  Indians  of  the  Tulare  Lake  country,  made  annual  excursions  to  the 
Bay  Region  and  the  .sea  coast,  and  some  of  'theii"  trails  may  still  l)c  traced 
to  the  Hay  of  San  Francisco.  They  also  had  trails  'icross  the  San  Rafael 
and  Santa  Inez  mountains,  to  the  Santa  Barbara  coast  and  southward, 
where  they  obtained  the  stone  ollas,  cups  and  bowls  occasionally  found  in 
the  Tulare  country. 

These  excursions  had  for  their  object,  barter  with  the  coast  Indians, 
and  the  collecting  of  marine  shells  for  shell  money  and  ornaments.  They 
also  laid  in  supplies  of  sturgeon  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

The  camping  places  along  these  trails  may  still  be  seen,  and  an 
occasional  relic  lound  there,  but  they  furnish  more  indications  of  what  the 


Southern  Californin. 


231 


il. 
in 


n 


tcnii)()rarv  occuji.'ints  used  as  ibod,  anil  of  the  rough  material  they  trans- 
ported to  their  regular  eanijjs.  At  various  jjoints  along  these  trails  pietured 
roeks,  caves  with  Indian  pietoglyjihs  ineolors,  and  monumental  cairns  may 
be  seen. 

':  lie  great  centre  of  ahoriginial  poinilation,  seems  to  have  been  the  coast 
region  along  the  line  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  and  the  Islands  dis- 
tant from  twenty-rive  to  one  hundred  miles  from  the  coast. 

Wiien  in  ir)4-2  the  famous  Portuguese  navigator  C.abrillo  sailed  from  the 
west  coast  of  New  S])ain  ( .Mexico),  and  discovered  this  region,  he  found 
tile  islands  tiiicklv  ])0])ulated,  as  was  also  the  adjacent  coast. 

The  historian  of  Cabrillo's  ex])edition  says  "they  anchored  ojijiosite 
a  vr  I'ey,  very  licautiful  and  very  jiojjulous,  the  land  licing  level,  with  many 
trees.  '  *  *  Here  came  canoes  with  rish  to  l)arter,  they  became  great 
friends.  *  *  *  They  pointed  out  to  us  the  villages,  and  named  them  by  their 
names,"  These  navigators  imforni  us  that,  they  found  seventeen  po])ulous 
vill.igcs  or  towns  within  a  distance  of  eleven  miles  along  the  shore  of  the 
Santa  Barbara  Channel.  The  islands  were  thickly  inhabited  by  tribes  who, 
though  sjieaking  different  languages  or  dialects,  were  closely  related  to 
those  of  the  mainland,  and  were  branches  of  the  same  family  or  stock. 

Hahitation. 

The  mildness  of  the  climate  of  the  islands  and  mainland  occupied  by 
these  ])cople,  was  .such  that  very  little,  if  any,  shelter  was  needed  during 
the  dry  season.  Caves  and  rock  shelters  were  convenient  and  jilentiful  for 
stormy  weather,  but  in  addition  to  these,  houses  were  built  of  the  ribs  of 
whales  by  i)lacing  one  end  in  the  ground,  and  bringing  them  together 
at  the  top,  then  covering  the  whole  with  seal-skins  sewed  together;  this 
formed  a  wind  and  rain-proof  covering:  an  opening  was  left  in  the  ajjcx  of 
the  cone.     When  comjileted  the  building  resembled  an  immense  bee-hive. 

I  have  found  the  remains  of  some  of  these  houses,  where  the  ])ortions 
above  ground  had  decayed,  the  lower  ends  of  the  whale  bones  remaining  in 
the  ground  in  a  good  state  of  i)reservation. 

Tthnsii-S. 

They  manufactured  and  owned  more  household  utensils,  tools,  weapons 
;ind  onuiments,  of  better  material  and  su])erior  workmanship  than  tribes 
of  other  regions,  and  as  tr.ese  ornaments  represented  money,  and  were 
largely  used  as  such,  the  .'UiKmnt  of  marketable  jiroperty  owned  l)y  them, 
represented  the  com])arative  wealth  of  the  people.  Being  less  nomadic  than 
many  other  tribes  their  utensils  were  made  for  continuous  and  iicrmanent 
use.  The  region  they  occuiiied,  furnished  an  abundant  supi)ly  of  food 
material,  easily  obtained,  giving  them  plenty  of  time  for  the  m.'inufacture 
of  material  re^iresenting  the  ornamental  or  artistic  phase  of  savagery. 

Their  weajions  and  household  utensils,  unlike  the  generality  of  the 
coast  Indians  give  evidence  of  taste  in  the  selection  of  material,  and  skill 
in  their  manufacture. 


<'1 


»if 


^1: 


m 


232 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


They  used  few  baskets;  their  cookinj^  utensils  were  worked  out  of  solid 
rock,  of  a  talcose  character,  similar  to  soapstone,  easily  worked,  but  capa- 
ble of  withstanding  the  action  of  fire.  They  cooked  their  food  in  these 
vessels,  placed  on  the  fire,  instead  of  cooking  by  means  of  heated  rocks 
dropped  into  the  water,  or  food  contained  in  water  tight  baskets,  as  was 
the  custom  with  other  tribes.  Some  of  these  vessels  called  oUas  were  sym- 
metrically made,  and  sometimes  ornamented  with  incised  lines,  or  by  in- 
laying with  shell  beads  around  the  rim.  These  olkis  were  sometimes  used 
for  mortuary  ])urposes  by  inverting  them  over  the  heads  of  their  former 
owners.  One  fine  specimen  in  my  collection,  I  found  in  a  burial  mound 
near  Santa  Barbara,  it  was  some  three  or  four  feet  below  the  surface,  and 
in  an  upright  ])osition,  covered  by  a  flat  rock,  and  contained  the  remains 
of  a  child  of  two  or  three  ^-ears  of  age,  and  some  badly  decayed  shell  orna- 
ments.   See  Fig.  354-. 


Fig.  354.    Stone  ollas;  Yates' collection.    S.   alioiit  1-10. 

Stone  Cui's  AM)  Bowls. 

Their  drinking  cujjs  and  other  vessels  nf)t  intended  to  be  placed  on  the 
fire,  were  made  of  serpentine  highly  polished  and  sometimes  elaborately 
ornamented. 

The  material  from  which  these  vessels  were  made  is  found  in  great  abun- 
dance on  Santa  Catalina  Island.  The  outsides  of  the  vessels  were  worked 
out  of  the  ledge  in  situ,  and  then  detached,  and  the  interior  worked  out  by 
means  of  stone  chisels  and  serajjcrs.  Some  of  these  tools  were  attached  to 
wooden  handles  by  means  of  fisphaltum. 

S.'inta  Cat;dina  Island  seems  to  have  supi)lie(l  all  the  vessels  of  this 
character  found  on  all  the  islands  and  the  adjacent  mainland  They 
were  transported  by  canoes  and  rafts  which  were  covered  by  brush  and 
tule  (a  species  of  rush). 

Food  Material. 

The  shoi-es  furnished  an  abundant  su])ply  of  niollusks,  crustaccous  and 
other  invertebrate  animals,  both  as  to  (|uantity  and  variety.  The  waters 
of  the  channel  supplied  an  abundance  of  fish  at  all  seasons,  and  at  certain 
seasons  it  teemed  with  whales,  which  during  their  periodical  journeys  used 
the  channel  for  a  resting  i)lace  or  playground,  and  even  in  my  time  I  have 
seen  them  in  large  numbers.  Seals,  sea-lions,  sea-elephfints,  sea-otters  and 
other  marine  animals  were  abundant,  while  the  land  supplied  pine  nuts, 


Southern  Cnlifornin. 


233 


;s. 


H  I)  C 

Fiji.  ;^>">-">.     S.  2-7. 
.'I.     Fine  sciTJited  obsidian  ,s])car-lH';ul  Lake  Co.,  Cal. 

h.     Spcai-head  ofaiKillite,  noli-lu-d.  iVoin  under  Talilc  Mountain,  Tuolinine  Lo.,  Cal.     H" , 
inches  lor.fi. 

f.     Spc.-.rlicad  of  hard,  close-drained  trai)i)ean  rock,  jjolishcd,  same  locality  as  the  last. 
8x2V:iiiK'i>-. 


Fi>r.  350.  S.  varies  1-2  to  1-11.  .\t  the 
top,  Ohsidian  arrow-points  from  1-os  \u- 
geles  Co. 

\ext,  .\pache  war  club  of  rawhide  shrunk 
onto  a  round  stone.  Many  of  these  round 
stones  have  been  founil  on  the  villay;e  sites, 
Next,  Throwiufi  stick,  shaped  like  a 
boomerang  used  for  killinji  ral)bits  etc.*  2 
feet  by  l-'t  inches. 

.Next,  Hattle-axe  or  war  club,  made 
from  fnitcr  portion  of  lower  jaw  of  whale, 
evidently  vcrv  old;  unicpie.  Santa  Kosa 
Island,  Cal.,  in  Smithsonian  Institution 
1  7''j  l.>y  ()  inches. 

Next.  Knife  bl;ide  of  hammered  cojipcr, 
frfim  a  ^rave  in  the  Santa  Inez  mount.iins. 
Tlie  only  copper  wcajion  li;ivc  seen  in 
southern  California.  In  the  collection  of 
(ieo.  H.  (lould. 

Next,  Sword  or  Ceremoni.-d,  of  liue- 
•^rained  san  islone,  with  jjioovc  nniuinj; 
the  entire  lenylli  of  back.  San  Mi,nuel  Is- 
land.    (Drcxfus  Collection.) 

Next,  Sword  of  wood,  with  handle  in- 
laid with  abelone  shell  {llnliotio  nilcscciic) 
vSee  Wheeler's  Rei)ort  Vol.  VII.  ]).  232. 
18'.,  inches. 


•See  Dr.  IlolVninn's  Notes  to  Hugo  Keid,  ".\cconnt  of  the  Indians  of  I-os   .\nf;cles  county,     v^ 
Cal."  in  Uniletin  of  Hsse.x  Institute.   Vol.  XVII.  p.  I. 


•11 


i" 


m 


234 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


acorns,  wild  cherries,  berries  and  seeds  of  various  kinds,  deer,  elk,  and  a 
variety  of  other  (|uadrupeds.  Water-fowl  su])plied  e^gs  in  abundance,  and 
their  skins  were  used  for  clothing. 

Wkapons. 
Consisted  of  war-clubs,  spears,  bows  and  arrows,  javelins  (?)  throwing 
sticks  and  harpoons.  They  have  been  found  in  such  variety  of  forms  that  in 
my  "Aboriginal  Weapons  of  California"  (in  manuscript)  I  have  figured 
more  than  three  hundred  different  forms.  Nearly  all  the  forms  of  weajxins 
and  implements  of  flaked  stone  found  in  other  regions,  have  been  found  in 
southern  California,  besides  many  forms  ])eculiar  to  this  region,  but  un- 
fortunately while  there  have  been  a  great  many  collectors,  the  great 
majority  of  them  collected  for  coin,  and  tons  of  material  which  would  have 
been  invaluable  to  the  museums  of  this  coast,  have  been  sold  to  enrich  the 
museums  of  the  East  and  EuroiJC,  and  to  touiists  and  travellers  from  all 
parts  of  the  world.  Hence,  one  of  the  richest  known  localities  for  prehis- 
toric relics,  has  been  practically  depleted. 


Fig.  35H.    S.  1-2.     Fishing  speai-lii-nd  of  silki- 
ficd  shale.   San  Nicolas  Island  (  Vatcs  colltction.) 

4.  Harpoon  of  l-'-nc  (whale)  San  .Nicolas 
Island. 

5.  Fishing-s))ear  of  a  ]X'culiar  olive-gray 
indurated  shale,  polished.  San  Nicolas  Islanil, 
(Vates  collection). 


^.S.^CuO^ 


Fig.  3r>9.  n.  Tomahawk  of  wood,  New  South 
Wales. 

/).     War  club  used  liy  the  I'ah-l'tcs  and  Mohavcs. 

c.     War  club  Southern  California,  (after  Hoflinan). 

(].  War  club,  Southern  California,  (after  Hoffman) 
3+  by  I'/a  inches.  From  Smithsonian  Reports:  much 
reduced. 


■H  H   .IL.  <lf  AUXSi 


Southern  California. 


235 


Fig.  360.    S.   1-2.     Clul)  head  of  stone,  onianu-iited   with 
incised  lines.     Southern   California. 


Perforated  Stones  and  Discs. 

These,  like  many  other  prehistorie  imj)lcments  were  doubtless  used  for 
a  variety  of  purposes  as  indicated  by  the  differenees  of  form,  size  and  material. 
Some  of  sandstone,  with  the  holes  countersunk  at  both  ends;  others 
of  seri)cntine,  many  of  which  are  symmetrical  in  form  and  hijj;hly  polished, 
some  have  taperinjjf  perforations  without  counter  sinkinj;.  They  are  of  all 
sizes  from  the  flat  disc  of  S  to  10  inches  in  diameter  to  the  small  stone  bead 
of  less  than  half  an  inch. 

They  have  been  found  in  such  abundance  in  southern  California,  espec- 

«       c  b 

Fig.  361.  S.  1-1.'  to  l-H.  II,  .Scraper,  of  flint  or  chert. 
These  are  found  in  great  variety  of  form,  sonic  resendjl- 
ing  animals  in  outline. 

h.  Tomahawk  or  clul),  made  from  the  root  of  a 
live  oak  tree.  .A  very  old  Indian  whom  I  interviewed 
more  than  thirty  years  ago,  said  that  it  was  used  for 
killing  sturgeons  when  they  came  up  the  creeks  and 
sloughs  at  certain  seasons.  (Vates'  collection.)  I'ound 
in  "s;ilt  m;irsh"  Hay  u{  San  Fr;incisco.  l.'i  by  1) 
inches. 

c.  Knife  and  scra))cr  comliincd,  obsidian.  (Dreyfus 
collection.) 

il.  I'isliing-s|)ear  or  harpoon  hcnd  of  white  clialtc- 
flonic  f|uart::,  very  thin  (section  at  "\").  Santa  Rose 
Island  ( Dreyfus  collection. ) 

NoTK — The  Indians  of  .\laska,  formerly  used  har- 
poon heads  of  the  sjime  form  and  ch;iracter  as  "f/'"  lor 
harpoonir.g  whales  and  other  large  marine  animals. 
Sec  "Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mureau  of  Hthnology," 
I)p.  21H  to  241.  It  is  probable  that  the  former  inhabi- 
tants of  our  islands  used  similar  weapons  for  like  |)ur- 
poses. 

f.    Scrajier  and  knife  combined?    Obsidian. 


1 


.•■:  !  1 


,v*     ,' -fo 

■-  'A  * 


I  O.rxrti 

e 


zd. 


il 


i 


23fi 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


cially  on  the  isliinds,  that  thcv  ni.'iy  be  found  in  the  majority  of  colleetions 
of  In(Han  rehes.  In  achlition  to  the  many  uses  assijj;ne(l  to  them,  I  think 
some  of  them  were  used  for  smoothinjj^  and  pohshin^  the  shafts  of  spears 
and  similar  implemi-nts  of  wood,  and  the  "eij>ar-hohler"  pipes  of  ser])entine 
and  steatite  for  whieh  this  region  is  noted. 


Fij;.  302.  S.  1-2.  HiiirpiiLofljom-,  IukIiIv 
polished,  iiscil  for  <,rii.'iiiiftit  for  the  litad,  llie 
I'lids  show  "^roovos  to  liold  the  cfirds  l)v  wliii  li 
fuallicrs  ;md  shell  orn;iinciUs  were  att;u'he<l. 
San  .MifiiK-l  Island.     !l'-..  inches  in  lenjjth 

2.  Harpoon-head  of  bone  (\vh;ile?),  with 
some  ol  the  asphaltiini  used  in  attaih.inj;  to 
the  sh.ifl  rem.'iinin;.;.   San  .Nicolas  Ij-land. 

;{.     Needle  of  hone.  Siinta  Crnz  l^land. 

4-.  .Need'e  of  hone,  head  broken.  San  Mig- 
uel   Island. 

'>.     Itone  iinplenient.     San    Miguel    Island. 

(i.  Wand  or  charm  stick.  (Phallic?),  used 
hy  Mediiine  .Men,  hone  of  cetaccm,  11 
inches  lonj;. 

7.  Harpoon-head,  of  hone,  harhed  on  one 
side.     San  Nicolas  Island,    il  inches  l»)nji. 

S.  liHijiy  of  luininn  fi>;ure,  carved  out  of 
whale's  hone.     Snn  Nicholas  Island. 


r 


Ik 


Fig.  363.  S.  1-3.  Saws,  of  hone,  called  "Sa-chos,"' 
hy  the  Na))a  Indians.  Had  heen  broken  and  buried  with 
their  owners,  as  was  the  custom;  made  from  ^caI.ul^lr 
bones  of  deer  or  elk.  The  portions  grasped  bv  the  han.ls 
«)f  the  workmen  are  worn  to  a  glassy  smoothness, 
showing   that    they  had  been  in  use  for  a   longtime. 

One  of  them  is  of  the  "Lightning  Tooth"  pal- 
tern  of  modern  saws.  From  ancient  graves  in  .Alamedii 
county.  (Yates  collection). 


Southern  Ciilil'oniiii, 


2a  7 


V\\i  '.\M.  S.  1-1.  1.  Fossil  ;j;roiiiifl  to  resenil)le 
charm  stone. 

2.  Two  views  of  a  i)eeit)iar  stone  of  jjray  amor- 
phous talc,  with  evidence  of  a  corrl  havinj;  been  tied 
about  the  centre,  showing  the  cord  to  Iiave  been  dipjjed 
in  soft  bitumen.    San  Nicolas  Island. 

3.  Stone  implement  of  crystalline  talc,  one  hole 
drilled  at  each  corner,  and  one  in  centre  of  each  side, 
the  centre  one  on  np|)er  end  and  on  upper  corner  drilled 
straight  through.  The  other  holes  are  drilled  from  face 
and  e  l,no,  mt-ctinj^  :ind  forming  a  right  angle.  San  Nico- 
las Island. 


Fig.  3(5').  S.  l-'J.  1.  Fish,  made  of  slate,  ti.se  unknown. 
Might  hav.'  been  a  toy,  amulet,  ornament,  or  fetish.  San 
Nicolas  Island. 

2.  Stone  figure  of  a  killer  whale,  or  "Killer."  Orc.-i  rccti- 
p/nwys.  Cope  ?   San  Nicolas  Island. 

3.  Stone  cauoe,  i)robal)ly  used  for  ceremonial  purposes, 
'"'an  Nicolas  Island. 


yf:>»yu 


Co 


Fig.  388.     S.  1-2.     1.   Ornament  of  bone;    Santa  Harbara,  % 

2.    Ornament  of  Tivela  shell. 


'^H 


t  ^1 

i| 


if 

I' J 


!il 


I  j 
» 


:i3s 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fij".  X.GC).  Mrcast))l;ite  or  oniiiim-tit 
made  of  tlic  lips  of '"Ahtloiic"  shells.  (Il.-i- 
liolis  rutis-cviis,)  cdgfs  oriifinuiiti'd,  loiisid- 
cnd)l_v  <lccjiyed,  .'iiid  portions  riiissiiif{; 
tiiii(|iic.  Siiii  Mijiiifl  Island.  ^ Vales'  I'ol- 
lection.)    S.    l-ii. 


i^S .^ot^.  /><! 


Fig.  3(57.  1 .  Ornament  ?  of  sliell  of  Tivetii  crnas-ittel/oidcs, 
lone.   Ornamentation   rejjresenting  an  lich  anta   Rar- 

l)ara.     (Dreyfus  collection.) 

2.  Ornament,  made  from  the  same  sjjecies  of  shell.  (Same 
collection  as  above.)     S.     1-2. 


Pipes. 
To  the  student  of  American  history  and  Ethnohig}',  the  tobacco  pipe, 
its  forms,  uses  and   history  is  an  important  subject.    It  not  only  figured 


Southern  Cfilithrniu. 


2;JJ) 


V\)i.  ano,  S.  1-2.  n.  I'ii)e  of  liasallic  rock, 
saint'  form  as  San  Mi),Mirl  Islam'  pipes.  >an  Nicolas 
Island. 

7.  I'ipe  ol'stcatito.  pcculiiir  form,  jicncral  out  inc 
indicates  that  it  was  meant  to  rciircj-ciit  a  wlialc, 
holes   drilled   at    dilTerent   an>;les.     See   dotted    lines. 

anta  Harl)ara,  (Hayward  eolleetion.) 

H.  I'i))e,  of  hard  trap  roek,  from  nnder  Table, 
Mountain,  Tuolumne  county,  with  stones])car-l)eads. 

i).  I'ipc,  of  h;ird,  slaty  rock  containing  small  lilack 
crystals;   unique.    Alameda  county. 


m 


i' 


,  •«»••«>)< 


Fij;.  87(1.  W.  1-4.  t.  I'i])e  of  indur.-ited  hluish- 
trray  t.-ilc.    Santa  Barbara  county. 

'2.     Pipe,   of  seri)entine,   liurned,   or  of  clav? 

striated  or  ril)l)ed   inside,   canse<l   hy  lilinj^    with 

n.'irrow,  thin,  rounded   pieces  of  san  Istone,   used 

i  iis  files;  moutli-pieceof  hone.   .St.uthern  Cidifornia. 

8.  Same  nniterial  .'is  1,  jiroli.'ihly  hrnUeii  in 
the  process  of  iii.'ikiii).;,  side  .'iiid  l.>;uk  views;  iini 
(|ue.     Sanl.'i  Itarliara  coiintv. 

•1-.  I'ipt*,  ('f  same  iii;ileri;il  as  1  ;ind  ,8,  s.'iiid 
wurnmi  la'okeii  surface. 

,">.  rni(|iie  pipe,  of  ochraccons  indurated  clay, 
I)i()l).'i))ly  made  from  :\  waterworn  rock,  l.rokeii 
at  lower  end;   mouthpiece  ol  bird's  liune. 

(>.  I'ipc,  of  vesicular  tracliytic  rock,  br(dicii 
at  jiincluie  of  drill-holes,  sluiwiu};  evidence  of 
curv.'itiiie  at  lower  end. 

7.  Of  same  materi.il  .'is  1  and  8.  San  Nicolas 
Island. 

.S.     of  s.'ime  material.     Sant.'i  Harb.'ir.'i. 

'.I  Pipe,  m.'ide  from  a  boulder.  I'ramiients 
found  in  different  parts  of  .-i  burial  j^rouiid,  proba- 
bly broken  in  making.     San  Nicolas  Island. 

10.  rnlinished  pijie,  of  greenish  crystalline 
talc.     S.'in  .Nicolas  Island. 

11.  Of  dark,  mottled  serpentine;  belongs  to 
same  group  as  1.    San   Nicolas  Island. 

12.  Of  serpentine,    ornamented,    simil.'ir    in 


outline    to  Table    Moimtain    pipe-    San    Nicolas  Island. 


24-0 


Prch is toric  Itupk men t s . 


! 


1 1; 


til' 


iiiotitlipii'iv. 

1+  I'ipi'.  1)1  iiiiliit'iiU'il  t.'ili',  willi  li>;iir«-s  of 
sliarks  in  uliil.     S.iii  Niiolas  Im.-iihI. 

1").  (»t  MT)ieiitiiif,  tiiicly  iii»li)>licil,  )iiissil)ly 
used  iis  ii  iiipc,  .'is  "IS." 

1(J.     I'ipi?  IiIkIiIv    polished   .'iiid    (inKitiuiited. 

17.     l'i))c  with  lower  ii)d  l)roi<iii  otV. 

IS.  I'ii)i',  ol  siTpniliiic,  fiiul.v  po  i-iad,  l)oiic 
mouthpiece  t'aslfiied  ill  with  asphaltiiiii.  Wiif  it 
not  lor  till-  nionthpiti-e  liiis  woidd  he  called  a 
head. 

HI.     Ol' similar  material. 

20.  Pipe,  ot'serjientinc,  linely  polished;  stem 
broken  oti  close  to  the  asiilialtiim.  All  the  ahuvc 
arc  tVsni  Santa  Harhara  county. 

lil  and -'2  litlonK  to  the  series  of  Ahoriginal 
Money  and  Ornanunts. 

28.     I'ipe,  of  seri)eiitine. 


Fiji- ;572.    S.    1-2.    4H.    Drill  of  chalcedonic 
(|tinrtz,  used  for  drillinjj   "i)erforated   stones," 
pi])es,  etc.     ;i.  and  />,   sections  showing  form 
Santa  Kosa  Island. 

The  rock  of  which  this  drill  is  made  came 
from  one  of  the  .Vnacajia  Island,  some  thirty" 
five  miles  cast  from  Santa  kasa  Island* 

+0.     rnfinishcd  l>ipc.     S;in  Nicolas  Island. 

50.  Stone  Drill,  flint,  prohahly  nscd  for 
drilling  the  bowls  of  ])i])cs  51  for  drillinj;  the 
holes  for  the  stems  or  inotitlipicccs.  San  .Mij?- 
iicl  Island,  Sij  inches  in  lenf;;th;  '.\  inches  wide. 

52.  Stone  drill  with  wooden  handle.  San 
Nicolas  Island. 

— .\  number  of  fine  pipes  from  this  region 
are  illustrated  in  Wheeler's  "Kci)ort  of  Surveys 
West  of  ihc  lOOth  .Mcridi.in.  Vol.  VII.  Ar- 
chieology,"  ;in<l  described  by    Dr.   C.    C.    Ah- 

l)Ott.— 


*Scc  Stray  Notes  on  the  (icology  of  the  Chaniicl  Islands,  by  Dr.  Lorenzo  ("..  Yates.  K.  (1. 
S.  A.,  in  Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  St;ite  Mineralogist,  page  172,  Sacramento,  ISKO. 


Soiitlwrn  Ciillf'ornin. 


2H 


Iar>;cly  in  tlu'  social  life,  rcli^jjious  ccivmonit's  and  li%Mslalivc  CDUiicils,  l»iit 
was  also  OIK' of  tlic  few  luxuries  of  otir  ahorij^inal  races  anil  peoples,  The 
jjossession  of  a  pii)e  was  second  only  in  importance  to  wea|)ons  of  war  and 
the  chase.  Hence  it  is  not  to  he  wondered  at,  that  much  time  and  labor 
were  expended  in  its  manufacture. 

The  i)ipes  made  hy  the  ahorij^dnes  of  southern  California  are  as  dis- 
tinctly typical  and  characteristic  as  are  those  of  any  other  re;,Mon  of  like 
extent,  and  have  been  found  in  such  nund)ers  as  to  make  the  remark  of  the 
Manpiis  de  Nadaiilac,  in  "  Prehistoric  America,"  peculiarly  applicable  t<i 
this  re'::ion'  He  says:  "  The  iidiahitants  of  America  nuist  have  been  sturdy 
smokers,  judiiinjj:  from  the  number  of  pi])es  found  in  mound  excavations." 

Drills,  |)crforators,  awls,  arrow-])oints,  ;•  pear-heads  and  knives  pass  so 
almost  imperccptably  from  one  to  another  class,  that  it  is  often  im])ossii)le 
to  ni'dic  a  distinction  bjtwjcn  tlum.  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson,  in  ".\rrow- 
points,  etc.,  of  Prehistoric  Times*  illustrates  and  describes  a  skull  found  by 

I'iji.  ;{7.'i.  S.  1-1.'.  TiA.  Slu'll  iiioiu'v,  niiiclc- 
trniii  I'lichy  ilvsinii  iTiissiitcllniilcs,  cmir.  Sizt- 
ol drill  liiilc,  (iiif  tllilliiluUi". 

tJ  Ol  saiiii-  matfriiil  as  tlli' al)i>vf,  tlir  ini 
Ijioketi  cud  with  a  hand  otiiictscd,  oniaiiit  tital 
lines. 

7.     Same    ni.iterial,    hexagonal  t'onii 

H,  •),  10.  Same  iii/Uerial,  dtillliole  dI  iini- 
Ibrm  size  throii.tflinnt  (1  mill  ).  is  euived  lu 
eoi  respond  witli  llie  ouler  line  t-l  llie  liead. 

How.  or  hy  wlial  means  the  ahorii;ines 
were  enahled  to  drill  siieli  small  holes  ihronjih 
the  entire  lenjitlt  of  the  straight  heads  has 
never  heen  satislaetoriiy  answered,  and  the 
((nestion  of  how  eoidd  they  have  (hilled  the 
cnived  hole  in  11,  is  still  more  of  .a  jjuzzle. 

12.  l'ni(iue  form,  drilled  hy  a  stone  drill, 
each  end  hnshed  hy  a  small  head  cemented  in 
with  asphaltiim 

115.  Spheric.'il  head,  drilled  and  hushed  in 
same  manner  as  \'J,  with  iniised  lines  dividing; 
the  sphere  into  four  e(|u.'il  parts.  (12  and  i;< 
were  eolleeted  on  Santa  Kosa  Island,  and  are 
now  in  the  I'liitcd  Slates  .National  Mnsetim). 

14-.   Drill- holes  hnshe<l  with  jjlass  heads. 

ir>,  IC),  17.  Made  from  shell  of //;i ///<(/> 
nitcK-ccns;  drilled,  ornamented,  herrinjj-hone 
pattern. 

me  in  Alameda  County.  Professor  Berlin  refers  to  it  in  his  section  (p^.  200.) 
Had  this  imj)lement  been  found  under  other  conditions,  it  would  have  been 
classed  as  an  undoubted  drill. 

Pkkhistokic    M(>.\KY   A.NI)   Ok.namknts. 
Beads  of  stone,  shell  and   metal   were  .'imonji;  the  most   highly  j^rized 
belongings  of  the  aborigines,  and  by  these,  their  social  status  was  measured, 
*Keport  of  V.  S.  .\at.  Mnseuni  for  1H97,  paj,'e  95H. 


'■  L 


M 


242 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


and  with  thcni  they  purchased  their  wives  and  other  personal  effects,  their 
necessaries  and  luxuries. 

1  have  already  reniarked  that  the  ancient  inliabitants  of  the  coast 
rej^ion  of  southern  California  were  exceptionally  well  supplied  with  ])ro- 
perty  of  this  character,  both  as  re;i;ards  (piantity  and  variety  '>f  ioim. 

In  northern  California  and  farther  north  the  Dentnliiini  or  "Tusk" 
shell,  which  came  to  hand  ready  made,  formed  the  bulk  of  the  jjurchasinj^^ 
medium,  in  central  California;  beads  made  from  the  shells  of  Liixidomus 
and  Olivellf},  and  in  southern  C.'difornifi  with  its  j;reater  choice  of  av.ailable 
material,  manv  other  sj)ecies  of  shells  were  utilized  for  the  jjurpose,  as 
shown  by  the  accompanying  figures  and  description.* 

Fi«.  3-4..  S.  1-2.  IH.  He.id  or  money, 
made  from  shell  of  Liplumiilin  h'cllcttii. 
The  aborigines  of  this  rcijioii  mtulc  their 
finest  l)eads  from  the  columellii  of  this  large 
spiral  univalve,  hy  grinding  the  whorls  off. 
the  s])iral  c'e])ression  marking  the  line  of 
growth  were  decpt  ncd,  and  the  dcjjressions 
»hns  intensified  were  filled  up  with  asphal- 
tum.  A  hole  was  drilled  from  the  i\-\k\  to 
conneet  with  the  umhilieiil  canal  at  the 
base,  or  larger  end,  which  was  bushed  by 
cementing  a  DeiitiiJiiini  or  Tusk  Shell,  into 
the  base,  thus  reducing  the  size  of  the  open- 
ing to  that  of  the  drill-hole  at  the  .'iDex. 

19.  .A  fine  specimen  at  •■(,  a  portion  of 
the  asphidtum  has  been  broken  away, 
showing  the  natural  opening  in  the  centre 
of  t!ic  ciiliiwcll;i.  Xt  It.  m;iy  be  seen  the 
(lentiiHiim  bushing. 

Mr.  William  H.  Holmest  illustriites  and 
describes  one  of  these  olijects  which  he 
classes  among  "Pins,"  which  is  pr<)l)ablv 
an  unfinished  bead. 

20.  I'end.'int  or  ornament,  riiade  from 
shell  of  I'lirniiulux  iiniliisiis,  wood  .'mother 
large,  s])iral  univiilvc.  l)Ul  without  an  mn- 
bilic.'d  opening,  <lrillcd  traversely  through 
the  iirtificially  tlattened  jjortion,  and  .'i  por- 
tion of  the  ;ii)ex  of  the  shell  left  or,  the  coliinicllii. 

21.  M.idc  by  utilizing  the  n.-itural     |)ening  in  shell  of  I.iii;i,iin/>   crciiiil.-itc. 

22.  Head  mad- '"  im  shell  of  .l/v£j7iis  c;(//7nr«/Vi;;(;s  Con.,  the  Californiiin  Mussel,  speci- 
mens of  which  I  h.ive  found  on  Santa  Kos.-i  IsL-ind  which  were  ten  inches  in  le;  gtli,  and  of 
corresponding  thickness,  the  (lei)ressions  re))resent  the  lines  of  growth.  Mr  -,.  S.  Haldcman 
in  Wheeler's  Kepo.  t,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  '2iW  credits  this  class  of  beiids  to  the  V"    /ii.  {I'nclnilcsniti). 

'J'A.  .Made  from  univalve  shell  l.ticnitiim  cix.iulutu.  Other  varictit-  of  form  were  also 
made  from  this  shell. 


\ 


yj, 


I    •    TM.It     «(. 


*  Notes  on  the  .Vboriginal  Money  of  California,  by  Lorenzo  G.  Yates.  .American  Natura- 
list, Jiinu.'try  1H77. 

■|-".\rt  in  Shell  of  the  .Vncieni  Americans"  in  Second  Annual  Keporl  ol  the  Hur^'au  of  Ethno- 
logy.    Washington,  1HH;>. 


m 


Southern  Californin. 


243 


Fij>.  ;57r>.  S.  1-2  +(i  to  r>4  incliisive,  repre- 
sent some  of  tlie  maiiv  varied  forms  into 
wliicli  the  aborigines  manufactureil  the  beau- 
tiful shell  of  the  Unliotis  (.Mhclniw). 


Fig.  370.  S.  1-2.  55.  Head  ol  l)ltii>li 
fluor-spar  ? 

5(>.  Head  of  agate,  shows  marks  of 
stone  drill  in  drill-hole  elearlv  ilistingnish- 
ing  it  from  those  of  Ivnropean  maniif/ietiire. 

57.  Head  of  serpentine.  The  eross-see- 
tion  at  n,  shows  a  groove  around  the  edge. 

5S      Head  of  fluor-spar  ? 

5i).     Head  of  agate. 

<)().  .Stone  liead?  with  small  holes 
<lrille<l  through  the  side.  San  .Nieolas  Is 
land. 

til.  Similar  without  the  trati<«ver<<r 
drill-holes. 

(12.  Of  serpentine,  drilled  from  raeli 
end  with  small  drill,  the  dr)lted  lines  show 
position  of  the  drdi  h<des. 

(i,'!.  Of  fine  granular  (|n,irtz,  used  per 
li;i|)s  for  smoothing  the  interior  of  large 
heads. 

(jJ-.     I'endjint  ?  of ehloritie  roek. 

r>5.  Of  dark  blue  metamorphic  roek; 
use  unknown. 

(5(5.  Of  Mcr|H-ntine.  May  have  been 
used  to  finish  or  polish  the  interior  of 
beads,  like  (io,  and  <'.!. 

(57.  Of  ser|)enline,  hole  of  uniform  si/.e. 
unfinished  head  ? 


fcj 
i 


fv' 


:-i 


iij'ii 


(>M.    Of  same  material  as  the  Inst. 


I 


244 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


i  !'• 


I 


Fig.  377.  70,  71.  S.  1.2.  Reads  tnadc  from 
liiiinc  of  llinnites  ffif^nnteiis,  gray. 

72.  Waiupum,  in.'iilc  from  shell  of  LnxuUtttitis 
Xiittiili,  cour.,  the  dark  lines  show  outside  surface 
of  the  sliell. 

73.  Implement  used  liy  Indians  of  Napa  and 
Lake  counties  for  drilling  money  or  wampum. 

74-.     Flint  drill.     Sonlhern  California. 

75.  Drill  of  transparent  (inartz,  ijrobably 
made  from  a  crystal. 

76.  Head  of  serpentine,  Santa  Barbara 
county  (Dreyfus  collection). 

77.  Head,  of  dark  green  serpentine,  drilled 
from  each  end,  but  with  diflerently  shaped  drills. 
San  Nicolas  Island. 

7H.  Stone  bead,  used  a.s-  money  by  the  In- 
dians of  !,ake  and  Napa  counties,  the  material  of 
which  it  is  made  resembles  catlinite,  the  stone  so 
highly  prized  by  the  aborigines  of  the  older  states 
for  making  pipes.     Lake  county,  California. 

HO.  Made  from  shell  of  Tivcia,  (Dreyfus 
collection). 


Fish   Hooks.* 

The  extensive  eoast  line  of  the  mainland  and  islands  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia furnished  ;\n  .'vbundance  of  fish  to  its  former  inhabitants,  and  lar^e 
numbers  of  fish-hool'S  have  been  found  in  the  graves  and  village  sites,  many 
of  them,  however,  in  such  a  jjoor  state  of  preservation,  that  the  lamina-  of 
the  shell  of  which  they  are  made  fall  apart  when  disturbed. 

These  objects  were  formerly  called  ornaments,  and  ear-rings,  by  some 
collectors  and  writers  who  argued  that,  the  ])oints  were  not  in  a  position 
to  catch  or  hold  a  fish.  The  natives  of  New  Zealand  use  hooks  of  similar 
form  (See  14,  compare  with  9). 

Fig.  37S.  1,2,3.+.  Implements  from  prehistoric  caves  in  South  of  Franct,  similar  to 
those  used  by  the  Hskimos  for  citching  water  fowl.  Objects  of  this  character  are  often  found 
in  our  mounds  which  were  probably  used  for  the  same  purposes  or  for  catching  fish.  They 
are  used  by  attaching  a  line  to  the  centre,  the  bone  being  baited  with  small  fish,  into  which 
tlie  implement  is  inserted  lengthwise. 

5,  6.     Fish-hooks  of  chi])ped  flint  tbund  in  Sweden, 
7      Kish-hook  of  shell  from  Samoa. 
H.    Hook  made  of  tusk  of  wild  boar.    Swiss  l.nkes. 

I).     I'^ish-hook  of  shell,  with  barb  to  prevent  the  bait  from  slipping  off.  Southern  California, 
l').     Fish-hook  of  flint  and  bone.     Cireenland. 
II.     Fish-hook  of  beaten  coi)per.     Wisconsin, 
li.    Fish-hook  of  bronze.    Lake  Morat,  Switzerland. 

See  The  livoUition  of  Fish-hooks  by  L.  (».  Y.,  in  I'opular  Science  for  March,  1809. 


iM; 


■N 


I?' 


Southern  California. 


^'^'lio.'.i 


Figs.  378.  S.  1-2. 


245 


':W  '■■  n 


f  : 


ml 


246 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


'!V 

I'ri 


il? 


1' 

i 


l.'l,  15,  22,  23,  25.  Illustrate  the  method  of  manufncture  of  the  shell  fish-hooks  of  south- 
ern California. 

14.     Fish  hook  of  the  natives  of  New  Zeaiaiul.    Size  rednced. 

16  to  21,  and  9.  Represent  shell  fish-hooks  which  are  exceptionally  well  made,  and  in  a 
remarkably  jjoo'l  state  of  jireservation.     San  Nicolas  Island,   California. 

24.     Finely  finished  tish-hook  of  bone.   San  Nicolas  Island. 

26.     I'nuslially  large  fish-hook  of  shell. 

All  the  above  ilescribed  shell  hooks  arc  made  from  the  shell  of  llaliotis  rulescens,  s.  VV. 
and  belong  to  the  Yates  collection. 

Scarificators,— "Delicate  Splinters  of  Flint." 

In  Vol.  VII,  of  Wheeler's  Report,  p.  09.  Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott  calls  attention 
to  u  delicate  form  of  splinters  of  flint,  and  suggests  that  "such  fragments 
may  have  been  used  for  the  amaturc  of  bone  harpoon-heads  similar  to 
those  found  in  Europe." 

My  first  find  of  the  implements  was  made  while  exploring  in  burial 
places  on  Santa  Rosa  Island,  in  the  interest  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  1S76,  when  our  party  found  a  deposit  of  perhaps  a  qu.'irt  of  these  im- 
plements, (which  were,  however,  nearly  all  stolen  from  us).  They  were  finely 
made  of  yellowish-brown  jaspery,  or  fiinty  rock.  They  were  all  together 
when  found,  having  evidently  been  buried  with  their  former  owner.  Not 
finding  any  other  specimens  in  our  extensive  explorations,  extending  over  a 
period  of  three  week's  search  for  relics,  I  wasconvineed  that  they  were  not 
ol))ects  of  general  use,  but  were  part  of  the  paraphernalia  of  a  medicine  man, 
among  the  natives,  and  that  their  manufacture  re(|uired  the  exercise  of  an 
unusual  skill,  and  would 'only  be  made  by  certain  individuals  of  the  tribe 
possessing  the  necessary  (|ualifieation. 

Some  ten  years  after  this  discovery  I  luid  an  opportunity  to  interview 
some  of  the  few  representatives  of  the  former  aborigines,  and  from  them 
le.'irned  their  uses.  They  said  they  were  used  by  the  medicine  men  in  the 
cure  of  diseiise,  by  scarifying  the  skin  over  the  affected  part,  and  applying 
one  end  of  .'i  bone  or  stone  tube  (See  Fig.  370)  over  the  scarified  parts  and 
exhausting  the  air  from  the  tube  by  suction  applied  by  the  lips  of  the  opera- 
tor, thus  causing  blood  to  be  drawn  from  the  wounds  made  by  these 
splinters. 

Dr.  Abbott's  theory  of  the  origin  and  uses  of  these  objects  will  not 
apply  in  southern  California,  he  says,  (loc.  cit.),  "similar  splinters  of  chert 
and  j.'isper  are  (juitc  comnum  everywhere,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  are 
only  a  natural  product  of  the  chi])ping  of  masses  of  these  minerals  when 
fashioning  various  implements"  .'ind  that,  "they  might  readily  be  utilised 
as  awls,  or  for  perfoniting  substances  soft  fis  limestone." 

The  large  number,  (some  hundreds,)  found  'n  the  graves  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island,  and  those  since  found  in  other  localities,  are  made  of  the  same  ma- 
terial ,  are  of  the  same  general  form,  and  were  made  in  the  same  manner; 
that  is,  by  t.aking  a  H.-ike  having  the  re(|uired  sharp  edge  and  curve,  and 
chipping  off  the  thick  portion  of  the  flake  until  of  recpiired  size,  thus  forming 
a  five-pointed,  siiarp-edged  imi)lement  suital)le  for  the  use  design.ated. 

They  all  have  one  knife  edge,  and  arc  triangular  in  section  (as  may  be 


"■^n 


it 


Southern  California. 


247 


seen  by  ilhistrations  in  Fig.  379).  The  difficulty  of  manufacturing  them 
may  be  imagined  when  it  is  considered  that,  each  one  is  the  thin  knife-edged 
porti(m  of  a  large  flake,  and  the  most  difficult  part  is  to  break  off  all  the 
superlluous  thick  part  of  the  flake,  leaving  only  the  narrow,  three-cornered, 
sharp  pointed  implement  represented. 

Hugo  Reid  says  of  the  Indians  of  Los  Angeles  county,  that  local  inflam- 
mation was  treated  by  scarifying  with  pieces  of  sharp  flint  and  procuring 
as  much  blood  as  possible  from  the  part.  (See  Overhmd  Monthly  for  .\u- 
gust  189G). 


^^ 


Fi^.  370.  S.  1-2.  Scnrcifif.'ilors  used  in  coti- 
iiection  with  hone  and  stoiu-  tiil)cs  Cor  the  tre.'itniciit 
of  diseases.     Santa  Rosa  and  San  Nicolas  Islands. 


Ae.^.^cJli 


Ld 

a 
a- 
!■; 
id 

IK 
)e 


The  Report  of  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum  for  1892  Cfmtains  a  paper  by  Thomas 
Wilson,  on  "Minute  Stone  Implements  from  India"  in  which  he  describes 
and  illustrates  a  series  of  implements  which  seem  to  be  identical  in  form 
with  the  specimens  found  in  southern  California. 

He  says  of  them:  "There  is  a  marked  difference  between  the  two  edges 
of  the  crescent.  The  crescent  edge  is  thick  and  has  been  worked  into  its 
present  sha])e  by  the  secondary  chipjiing  of  the  most  minute  kind,  while  the 
straight  edge  is  the  cutting  edge,  sharp  and  thin,  just  as  it  comes  from  the 
nucleus,  and  is  without  any  secondary  chipj)ing." 

TruES. 

Tubes  of  Ixmc,  stone,  ,'ind  wood  were  doubtless  used  for  various  ])ur- 
poses,  the  most  imjjortant  of  which  was,  in  connection  with  scarificators, 
in  the  treatment  of  diseases,  also  as  recei)t.'icles  tor  vf.rious  herbs  and  other 
charms.  The  medicine  tubes  were  filled  with  tobacco,  humming-l)ird 
feathers,  meal,  etc.,  Jind  (lei)osite(l  in  certain  places  as  oflerings  to  the  par- 
ticular deities  they  wished  to  conciliate. 

A  tube  about  five  inches  long,  filled  with  feathers  and  tobacco  and  or- 
namented with  beads  and  fe.'ithers  of  the  blue-bird,  and  of  some  from  a  bird 
of  yellow  plumage,  formed  the  great  oflcring  to  one  of  their  deities. 

Some  were  used  as  receptacles  for  bone  needles,  and  others  as  drinking 
tubes. 

Among  some  of  the  tribes,  young  warriors  while  on  their  expeditions 
preparatory  to  being  admitted  to  the  councils  of  the  tribe,  were  not  allowed 
to  let  water  come  in  contact  with  their  lips,  nor  to  scratch  themselves  with 


I   1 


248 


Prehistoiic  Implements. 


m 
m 


n 


t. 


^1 


111' 


\/ 


/■. 


their  juiils,  and  in  order  to  comply  with  these  re(|uirements  they  c<'irried 
with  them  on  these  cxi)e(litiotis,  a  tube  otreed  or  bone,  and  a  piece  of  wood 
or  bone  to  be  used  as  a  scratcher.  Some  of  the  large  number  of  bone 
implements  found  in  the  graves  may  have  been  used  for  this  purpose. 

POTTEKV. 

The  ((uestion  has  often  been  asked:  Did  the  aborigines  of  California 
make  or  use  pottery? 

So  far  as  known  no  prehistoric  pottery  has  been  found,  but  after  the 
founding  of  the  Missions,  the  Fathers  instructed  the  Indians  in  its  manufac- 
ture. 

The  late  Henry  Chapman  Ford,  while  excavating  in  a  burial  place  some 
twelve  miles  east  from  Santa  Harliara  found  a  few  ijieces  which  ai)peared 
to  be  of  Indian  make,  although  it  is  jjossible  that  it  might  have  been 
brought  from  New  Mexico  or  Arizona. 

Mr.  Paul  Schumacher  in  12th  Annual  Kcjjort  of  the  Pe.abody  Museum, 
p.  521,  says  of  the  Techuhet  Indians  of  Los  Angeles  county.  "Among  the 
Kahweyahs  (C.ahuillos),  who  unlike  the  former  Indians  of  the  coast  of 
California,  make  household  utensils  of  burned  clay  instead  of  soapstone." 

Baskktky   and  Pasket-Mortars. 

The  manufacture  and  use  of  liaskets  was  m)t  so  general  among  our 
coast  Indians  as  it  was  with  those  in  the  interior,  and  owing  to  their  des- 
tructal)ility  such  .'is  were  used  have  not  been  preserved,  although  an  occa- 
sional fragment  is  found,  having  been  preserved  by  a  coating  of  pitch,  or  of 
asphaltum.  Some  entire  baskets  have  been  fcmnd  in  caves  in  the  mountains. 
These  baskets  seem  to  have  been  used  as  receptacles,  for  sacred  or  cere 
moni.'d  objects  and  were  evidently  very  old,  but  whether  of  prehistoric,  or 
more  recent  time,  it  is  impossible  to  determine. 

In  exjiloring  some  of  the  caves  on  the  islands,  and  at  village  sites  on  the 
mainland,  we  occasionally  find  an  irregularly  shaped  stone  with  a  tlat  sur- 
face upon  which  asph.altum  has  been  melted  in  the  form  of  a  circle  about  a 
foot  in  diameter,  showing  evidence  of  basket-work  having  been  ind)edded 
in  the  asphaltnm  while  it  was  soft.  These  .are  the  bottoms  of  b.-isket  mor- 
tars, m.'ide  by  attaching  n  bottomless  basket  to  the  rock  by  me.-itis  of 
asphaltum,  thus  making  a  light  weight  and  efficient  mortar,  and  a  Labor- 
saving  device. 

Flaked  Stone  Implements. 

In  southern  Californi.a,  nearly  .all  the  various  known  forms  of  fi,'d<ed 
implements  li.'ive  been  found,  besides  other  forms  ujjon  which  the  ;irtifieer 
exerci.sed  his  .artistic  fancy. 

A  tew  .are  shown  in  Figs.  .'io(>-.S,  .'}()l,and  MSO.  Others  will  ajjpe.ar  in  the 
Northern  California  section  of  this  book. 

Obsidi.'in.  tninslucent  ch.alcedony,  .agate,  etc.  points  .arc  so  thin  .and 
well  m.ade  that,  except  for  the  slight  undulatory  surfaces,  they  might  have 
been  cut  and  polished  by  <a  lapidary. 


«l 


Saiithern  Cnliforniii. 


240 


Very  larj^c  implements  or  eeremonials  are  found.  Oceasionally  we 
()l)serve  an  imjjlenient  of  rich,  brown,  obsidian  stteaked  with  black.  This 
material  is  rare. 


Fig.  380.    Cliiiiin  Stones.     S.  little  less  than  12. 


Mi  I 


250 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


I,; 

1 

ILk-i^ 

Charm  Stones. 
Many  theories  are  advanced  as  to  the  use  of  these  charms  or  plummet- 
shajjcd  affairs.    I  shall  not  repeat  them  here. 

\-\ff.  3S0.  t.  Represents  the  oldest  known  s])ecinien  from  Californin,  found  in  nn  old 
river  I'lisinnt'l  under  T;d)le  Monntain,  Tuohinme  Co.,  Calilornia;  niaile  of  vellowish,  translu- 
cent arrajjonile,  svnnnetricallv  made  and  tinely  polished;  several  inii(|iie  and  intere.ktinf;  relies 
were  found  with  this  and  they  formed  the  sithjeet  of  ilisenssion  before  the  Am.  .\ssoe.  for  the 
■Advaneenienl  of  Seienee  <it  its  nieetin;^  in  Chieajjo;  orijjinal  in  Vale  ColUj^e;  east  in  writer's 
eolUelion. 

li.     Of  close  {.jrained  sandstone,  unfinished.  Contra  Costa  County,  C.'il. 

;{,     Of  Irap,  well  tinished,  .\lame  la  County,  Cal. 

■t.  I'-ine  grained,  arj;illaeeous  lirown  sandstone,  unfinished;  Alameda  or  Contra  Cost.a 
County,  Cal.  This  speiinien  has  a  nnndier  of  notches  near  the  upjier  extremity,  cxtendinj; 
around  the  iniiilenient,  hut  inis-inatehe<l;   evidently  intendc<l  f<.r  susjiension. 

5.     Of  serpeiitine,  perforated,  smoothly  finished,  .Maineda  or  Contra  Costa  Counties. 

(J.     riii(|Uc  specimen  of  lra)>  rock,    finely  made.  .Maineda  Co..  California. 

7.  Hard,  ])ure  white  iiiii);;iiesian  rock,  containing  cryst.'ils  of  a  dark  iiiiner;il  (serpen- 
tine?), .\l;imeda  County.  This  spceinien  is  lieautifully  ]iolished,  hut  hroktn  at  hotli  ends;  the 
lir.'ak  at  the  upper  end  ])asse(l  thiotigh  the  perforation. 

S.  Dark,  slaty  rock,  finely  finished,  perforated,  showing  free  gold  in  considerable  (|uaiitity 
near  the  upjier  end;    Napa  Conntv,  Ciilifornia. 

1).  I>ark  nietaniorphic  rock  (sandstone),  finely  finished  with  a  neck  at  the  upper  end, 
.Napa  County  California. 

10.  Perforated,  oval  in  section,  made  of  arragonite,  the  softer  layers  of  the  rock  being 
weathered  out  by  long  exposure,  or  dissolved  out  by  water,  leaving  the  harder  portions  in 
projecting  lines,  which  are  much  more  apparent  in  the  original  than  shown  in  the  iUnstraiion. 

1 1.  Of  very  hard  slate  or  trap,  perforated,  with  a  depression  running  from  the  iierforation 
on  one  side,  over  the  top  to  the  other  side  of  tlie  jierfbration;  this  piculiarity  is  not  shown 
in  the  illustration;    .\'apa  or  Contr.'i  Costa  County,  Cal. 

Sec  "Ch.'irm  Stones,  the  so-calleil  I'lunimets  or  Sinkers  of  California."  Lorenzo  0.  Vates, 
Santa  Barbara.  Cal.  ISDO. 

Akkow  Stkaiohtrnrrs  ok  S.moothkrs. 

Amonj;  the  tnany  implements  of  serpentine  .'ind  steatite,  the  arrow 
straijjhteners  or  smoothers  were,  in  their  form  and  finish,  amonj;  the  most 
artistic.  In  shape,  they  vary  from  a  spheroid  to  n  p.'irallelo^ram,  and  from 
the  irregular  form  of  the  original  ])ebble  or  stone  from  which  they  were 
made,  tt)  .'i  Hat  disk.  S(mie  are  clahonitcly  ornamented  with  incised  lines 
and  figures  in  relief 

The  main  feature  is  the  groove  by  which,  with  the  aid  of  heat,  the 
arrow  shafts  were  straightened  and  smoothed.  These  im])lements  have 
bjcn  extensively  figured  and  described  in  various  archaeological  publica- 
tions, .and  for  this  reason,  together  with  lack  of  space,  I  have  not  represented 
them  by  illustration.     (See  Wheeler's  Report,  Vol.  VII). 

Rfniu.Nc.  Stones. 

.\nother  class  of  implements  which  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  southern 
California,  and  the  u.ses  of  which  have  not  iH'cn  defitiitely  decided,  have 
been  calletl  rubbing  stones.  They  are  usually,  of  coarse  sandstone,  or  grit, 
in  the  form  of  a  flat  oval,  varying  from  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  thick, 
.about  five  inches  long,   by  three  and   one-h.alf  wide,  either  plano-convex. 


Southern  CaUfornin. 


251 


concavo-convex,  or  double  convex,  .nnd  fit  intf)  the  hand  in  a  manner  to 
suggest  their  uses.  Probably  one  of  their  uses  was  to  work  down  and 
smooth  the  outer  and  inner  surfaces  of  the  stone  pots  and  cooking  utensils, 
for  which  ])urpose  they  seem  to  be  well  ada])ted. 


■ii 


m 


Fig.  381.    Charm  Stones.    S.  Little  less  than  1-2. 
Fig.  331.    29.  Of  Hematite,  hncly  polished,  found  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  California, 


ass 


Prchistoi if  Iiupkments. 


I 


Itv  NIrs.   I';ifk;inl;  this  spcciincn  is  f)f  llic  siiiiii'  sIimiji'   iiiMl    inali'iial   as  those  of  tlic  rnstcrti 
I'liilfd  Slates  and  other  coinitrics. 

30  and  .'U .  (Xsiinilar  mnterial  to  1 .  and  I'nnnd  in  the  same  locality.  ;!<>,  enliie.  Ilatlened 
on  one  side,  with  nolehes  at  IjuiIi  ends.  HI,  a  I)roken  |)ortion  ot  a  similar  ini]iUineiit,  the 
iioss  sections  showinji  a  slijjlit  dilVeienee  in  their  t'ornis. 

.'12  and  ;i;i.  (If  hard  shale,  originally  ornamented  with  leathers,  used  lor  jimiioses  similar 
to  those  ot'tlieeharm  stones.     I'rom  the  islands  near  Santa  H.arlmra,  Cidilornia. 

H4-.     Hematite,  polished,  I'rom  Tennessee. 

^1.     Copied  from  liwhank's  l.ilc  in  Mrazd,  ]iajje4r>l. 

li.     I'rom  p;ij»e  ■4-ti+  of  the  s.ime  worU. 

1  to  ,'!(•  inelnsive.  with  the  exception  of  UI),  are  Irom  specimens  in  the  writer's  eoUeetion 
,ind  r.'present  a  portion  f)nlv  of  the  .-iitieles  of  this  clniraeter  contained  therein. 

31.'  ;ind  33  :irc  from  specimens  in  the  collection  ol  .Mr.  II.  C.  I-ord. 

Where  not  otherwise  stated  the  materi.al  of  which  the  charm  .-tones  ;irc  composed  is  either 
a  li;\rd  tine  jj;r.'iined  ;irj;ill,'iceons  sandstone,  or  ;i  Iraji  roc'k. 

The  ti«,'tn"es  .are  all  reduced  to  ;i  little  less  th.'in  one-lnilf  size. 

[It  is  Imt  jnst  to  state  th.'it  1  was  compelled  to  omit  portions  of  Pr.  Yates'  text  and 
tignres.     I  wonld  tlnit  each  edilui  coidd  h;ivc  liecn  jiiven  more  spnee.     W.  K.  M.j 

IIIHI.KMIK.M'II  V. 

The  Medicine  Men  of  the  .\pachc.  Oth  Ke))t.  Unrean  of  I-thnolojrv. 
Meiisnrcmcnts  of  Crania   troni    California,     llilh    .Ann.    Kept.    I'eahody 
Museum. 

2nd  Kept.  Hnre.'in  of  lUhnolojiy. 

The  ,\l)orijiin;d  Relies  c.allctl  "Sinlicrs"  or  "riiimmets."  .\merican 
Jouiii.al  of  .\rchaeolojjy,  \'ol.  1,  No.  'J.  I'crlor;itcd  Stones  from  Cali- 
fornia. Kept.  Mnrcati   of  Ivthnolojiy.  1.HX7. 

Indians  ol  Los  .\nj.;eles  County.  C;d.  Hnllctin  of  I-^sscx  Iii'-tiltite,  \'ol. 
XVll. 

.\it  in  Shell  ol  the  .\ncicnt  .Americans.    .Annual  Kejiort  ol   1'.  S    I'urcau  of 
l;lhnoloj;y,  1S.S3.     Various  papers  in  .\ineric;iu  .Anthropologist. 
.A  Study  of  the  I'limitive  .Methods  of  Urillinj;.     Kejiort  off.  S.  .National 
.Musctmi,  1S".)4.     Pipes  and  Smokiui;  Customs  of  theAmericJiu    Aliori- 
KiiHS.     Ke])ort  V .  S.  .N;it.  Museum,  I.SUT. 

I'ielo>.;ra])hs  of  the  .N.  .Am.  Indians.  4th  and  lOtli  Aunu.il  Kejiort 
Hure.iu  of  lUhnolofjy. 

Chipijcd  Stone  lm]>lenieuts.     Hnllctin  lissex  Institute,  Vol.  XV. 
<  (hserv.M  turns  on  Cup-sha])el  .and  other  I,;i|)id;irian  Scnljiturcs.     C<  ul. 
to  .\.  .\\\\.   lithnolojry.  Vol.    \' .    Prehistoric  Kishiuj;.     Sinithsoniiin  Con- 
trihulions.  1  SS4. 

Method  of  Manufacture  ol  Oll.-is.  Mort.ars  .'iiul  Pipes  11th  .Ann  Rcpt. 
Pe.ahody  .Museum  p.   2."iH. 

The  .Anti(piitv  of  the  K.-d  K.'icc  in  .America.  kei)ort  I  .  S.  .Nation.'il 
Museum  for  IS'.)").  Prehistoric  Art.  Kejiort  for  ISUC).  .Arrow-|ioints 
Spearlie;ids,  and  Knives  of  Prehistoric  Times.     Keport  for  IS'.t". 

Prehistoric  .M.an  in  Californiii.     Santa  Harbara,  Cal.  18S7. 

Ch.'irm   Stones,    (so-called"    Plummets"   or  "Sinkers,")  S.ant.a    Il.arhar.a. 

l.siM).  Fr.afiineiits  of  the  History  of  ;i  Lost  Trilie.  American  .Anthro- 
|)oloji;ist  October   1M!)1. 

.Altori^'in.al  VVc;i|)ons  of  California.  Overland  Mouthly,  M.arch  l.SSK>. 
The  Deserted  Homes  of  .a  Lost  People.  Overland,  May,lSiU(.  Indian 
Medicine  Men.  Overhand.  .August  IS'.Ki.  Indiiin  Pictoglyphs.  Over- 
land,  Mecember   1S90.     Pipes  jind  Smoking.    Overland,  J.anuary,  IH99. 

The  Evohttion  of  Fish-Hooks,  Popular  Science,  March  1H9U. 


Hourke.  Ca])t.  J    O. 
C.irr,  Lucicn. 

Cushiu).;.  I'rank  H. 
Hcush.iw,    H.  \V. 


l—  Holfman.  W.  j. 
Holmes,  W.  II. 
McC.uire,  J.  I>. 

Mallery.  ('i.arrii-k. 

Ptitnam,  F.  W. 
Kan,  IJr.  Charles 

Schumacher.  P.tul 
Wilson.  Thom.as. 

V.iics.  LorenzoCi. 


/.; 

SHCTION  VI 11.  ,       »'    •' 

Mkitism  Commiua  andtiik  Noktii-wkst  Coast. 

This  is  a  rcj^jion  inliahitcd  hv  many  tisliin^f  tril)c'S.  Wiiile  prcliistoric 
sjK'cinKiis  art'  lound  in  soiuc  mimlKTS,  yt-'t  the  territory  can  scarcrly  Ik-  said 
to  rank  in  archacolof^ical  importance  with  sections  of  the  I'nitcd  Stales. 

I'rofessor  l-\  W.  Putnam,  of  the  .\meriean  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
and  IVahody  Museum,  has  sent  several  surveys  to  the  .North-west  and  also 
to  nehrinjr  Straits,  to  Russia  and  China.  He  has  done  this  with  :\  view  to 
determine,  il  possible,  the  origin  ottlie  .\meriean  tribes.  Professors  Smith 
and  l-'owke,  and  Dr.  Hoas  have  In-en  instrumental  in  eollectiii}^  s])eeimens, 
folk-lore  and  linj.juistie  m.'iterials  while  in  charjjfc  of  these  various  e.xjjcdi- 
tions.  It  is  premature  to  give  the  results  of  this  important  undertaking;.  I 
have  received  from  Professor  II.  I.Smith  some  reports  bearing  upon  the  e.\- 
l)l()rations,  and  I  depend  largely  upon  his  Archaeology  of  Lytton,  Mritish 
Columbia,  and  other  ])ul)lieati(ms  for  the  facts  set  forth  in  this  section. 


Ml 


111 
•I  - 


I'ij;.    ;IS2.  S.     1  1.  Slonc  i)l)icil  made  of  f<)li.iic'()ii>.-sU;illtf.     I'lXiiid  on  a 
village  sitf  on  tlu'  I'rascr  river.     .Mr.  Sniilli  docs  not  n.-uiic  tlic  arlil;iil. 


,'!s;{.  S.  l-'J.  Two  s]KTinKUs  found  in  c.xirivatinn  a 
j^ravc  near  I.yllon.  Tin-  oni-  lo  ilie  Itft  is  of  impure  clialcednoy 
and  the  oilier  of  ar^illile 


i 


•     ) 


254. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fi^r    MS+.    S.     t-t. 
3S+.     p'litilnstic  forms    cliip))«<l   frviiii  jjlnssv   l)asiilt.    The  first   oiii-   wns  daiilxd    with 
ri'd   ix'lirc  Jind  ciine  from  n  srave.    The  others  were  f«)tm(l  oii  the  siirfaee. 


Fig.  38r).    S.  -l-rj. 

Fig.  3S5.  These  fantastic  forms  arc  of  glassy  basalt.  Collectioiiof  the  IVovincial  Mtisetini, 
Victoria,  H.  C. 

I  am  iiulebtci!  to  the  .\merican  Museum  of  Natural  History,  N.  V.  for  the  loan  of  all  cots 
usee!  in  this  section. 


I- 


Fig.  386.    S.     1-2. 
Fig.  386.    Ontlines  of  pestles.    These  6  from  the  Fraser  river  sites.  Alaskan  ])estles  are 
similar,  bnt  rarer. 


The  North-west  Coast. 


2r»r> 


Pis.  3S7.  S.  \.\.  Till-  to),  of  till'  li.-millf,  1i;it  sli.i|ivil.  I  li.ivi' 
sitii  i)i'>tlfs  lil<c'  tluNf  ill  Oliiii  .Mill  Illiiinis.  Mr.  Smilli  rotmd  M'vtriil 
in  graves.  I  li.nc  never  ktiowii,  willi  two  f\ee)iliniis,  ot  tluiii 
lieiii^  lonnd  in  x> 'i '>>' or  nioniiils  iu  llie  .tlissiNsi)i]ii  \'.'illev. 


KckUts  will  ohsirvc  that  the  stoni-  iiiijjlcincius,  i-lc,  of  the  Northwest 
coast  .'ire  iiil'erior  to  C.'ilirorniii  fornis  and  totally  diU'ert'iit  form  those  of  the 
Ivast  and  South.  It  is  an  interesting;  ])art  of  arehaeolo^jjy,  this  eoni])arison 
of  tyjjes.  Look  at  the  flint  and  stone  ohjeets  illtistrated  on  Tenn.,  Ohio, 
Mieh.  and  Ind.  pjij^es,  and  then  draw  conclusions  re^ardin.it  the  skill  of  the 
Jincient  workmen  in  the  far  northwest. 


F\ff.  3S8  S.  1 1.  Skill  wrniii'r  in  wooden  li.-indle.  S1insw;i]i  Indians. 
Kaiiiloojis,  n.  C  "Manv  sera)>er>ottliis  sort,  and  soinenalnral  rrajjiiieiif* 
t.l'convenii'nt  t'orni  rroiinH'i);liliorinnonleroi)s.  iveliei'ii  seen  in  nse  anions 
tliewoincn  ofliiis  rc);i"ii  f<>i'  sofleninj;  skins.*  'I  licy  were  inserted  in  tlic  split 
end  of  a  wooden  handle aliont  three  feet  in  lenf,'l  i.  and  held  there liy  windiiij; 
with  a  thoiifj  tliat  portion  of  the  wood  that  !  eld  tlie  stone,  .\fter  the 
skin  has  lieeii  lleshed  and  fired  froni  hair,  it  i;*  ti  ix-lihed  njioii  a  franuwork 
of  poles  and  jirevented  from  lieeoniinn  luird  aim  •itifl'liv  lieinjj  serajied  .md 
poked  with  sneh  a  sera])er  until  it  is  lhorotij;hl_v  di y.  The  sjieeinien  shown 
in  this  figure  is  imieh  worn  hy  stieli  use." 


Fijj.  :iIH).  S.  11.  Itiie  .1  a(U  of  wo«  ikhmk  teeth.  Mr, 
Smith  sjiys:!  Dice  were  oft  n  fonnd  with  other  olijcets  at 
the  sides  of  the  skeletons  .\  I  though  heaver  teeth,  some  of  whieh 
were  covered  with  iTclt.ehre,  w  vie  fontnl  in  the  same  j.laees,  and 
(lice  made  of  heaver  teeth  wen-  sivtired  friun  preliistoric  graves 
at  Kamloops,  H.  C,  yet  all  of  Ihc  dice  foniul  here  were  made 
from  the  teeth  of  the  woodclnie \.  These  are  so  much  like  the 
dice  made  of  liea\xr  teeth  which  the  modern  Indians  of  Itritish 
Colnmbia  nse,  that  our  knowle(ljj:e  of  that  game  enables  ns  to  ex]ilain  these  sjiicimens.  The 
connting  vari«s  slightly  at  different  pi. ices,  litit  the  game  is  jiractically  the  same.  Iir  I'r/inz 
Boas  ^describes  this  game,  as  played  by  the  I.knngen  of  south-eastern  Vanc«)nver  Islaml." 

*|csstip,  North  Pacific  Kxi)cdition.  Archaeology  of  Lyttoii,  R.  C.  Harlan  I.  Smith,  May, 
'1)9,  pg.  147. 

tlbid,pg.  153. 

tSixth  Report  on  "The  Northwestern  Tribes  of  Canada"  to  the  Bvitish  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science, 


l-ii 


III 


■r— fi 


i'i 


LMr, 


Prehistoric  Inij)k-im-nt^\ 


I': 


& 


i»  1 


•iv/ 


'■'K-  •'''^"•'-  S.  IS.  "A  i(i|)|HT  wiiriliil)  \v;i;  iili- 
l.iiiifd  liy  Mr.  J;mics  Veil  (Voni  ln(liaii>  \vln>  ^\\\^i,  it  niit 
<>t  .1  |.rcliisl..ru- ^-liivf.-il  S|niz/iiiii,  U.  C*  Tlii;.  iil.-iif  is 
.11  till'  nionlli  ()(■  till-  i;iii(,ii  ,,l"  ilu-  I'rasiT,  Iditv  two 
iiiilfs  sotilh  lioin  I.vttoii.  Till'  praitical  <litruiiltir>  ul 
llifjniirm.v  Wftf  jjiiMl  lu't.iif  loiitaol  '•  illi  ilii'  wliilos. 
l)ilt  l!u-  KcoKrapliiial  luaiiuss.  .iiid  tlu-  I'aii  thai  tin- 
I>;i'stiit  Indians  ol  Spnz  inn  an-  (if  \.\\v  sanu-  liiln-  as 
lliosi-  ol  l.yltDii,  iiidmc  nil-  Id  dcsiiilii-  this  spn  iincii 
with  thiisi-  tiiiiii  I.ylKin.  Its  i-djii-  is  htvtlk'd.  and  in 
soiiii-  plaiis  is  knilf  likf.  The  jjiip  and  liasc  a  i-  llaiij;rcl 
hvlalnal  ))(.iindiny.  and  .i  disi^i,  i>  inj-ravi-d  on  lai  h 
sidi-.  as  is  siiowii  in  this  tijjnri-. 


'Siiiit 
Mliid. 
illiid. 


I'i.y  .I'.H  S.  ,'1-t.  This  s|KHiinen  was  liiniid  in  a  !.;ia\c 
at  I  he  main  sill  !  It  is  iiiiclv  riil  tiniii  yrcfiiish  stralitc  and 
is  well  |i(>lishi'd.  Thi'  iii<iiiih|iirir  is  iniiUfd  wilh  paiallil 
linis  siuli  IS  Wdidd  In-  iiiadr  witll  a  iiiinlu'd  stunr  'a  Imhic. 
■|"hf  hnli'  is  slij^litly  Innncl-shapcd  tor  aliniit  a  ((iia  tcr  ul  an 
iiii-h  tViiin  I  Ik-  ininith,  lint  is  straight  tlu-  n-si  ui'  tht-  .va\  ,  shuw 
in;;  a  hii,di  di-yn-t-  c'll  skill  in  diilliii!;  " 

l-'i.L;.  ;i".>L'     S.       'Its  (U-sifiii   |iri)li.ilil\    n-|irrscnis  tin-  ln-iiij;s 
.       that  ap]n'ari-d  til  the  owni-r  ill  a   iln-ani.i      It    was   i.-iist(iinary 
1(11   inin  til  lai  \i-  iiii   their  pipes,  and  eliietlv  nil  saeieil    Jiipes, 
lepieseiilatiiins   nl  the  liiiiijjs  appeaiini;    in   llu-ir  ilreains,   es 
peeiallv  in   the-.i    liisl   iiiipnilant  dieaiii  in    wliiih  tliex   leeeived 
tlieir  nianitnn.     Owiiij^   tu  the  seerrey  ul   tit-atnieiit   ul  saeied 
(iliji-els,  it  is  dilliildt  In  iililaiii   speeilie  illlei  pi  elal  inns  ul  siull 
desi).;ns,  Ini   I  hese  seeiels  wuiild  lie  kept   liy  I  he  individual  t-veii 
1111111  his  li  ieiiils,  and  with  his  death  the  knnwled^e  nl  the  sij; 
iiilii-anee  111  t he  desijjii  wutild  pass  away." 
li.  .\ieli.  LytLuii    M.  C. 


The  Xortli-wcst  Const. 


l>il!lJU(,UAI'IIV. 
Smitl,  HaHan  I      ••  AulK..,,.|,.Ry  of  the  Tho„,ps„„   Riv.,-   Resi,.,,."     Illustrate.)       I'ar, 

■^"-  "4.  l.|  .  ..^5  .!,,  Apnl  .,,  ,„„^.     st,.„e  Hammers..,-  IVstlcs  ,,(  the  V.,rtl>.west  C.,-. 
'■    Anu-rua      Am.  Anthro|.ol.,«ist.  ,N.  S  ,,  \-ol.  I,   Ai.ril    ,,s„„ 

K,,vars:::;e,v';:f'c;;;S''s   ';""\';"   ""  "''"^^''>'  '•'^"'■•^  ■"   '^    ^-^     ''•ransactu.ns..f  ,„e 

-v:;'Z;;;:^:^'--;a:^::;.;-;";:r;-,^'r^^ 

I  li"ckev,  W.  H.     S.ver.l  papers  in  tl;,.  Am,  ArelueoL.Kist. 

iMwson     I,,-.    ,;,,„Ke    M.     ,„    tra.lsaet„.,K  ,.t-  the  Royal   Society  „l   ,,,„;..!•.    Seeti,,.,  II 

N..'    April     ]:^  -•l.l..y.ne„t   by  the  „at,ycs      Canadian  Ree.-r.l  .„    Se.ence,  X,.!.  II. 


Kea.lcrs  eaiinn  t..  pursue  the  .subject  furiiicr  will  (in, I  the  al... 


ve  articles  interesiitiij. 


) 


•V 


■-«il; 


J 


f! 


)-:■■* 


i 


Hi  1  ' 


SIXTION    IX. 

Arch.I'OLocy  oi-  Caliioknia. 
Centkal  and  Northern  California. 

Tiiii  Rev.  H.  C.  Meredith,  Stockton,  Cal. 

The  area  this  Section  will  attempt  to  cover  is  all  that  part  of  California 
north  of  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  through  Bakcrsfield  in  Kern  County 
It  so  happens  that  this  large  territory,  cinbracing  three-fourths  of  the  statt-, 
has  been  neglected  for  the  most  part  in  the  literature  of  archaology  ICviii 
the  Government  Reports  devote  themselves  mainly  to  the  ("1  ini  islands 
and  certain  of  the  southern  counties.  I  could,  therefore,  obt.un  but  little 
help  from  that  or  any  other  source  ;  and  this  section  pretends  to  nothing 
more  than  attempt  tc  pioneer  a  large  and  difficult  Held  on  a    "  rush  order  "■■ 

ICthnologirally,  ("alifornia  falls  into  three  divisions.  The  trui'  C  'i- 
foniian  ()cru|)ieil  that  part  of  the  state  north  of  Tidare  County,  south  n{ 
Shasta  and  Humboldt  Counties,  ami  west  <>f  the  (  rest  of  the  Sierras.  The 
aborigines  of  Southism  California  were  modified  by  contact  with  t'u  w.ire 
vigorous  tribes  of  Nevada  and  Arizona,  while  the  incursion  of  poweifi:'  i'ld 
war-like  tribes  from  Oregon,  drove  the  Califoriiiaus --outh,  or  enslaving  them, 
su|)planted  the  culture  of  the  weaker  peopli'  with  tlu'ir  own. 

Archaologicall),  therefore,  Southern  California  is  somewhat  related  to 
Arizona,  and  Northern  California  to  Oregon.  The  Central  Californiaii  must 
be  reg,  'ed  as  typical  of  the  state,  and  he  has  developed  some  forms  not 
known  elsewhere.  On  the  other  haml.  he  \\,is  without  the  a.\e  and  the 
hatchet,  without  pottery,  and  without  elVig\'  lornis,  the  tigure  of  uian  ami 
beast  seem  iii\er  to  lia\'e  been  eiii|)loy(il  in  the  oi  uaiiii  iitaliou  ot  his  arti- 
facts, except  III  the  iiiatti'i  ot  textiles.  ^onie  nl  his  haii<liwoi  U,  liowtvri, 
reai  lied  a  peilectiou  probably  not   attained  elsewhere. 

In  treating  the  sid>ject  assigned  me,  I  shall  groiij)  n,>  statements  uiidei 
>iu  h  heads  as  offer  most  convenieui  e  m  the  briet  survev  oi   liiis  character 


■!' 

■Si 

.  M         '   i, 


1  .  \K  I  II    W'l  iKKS. 

.\loiig  tilt  mcrs  aii<l  sluu^h-,  dl  the  gri.it  iriitral  xal'jys,  about  tin 
inaigiiis  o!  Tulare  am!  Kern  I. .ikes,  and  in  the  iiiai>lies  about  .San  I'raucisco 
r>,i\,  imnu'use  and  iiiiininerabK  mounds  wtre  raisid.  These  ha\e  never 
bieii  thoroughly  expliued  by  a  proi-erly  e. pupped  scientist  ;  yet  I  feel  safe  in 
saying  the\  are  in  nowise  rila>ed  to  the  inoiiiids  o|  tlie  Ohio  and  Missis^ippl 
N'alleys.      In    the    opinion    n|    the    wiitei    tlu\    bail  •,!o  pni  pose  other  tli. in  to 


>.Mt    MitL'ditli  liad  2  nuaitlis  in  which  to  iiii.-|)arc  his  .MS.  — \V    K.  .M . 


CcntrnI  and  Northern  CulUhrnin. 


2r)9 


1^ 


raise  the  villuKc  above  the  sudden  and  fre(|uent  overflows  to  which  fhe  locah- 
ties  were  subject.  Powers  thinks  they  were  reared  for  hygienic  i)urposes. 
On  page  ^16  of  his  ••  Tribes  of  CaUfornia."  he  says  :  "  It  is  asserted  by  the 
earhest  pioneers,  among  them  C'hiude  Cheney,  who  settled  on  Hear  River  in 
184^),  tiiat  the  Indians  were  much  subject  to  fever  and  ague  and  other  dis- 
eases resulting  from  mahiiial  influences.  To  avoid  them,  they  not  only 
built  the  mounds  for  their  houses,  but  the  lowland  tribes  went  up  into  the 
mountains  to  sj)end  a  portion  of  the  hotter  months." 

In  si/e  the  mounds  vary  from  one,  30  feet  in  diameter  and  4  feet  high, 
to  one  16  feet  high,  having  an  area  of  4  acres.  They  contain  no  altar,  and 
have  been  used  both  as  village  sites  and  burial  places.  No  part  of  the 
mound,  seemingly,  was  especially  dedicated  to  burial  purposes,  but  all  por- 
tions alike  were  available  for  such  uses.  Thosj  examined  by  me  in  the  San 
Joacjuin  and  Sacramento  X'alleys  showed  burials  at  2  levels  ;  the  flrst,  at  a 
depth  of  one  to  4  feet  ;  the  second,  at  3  to  8  feet.  There  seemed  to  be 
nianj-  instances  of  intrusive  burial  of  remnants  of  bodies  and  skeletons  In 
a  mound  near  Bethany,  this  county,  upon  which  I  did  some  work  in  '98,  an 
excavation,  4x4x4  feet,  revealed  what  appeared  to  be  parts  of  no  less  than  17 
skeletons.  I  was  un;>ble  to  deter-nine  whetlier  this  tind  represented  the 
remnants  of  bodii's  wliirh  had  escapi'd  the  tires  of  cremation,  afterwards 
gathered  together  and  buried,  wliicli  was  a  custom  here  ;  or  whether  they 
were  skel-tons  disinterred  in  making  new  graves  and  reburicd,  which  was 
.ind  is  a  custom  also.  .\  few  niches  tmder  this  mass  of  bones  was  found  an 
entire  skeleton  lying  upon  the  back  with  many  relics 

A  cinious  instance  was  notici-d  in  this  mound.  In  a  soil  entirely  void 
of  st(jnes  or  graxcl,  w,is  ioiiml  at  the  liead  i>i  about  one-half  of  the  skeletons, 
a  series  <if  polished  pebbU'S.  tlui-e  to  eight  in  number.  They  appeared  to 
n:i\('  been  placeil  in  or  upon  tin-  inoutii  ol  the  dead. 

.\li  ol  these  nionnds  show  burials  with  the  lieads  to  every  point  of  the 
(■oiii|>ass  ;  some  skt'letoiis  lay  upon  l.ie  h.iek  ;  others  with  knees  drawn  up 
ag;.insl  the  chest  upon  the  ri^lit  side.  In  a  mound  on  l\ol)ert's  Island  near 
this  city,  12  ski'letons  wcif  inieartlied  on  January  .jtli,  '08.  Three  ol  these 
la\  supine,  0  doulijed  iij)  ,ind  on  the  side  I'he  latter  were  uitliout  ,1  relu 
ot  any  kind.      Earli  oi  tlu' torimr  had  .1  niinilter  ol  ol)je(ts  in  shell,  bone,  etc-. 

In  a  large  inound,  north  of  Sacram'iito  t'lty,  I  fotnid  the  skeleti  11s 
lying  upon  the  back,  and  cased  over  with  the  wood  and  bark  oi  the  redwood. 
Immense  iiiiant  itio  o|  wampum,  and  an  unusual  number  o|  large  stone 
beads  were  found  in  this  mound.  'the  wam])um  was  burned  to  lime  so  tli;it 
it  rrumbli'd  at  the  touch. 

(Jiifi'KP  Implkmknts. 
Perhaps  no   class  ot   objects  appeals  so   strongly  to   the  collector  as  do 
these,  the  most  mmieroiis  .ind  tlu'  most  widely  disseminated  relic  of  the  stone 


13 


2C0 


/ 'rvliis t (nic  Iiuplcmciit s . 


ape.  I  tliink  the  Ciilifornian  must  excel  in  these  iiiipleineiits.  I  have 
studied  with  much  interest  the  published  cuts  of  the  "Solutreen"  tlints,  and 
I  fail  to  see  why  they  should  be  thou(,'ht  to  be  of  workmanship  superior  to 
that  of  western  North   America.      True,  the   flakes   are  thin   and   lon^,  like 


^  p-^s^s^  CALIFOWNtA  [ 


\'\g.  Vji-     California  Otisidiaii'i.     (."'illection  uf  Mv.  J.  A.  Harris,  Stryker,  Ohio. 

Fiyf.  3<)3  sl)o\vs  a  tine  series  of  fornix  that,  in  the  larj^er  sizes,  are  Muite  rare.  Thtse 
sjieciniens  are  the  property  of  Mr.  Harris.  They  were  found  on  Jolin  Hayyo's  kaneli,  three 
miles  from  I'resno  l"'lats,  Madera  Cuiuity,  Cul  ,  March.  i>i|i|.  Were  dnj^j  o\it  wiiile  digsiiii;  a 
l)ost  hole  ;   there  were  2'<  of  them. 

No.  I  is  iiiinclies  in  length,  }  inches  wide,  weight  im  ounces,  tliickness  ,'  inch,  a  small 
piece  broken  from  point. 

No,  2  is  of  ditTerent  material  from  the  others,  is  of  two  colors,  a  gray  and  black  not  un- 
like rihhon  or  handed  slate,  and  is  of  a  coarse  (|uality  of  ol.sidian. 

No.  }  is  ()  inche>-  long  and  is  the  most  perfect  one  of  the  lot,  is  much  .iner  cliipping  than 
any  of  the  others,  is  i  inch  thick. 

Nos  (i,  7,  *<  and  ii  belong  to  James  Howard's  collection. 

The  weight  of  the  Ki  is  12  pounds. 

In  the  writers  collection  are  •;  of  these  tortus.  Twh  jusl  a  fraction  less  than  12  inches, 
and  one  aUiut  >.*  inches      Hesiile  these  I  know  of  no  other  as  large  as  .'>  inches  in  length. 

These  were  probably  useil  as  celts.  The  workmanship  is  rude  ancl  the  objects  a:e  all 
blunted  at  the  ends  as  by  service  of  some  kinil.  In  the  same  class  with  these,  in  my  o|)inion, 
is  a  tliick  and  strong  implement  cliippe<l  frnm  obsidian  oi  broad  cellsshaiie  It  is  1,1^ 
inches  long  and  4  wide,  it  is  i  '4  inches  thick  and  chipped  to  a  sharp  cutting  edge.  It  was 
found  in  Madera  t'o.,  and  is  in  'he  writers  collection. 


Ii 


Ccntnil  ;ui(l  Xnrthcru  Ciilifoniiii. 


'2HI 


J 

:8_ 


"shavings,  "  as  Dr.  Wilson  observes,  l)ut  in  delicacy,  in  beauty  of  dcsij,'n  and 
completeness  of  tinisli,  thi-  best  wcjrk  of  this  state  seems  <|uite  etiiial  to  them. 

Differing,'  from  these  rude  stn^nj,'  objects  are  the  delicate  and  elegantly 
tinislied  "swords,"  ceremonials,  they  are  now  considered,  thouj,di  Mr. 
Stephen  Powers  expresses  the  opinion  that  originally  they  were  weapons, 
but  fill  mtii  disuse  as  such  with  the  advent  of  the  metal  knife  These  ol.- 
jocts  are  (juite  iiumemus  in  Southern  Orej^^on  ;iuil  Northern  ("alifornia.  They 
are  found  in  praxes  and  on  the  old  villajje  sites,  iind  many  are  yet  in  the 
possession  of  the  Indi.iii'^  who  jealously  preserve  them  as  nu-niorials  of  other 
and  better  'hiys.  Speakiu},' ot  certain  knives  ^  feet  lonj,'  and  made  of  steel  b\ 
thij  ^'llroks  Northern  ('alif.  i,  Mr.  Steplnii  Powers  says:  ••(>f  (niirsc  the\ 
arr  not  aborif;;inal,  imt  rather  a  substitute  for  the  larf,'c  jasper  and  i)bsiilian 
knives  which  they  used  to  make  and  use,  but  now-a-days  are  kept  oids'  as 
ornaments  or  objects  of  've;i!th.  to  be  |)rodured  on  occasion  of  a  dance. 
The)'  may,  perhaps,  be  calK-tl  [historic,  as  they  seem  to  have  fallen  into 
disuse  as  weapons,  before  the  arrival  of  the  .Americans."  They  are  made  of 
jasper  and  ol:isidian.  in  different  shades,  and  air  amon;,'  the  liu'-it  examples 
of  chijjped  stone  in  existence.  That  they  are  ancient,  -  I  think,  attested 
by  the  r  ;.;reat  superiority  of  workmanship  over  the  mo('  rn  blades  found  ii 
♦he  san;e  locality  and  still  attaclie<l  to  tlu'  li.mdles,  itr.  Tin-  tvpe  ai)|)ears 
I'l  aloni;  the  West  coast  ami  lar  into  the  plains  of  Mixico,  but  they  ,tre  ie.ss 
iiumeroiis  in  Socthern  .md  ("nitral  (^alilorni.t  than   in  tli'    North. 

In  my  colleL'tion  is  one  ioimd  in  a  mound  near  here  A  bi.iutiful  speci- 
men IJ  inches  lonj;,  less  than  an  inch  wide,  <|uite  thin,  n<  ♦  pointed,  but  lin- 
ishetl  at  the  ends  like  an  ordinar\  ease  knife. 

Mr.  ('.  P.  Wilcomb,  ot  San  l-"r.ineisco,  tells  in/  he  knows  ot  .'  nia!,'nni- 
cent  blad  J4  inches  lonj;.  1  have  before  me  an  outline  of  a  specimen  20 
inches  lonj^  and  4  inch'  s  wiile.  This  specimen,  it  will  l)e  observi  d,  has  the 
same  len;^th  and  wid'Ji  as  the  hue  Illinois  "  Ceremonial  '  titriired  m  the  paj^'cs 
of  this  bcok,     I'ij;     2o\  ,  but  the  (".alifornia  spi'cinien  is  but  little  more  than 


na 


If 


iis  tliick.  and  'he  e  i;:es,  1 


nst(.'ad  of   Ix'ine    r; 


are  perfectly  straij,dit, 


having   scarcely   a    \\x\-    .n   them        It    was    loimd    m   Siskiyou  t'otintv,   is  ol 
shining;  black  obsidian  and  faultless  workmanship. 

Spleiidid  obsidian  knives  are  snt'ticientiy  numerous  to  en<i)iiraye  all  wide 
awake  collectors  to  possess  cxamjiles.      Th*-\   are  of   the   same  (,'eneral  siiape 
the  knives  of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  onlv  Tiicker  in  the  loiif,'itudiii,il  center. 


as 
Tlu 


Wileomb  rolli'ction    \\a^  some    tine  example; 

th 


!■ 


oiii   in  tin    writer's  lol 


lection  will  nieasiirr  7  inches  with  i^riiaps  lorty'i  in<  lu 


and 


The 


harr 


<'ollection  has  a  tine  specimen  in  petrified  wc-od  P\(haps  in  tins  class  bi- 
lon^  also  the  (  urved  obsnlians  tonnd  here  and  kn  >\vn  as  the  "Stockton 
Curves.  "  They  are  found  only  in  two  nioiinds  located  on  Stockton  Channel 
and  Walker  Sloiij^h. 

For  a  brief  Instorx  (if  these  remarkable  objects  and  their  discovery,  the 


362 


Preh is  t  o ric  Impkmcn t  s . 


reader  is  referred  to  riiy  article  in  tlie  "  American  Archaologist."  Vol.  II.  p. 
319.  In  that  jiaper  I  exjiressed  the  opinion  that  the  curves  were  nsed  to 
scarify  the  Hesh  on  ceremonial  occasions.  Aside  from  the  shape  and  general 
adaptability  of  the  ini|)lements  to  such  service  there  is  little  evidence  to  sup- 
port the  theory.  Nevertheless,  as  yet  I  have  no  reason  to  revise  my  views. 
Scientific  men,  on  examiniu};  the  curves,  usually  say  :  "  They  must  have 
been  used  in  cuttinf;  tlesh."  A  California  editor,  in  a  foot-note  appended  to 
an  article  of  mine  on  "Art  I'orms  in  Obsidian,"  remarks  "that,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,    the    'curves'  are    '  mt;rel\  artifacts'   made   of  that    shape,    because 


"  Slocklun  Curve."  (llossy. 
black  obsidian.  Conii)i)un{l  curve 
til  ri^bl  and  left.  Notched  for 
handle  ;  serrated  on  convex  tdge. 
Found  in  Stockton  Channel 
Mound.     Meredith  collection. 


FiK-  VM      !^.  •-' 


•  Stockton  Curve  "  Black,  n|)a.|uc,  nb-(idian  Strong 
serrations  on  outer  edges.  Notched  for  handle ;  outer 
edges  form  a  rectangle  and  the  inner  the  segment  of  a 
circle  Fv)und  with  a  skeleton  ir.  Walker  Slough  Mound. 
Harr  collection. 


Fig.  3()5.     S.  i-i. 

•■.Stockton  Cuive  Miuk  obsidian,  llat.  Notclicd 
lor  handle,  serrated  on  all  edges,  l-'ouml  with  skeleton 
in  Walker  Slough  Mouml      Barr  eoUeclioii. 


Iig.  --.'i'' 


that  shape  IS  tin  iiatiual  cleava};e  ol  thf  nodular  obsidian  accessible  to  those 
Indians.  As  they  couldn  t  depend  upon  its  brcakiuf,'  straight,  thiy  workcii 
It  as  it  did  break  ami  iiiade  then  knives  thus  sickle-shaped."  I  am  sorry  to 
differ  from  so  skill  il  an  archa  olo{j;ist  and  so  estimable  a  ;,'entleman  as  Mr. 
LuiMinis,  but  familiarit}'  with  local  conditions  makes  his  theory  impossible 
I  have  examined  siiperticially  or  otherwisr;  nearly  two  hundred  moumls  and 


Ccntnil  Hiul  Northern  Cnlifhrnin. 


263 


villaj^e  sites  in  this  vicinity,  and  althuiif^'h  these  vilhinors  all  drew  their 
obsidian  from  the  same  sources,  not  one  of  these  sites,  except  the  two  men- 
tioned, had  anything;  that  suggests  the  "curve."  All  their  chipped  imple- 
ments were  perfectly  straight.  Moreover,  the  great  obsidian  beds  of  Lake 
and  Napa  counties,  which  I  have  examined  several  times,  could  furnish  all 
the  Indians  of  the  United  States  with  material  for  generations.  The  hills 
are  lull  of  great  blocks  of  obsidian,  too  heavy  for  a  man  to  handle,  and  it 
breaks  as  straight  as  a  shingle. 

Si'E.AK  Heads. 


f 


Spear-hea<ls  are  numerous  and  as  long  as  lo  inches,  possibl}  longer. 
Nearly  all  spears  are  of  tine  workmanship.  The  material  f(jr  the  most  part 
is  obsidian,  but  chalcedony,  jasper,  (green,  red,  brown,  whitf,  etc.,  agatu 
and  petrified  wood  are  occasionally  employed.  In  the  Barr  collection  is  a 
6-inch  spear  of  milk-white,  translucent  chalcedony  with  delicate  serrations, 
graceful  outlines  and  |)erfect  workmanship.  It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiliil 
I  have  seen.  It  is  from  the  Walker  Slough.  Serrations  on  spears  ate  the 
exception  and  not  the  rulr,  considering  the  tirritory  as  a  whole.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Stockton,  however,  serrations  are  the  ruli:  and  not  the  exception. 

I'ig.  60,  Nos.  ;  and  7,  in  Section  II,  show  ipiite  well  some  California 
types 


.AuKow  -Points, 


In    the   large   \.illeys  of   the   S.Kianu'iilo   .nid    the    S.m    I'Mipim  siirfa<  i' 


■  Slni.Ut<iii  (_'iii  Vf  '       S.imi'  iis  I'rj;.  4.      I'li-stiiU'd  Uy 
las.  A.  IVirr  lo  llu'  N.it;i>:ial  .Miwciini 


'■■'<•  .<'i7, 


S    II 


■  Stoi'ktiiii  Cmvf  ■  H';u.'k.  ii;)aciie  <>l).iiili.iii.  (i.iuhlo  -.(.'nMliuiK . 
niilclieil  lor  haiidlo.  .Musi  ik-licale  ami  c'lcvjuit  wiiikmai)slil|>.  l-'uiind 
liv  uwiiLT  at  the  SiofktDii  Ch;uinel  Mi>ii:iil      Mcrcdilli  collfi'tion. 

All  uf  tliese  turves  are  sliown  in  tin-  nalmul  si/.fs      'I'liu  cuts  appear 
l)y  courtesy  of  the    '  Limit  of  Sunshiiu-  " 


l-'iK-   i'tT.  I' 


1 

1  ' 

1 

■   r 

|W 

•I 

7       ■< 

• 

>• 

:i 

:    , 

1' 

, 

■1 

1?   : 

»■    - 

:3 

■» 

1*: 

3 

a>£^y 

It  • 

IfHH^ilJi.    ^1 

! 

Pil 

f  •  '^ 

ii 

i 

(                   : 

i 

1 

■ 

■       { 

■'\--k 

■\-.i 

'..  .' 

;•  } 

M 

,, 

jHy 

2«4 


{lib 


1;  i 

ij 


I 're  his  t  oric   Iinitlcinvti  t  s . 


"Twin  Stockton  Ciirvi-."  One  of  three  specimens  of  this 
siiaiie.  It  was  finiiid  by  Mr.  Harr,  at  the  Walker  Slouch 
Mound.  It  is  simph-  a  double  or  twin  curve.  The  Harr  col- 
lection has  several  small  specimens  of  this  type,  but  the 
"swallow-tail  "  is  not  so  well  developed.  This  specimen  is  of 
obsidian.  It  is  another  illustration  of  the  remarkable  skill  of 
the  California  Aborijiinee  in  working  out  his  fancy  in  chipped 
stone.     Harr  collection. 


.Serrated  Spearheads.  No,  i  is  of  siiiniiix  black  obsidian.  .\'o  .■  i^  of  tjray  obsidian. 
Tiu'sc  rcmarkablv  lii-.c  specinuiis  were  found  with  six  othi_'rs  in  a  mound  in  San  loaipiin 
e'oiiutv.      -Mi'vedilli  CO. lection.      Hv  comtcsv  of  ••  The  l.aiid  of  Sunshine  ' 


I 


lengili  most  unusual, 
tion. 


A      uniiiue      ariDw. 
This    rcniarkalile    speci- 
mjii  is  of  a   fine  bluish- 
i;reen  jasper.   The  work- 
I'iX-to?.     S    i-i.  nianship  issiiperior.    The 

It  was  found  in  Stickton    ChaiMicI  M  mnd.  and   is   m  the  Han  collec- 


J«S*«l^ 


Central  unci  Xartlwrn  CulHhrnin. 


'265 


IIS 

?1' 

.1. 

he 
of 

of 

ed 


'.^^^^^'^jH 

1^.:.,  i^^^^^^ijtttM 

MM 

Hl^ 

^K;<:  v:'  I'^^^^H 

^IHIra^B^^V  nWi    *^^^^^^l 

1 

H 

^ 

^^^H^^^^^^r^  /^'^^H^^B^^^^^I 

1 

^^">S\  •;;.?.;  ,^W- 

^^H^H^^^^^^^fHI^^E 

BHh 

'  ''^^^'^IH 

■^H^^'^'-'^^^^H 

InPP 

*■'■''  '"■"' ■■'^Sr^' 

:-■:'''..  "-  VHl 

■^Wv^^-'^rrp^f^^^dH 

Mlw'' 

•  -'.-.iafe'.' 

.-  ^BH 

^^^Vv'-'- '     .      .v:ii,i!;:  Bi 

■»•:>>;■' 

' '        -'''^Qp^' 

^Bni 

■M^  -J ■•■:■■,.     ."^t.-^t'i-W^ 

^r    '"  '  '    ' 

„,>55F' ■■ 

■    1 

' 

Spear  lieads.  N'o.  3, 
1>lack  obsidian,  Tulare 
County  No.  3,  brown  jas- 
per, Tulare  County.  These 
s|)ecimens  are  well  made 
and  the  forms  appear 
throughout  all  of  Central 
and  Northern  California. 
No.  I  is  unusually  broad 
for  the  West  Coast,  black 
obsidian,  found  in  Sonoma 
Co.     Wilfomb  collection. 


Fig   400.     S.  1-2. 


■3 


0 


123  4  f 

V\\i.  4111.     S    1-1 . 
Serrated  arrows.     Black   ub^idiaii.     N'os.  1    and  2.   Sonom.i  County      'i'liiik.  but  finely 
made.     No.  3,  Salano  County.     Thinner  tlian  the  others.     N'u.-<   4  and  5,  Sacramento  County. 
Tliiii.  We'll  made,  and  reniaikable  ■^'leciinrn-;.     Meredilli  eciUeetinn. 


Ill 


in 


966 


/ Vf/j  is  L  (trie  Implvnwii  t  a . 
i  4  S 


13 


Serrated  arrows  ThouKli  si> 
l)oorly  shown,  this  is  one  of  the 
finest  ffroups  of  arrows  ever  ]>iil>- 
lished.  They  arc  all  of  lihick  ol)- 
siiliiin,  excc-pt  N'os.  j  and  4.  which 
are  K^uy  obsidian.  Nos.  1  and  2 
are  from  Sacramento  County,  Nos. 
1  ancl  4  from  Slinsta  Conntv,  No  5 
from  tlie  Hayso  Mead<iws  in  Madera 
County  All  others  are  from  Stuck- 
ton,  exci')>t  No.  7,  which  is  fidin 
Modoc  I'ounly.  Nos.  11,  12  and 
n  arc  in  the  Karr  collection.  All 
olhcisare  in  the  Mcicililh  collec- 
tion. 


Fi,;;  4<>y     S.  1-2. 


Serrated  arrows.  'I'hicc  lincisiiecimens 
in  Itlack  uh^iilian  from  Stockton  Channel 
Mound.     Hair  collection 


05.^^" 


5i 


l"i,U'.  40 J.     S.  1-1 


tt.ihm 


Ccntnil  niul  Xortlivrn  CnUlnrnm. 


.'t;, 


tiiids  of  arrows  (or  ;mv  other  relicsi  iiif  vi-ry  r.irc  lint  in  tlu-  foot-lull-  iinl 
inonntiiiii  regions,  such  finds  arc  iiiiiiu  loiis.  Mvcrv  villa;^!'  \v;is  ;ti>|);iriiitly  ;i 
workshop.  Thousaiuls  of  (hips  litter  tin-  r.irlit,  in  strikinj,'  contiii^t  with  tin 
hir>,'i'  valley  siti-s.  I^vory  token  indic.itt'S  a  lihrral  use  ol  the  arrow-^  Thi 
lonj,'  tltick  spike  arrows  of  Sonoma  and  Solano  Counties  and  the  hroad  aiiow, 
deeply  serrated,  of  San  |i)ai|uin.  Sirr.tineuto  an!  Volo  (*  mntiis  are  pi-cidiar 
to  tlu'ir  resp((ti\f  localities  ThiN  aii'  Central  C;iliforni:i  types  pure  and 
siini)lc  and  a-nonj,'  the  most  heauliful  in  the  world.  I'"i;;uie  402  is  a 
iinii|iie  de\.  lopnieiit  of  a  {\\n-  found  throii;,'hoiit  California  and  ()rej;on 

The  arrows  of  the  Iarj,'e  valless  h.ivc  a  hif^her  ile^ree  of  perleetioii  th.iii 
those  of  any  otIuT  section  of  the  state  I'm  sure  tluy  were  i-eretnonial  for  the 
most  i)art,  s(  em;,'  service  only  in  rare  emer>;eiicies.  The  form  of  serration  is 
imi(|iie  and  I  ( onsider  the  purpose  ol  it  to  he  m  namciilatioii  That  ariow> 
were  not  in  ^'ciieral  use  in  these  \,illeys  is  shown  by  the  tot.d  .ihieiice  of  sm 
face  finds,  and  by  the  dearth  ol  chips  on  the  village  sites  Chips  are  almost 
as  rare  as  arrows. 

I  think  most  ol  the  arrows  \\\\r  obtained  trom  mnuniain  tribes  and 
n,'Workeil  into  the  imi<pie  forms  foiiiul  here  Most  of  tln'  arrows  of  Central 
and  Northern  California  are  of  obsidian,  imt  j.isper,  a;;ate.  chalcedony.  'o-;sil 
wood,  etc.,  an-  occasionally  employed. 

Ti\  (nld  and  crude  form  of  arr<)W  still  spoken  o|  as  "  piM  iiliar  to  the 
province  of  Chiriipie,"  thoti),di  reported  from  half  a  do/en  ol  mir  state-,  1- 
found  here.  I  have  3  specimens  found  in  I-ake  and  Nap.i  Counties,  in  excry 
way  typical  of  the  Chiriipie  thnts. 

Dkii.is. 

Drills  or  perfcjrators  are  not  nuineroiis.  Indeed,  they  seem  eiiiireh 
wanting'  in  the  San  joacpiin  and  Sacramento  \'alleys.      in  the  mo'intaiii  .iiul 


12  3  4  -  "7 

l'"'K'  4"?'     ■'^'  '•'•     Arrows. 

These  are  all  from  Stockton  and  vicinity.     Nos    i,  4,  (>  aii'l  7  are  of  black  obsidian      'I'lu 

workmanslii])  of  No    4  was  jirobably  nevei   e(|ualo(l  in  tliu  ( )1(1  World.      So  smooth  is  the 

specimen  that  the  place  from  which   the  chips  were  thrown  can  hardly  be  discerned.     Nos. 

2.   <  and  5  are  jasper;  brown,  cream-coloreil  and   bhiishgrecn  respcciively.     Barr  collection 


» 


i 

3 


1"      ! 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


/!> 


A 


:/. 


V 

^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


■I  IK 

!r    ■•10 


2.0 


U    IIIIII.6 


PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


n  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


&p 


s^ 


i 


268 


Prehistoric  I m piemen ts . 


foot-hill  regions,  however,  they  appear  sparingly  in  the  forms  and  sizes 
familiar  to  all  Eastern  collectors.  A  recent  addition  to  the  writer's  collec- 
tion is  a  combined  knife  and  perforator.  The  implement  is  4  inches  long. 
Three-fourths  of  an  inch  is  worked  out  in  the  form  of  a  drill,  projecting 
from  the  leaf-shaped  implement  like  a  stem.  A  unique  drill-shaped  imple- 
iii'-'nt  in  the  collection  of  Prof.  Barr  is  shown  here.      (Fig.  408). 


Very  fine  specimens  in  obsidian  ileft 
hand)  and  jasper.  Sliasta  C'Dunty, 
Cal.     Wilcomb  collection. 


ig.  406.     S.  i-i. 


i^ 


':K'}' 


ill 


\i  I 


■  V-'«v,, 


''-*--^--"*"-^- 


12  3  4  5 

I''ig.  407.  S.  I  I.  Arrow-Heads. 
All  of  these  specimens  are  of  obsidian.  No.  i  is  a  type  freciuently  seen  in  Northern  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon.  This  line  specimen  is  from  Bull  Creek  in  Humboldt  County.  No.  2  is  very 
thin  and  smooth.  The  flakes  thrown  ofT  extended  nearly  across  the  specimen.  It  is  from 
Lassen  County.  Just  that  form  and  that  kind  of  clipping  I  have  not  met  elsewhere  in  Cali- 
fornia. No.  3  is  a  Siskiyou  County  si)ecimen.  Nos.  4  and  5  are  from  Sacramento  County. 
Meredith  collection. 


Central  and  Northern  California. 


269 


Arrow-shaft  Scrapers,   Etc. 

These  occur  sparingly,  but  are  occas'onally  found  in  Central  Califofia. 
Turtle-backs  are  met  with  rarely,  but  rriore  frequently  about  Clear  Lake  than 
elsewhere.      The  ordinary  flint  scraper  is  exceedingly  rare. 

Bone  Implements. 
Bone  implements  are  more  numerous,  perhaps,  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
than  anywhere  else  in  the  United  States,  and  are  abundant  in  every  part  of 
this  state.  Those  of  Central  and  Northern  California  have  a  much  better 
appearance  than  those  from  the  Islands  and  Southern  counties.  The 
bleached  and  weathered  appearance  of  the  latter  is  replaced  in  the  former 
by  a  smooth,  finished  surface,  yellowed  with  age.  Occasionally  a  remark- 
ably high  polish  remains.  The  most  common  form  is  the  "  awl,"  or  perfor- 
ator. These  abound  in  all  the  mounds  and  village  sites,  varying  in  size  from 
2  to  7  inches.  They  were  used  in  the  construction  of  baskets,  perforating 
any  kind  of  skin  or  fabric  which  a  woman  would  work,  and  during  the 
regime  of  the  Spanish  missions  in  sewing  up  tallow  in  the  hides  of  the 
slaughtered  animals. 

Whistles. 
Tie  second  most   numerous    form    is  probably  the  whistle.     These  are 


Kig.  401^  S.  i-i. 
l-'ig.  401J,  S.  i-i,  shows  three  scraper.s  and  an  arrow.  Nos.  i  and  2  are  scrapers,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  used  in  dressing  arrow  shafts,  etc.  No.  i  is  a  fine  gray  argillite,  Stock- 
ton.  No.  2  is  brown  jasper,  Merced.  Barr  collection.  No.  3  is  in  the  same  class,  hut  dilTer- 
ent  form  ;  black  obsidian,  Ci'averas  County.  Meredith  collection.  No.  4  is  an  arrow  of 
black  obsidian.  The  fine  chij  ping,  the  shapely  form,  the  central  notching,  combine  to  make 
a  most  interesting  specimen   Shasta  County.     Wilcomb  collection. 


li^sr' . 


iirl^ 


ill. .'>•--'• 


Vi 


ml 


mn 
pi  I 


m 

tit*' 


m 


270 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


made  from  the  bones  of  a  large  bird,  and  bound  together  in  pairs.  They 
were  used  in  all  their  dances,  etc.  Stephen  Powers  makes  this  entry  con- 
cerning their  use  :    "  The  musicians  at  this  dance  (yo-mus-si)  play  on  whistles, 


1^  \' 


Fig.  40S.     S.  1-3. 


Fig.  40S,  S.  1-3,  shows  a  most  unusual 
drill-shajjed  implement  of  obsidian.  It  is 
seven  inches  long.  The  material  is  beau- 
tifully banded.  Was  found  in  a  mmind 
in  San  Joa(|ain  County.     Harr  collection. 


and  the  more  of  them  the  Indian  can  get  into  his  nujuth,  the  more  sweet 
and  ravisliing  his  strains  are  held  to  be.  If  he  has  a  mouth  full  from  corner 
to  corner,  all  pitched  to  the  same  key,  and  giving  forth  blasts  from  alternate 
sucking  and  blowing  of  the  breath,  he  has  attained  the  perfection  of  art." 
(Tribes  of  CaUfornia,  page  324).  These  whistles  vary  in  length  from  1  1-2 
inches  to  9  inches,  and  are  cut  in  two  ways,  across  the  bone,  as  in  I'^igure 
410,  No.  7,  and  with  the  bones  in  other  cases. 


Game  Bones. 

The  third  most  numerous  of  bone  implements  is  the  game-bone  com- 
monly called  "  tubes."  These  are  cylinders  of  bone  about  3-4  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  2  1-2  to  3  1-2  inches  in  length.  Four  bones  make  a  set.  In 
the  game  (the  "guessing"  or  "hand-game"),  two  bones  represent  man,  two 
woman.  The  latter  are  differentiated  from  the  former,  sometimes  by  carv- 
ing, more  often  by  two  bands  of  pitched  cord,  wrapped  about  the  bones.  This 
game  was  and  is  played  throut.'hout  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  the  game  bones 
are  numerous. 


if 


Pi 

I 

I 


■ill 


It  i 


Nose  and  Hair  Pins. 

One  of  the  finest  forms  is  the  long,  polished  and  double-pointed  pin 
about  the  size  and  length  of  a  lead  pencil.  A  hole  was  pierced  through  the 
cartilege  of  the  nose  and  this  pin  thrust  through  to  its  middle.  Again  they 
were  used  as  hair  pins.  When  so  used  they  were  called  "  Kee-le"  (horn) 
and  bunches  of  bright  feathers,  or  bangles  of  polished  shell,  or  little  flags  of 
yellow-hammer  quills  were  attached.  Again,  they  were  used  in  sets  of  four, 
being  thrust  horizontally  through  a  net  head-dre.ss,  or  cap,  to  afford  a  level 
floor,  or  rest,  for  the  long  cjuill  head-band  that  in  a  certain  dance  is  fastened 
.it  the  forehead  by  one  end  and  trailed  over  the  head  behind. 


Centriil  and  Northern  Cnlifornia. 


271 


•^"i"-fT"[iiirililii"i 


mmstmmsm 


fmo 


Wi. 


«    .'t. 


FiK-  4").  S.  2-;.  Hone  Iraplements. 
No.  I  is  a  splendid  dagger,  lo,'  inches  long,  in  fine  state  of  preservation.  No.  5  is 
another  showing  threi  bands  of  etching  ;  a  rare  specimen.  No.  2  is  a  well-polished  horn- 
Haker.  No.  3  is  a  perforator  having  a  high  degree  of  polish.  No.  4,  hair-pin,  wing-bone  of 
a  bird,  unusually  long.  No.  6  hair  and  nose  pin,  found  with  three  others  in  a  grave  ;  finely 
polished.  No.  7.  bone  whistle,  very  long:  found  with  its  mate  in  a  grave.  These  are  all 
from  San  Joaijuin  County,  about  2-5  size,  and  in  the  Barr  collection. 


Bone  Knives. 

Bone  knives  and  dafjf,'ers  are  not  uncommon.  They  are  from  4  to  iS 
inches  in  length  and  among  the  finest  specimens  of  the  kind  ever  brought  to 
Hght.  Bone  beads,  cUscs  and  cyUnders  aie  occasionally  found.  The  carved 
bones  shown  in  Fig.  411  were  doubtless  ornaments.  An  old  Indian  told  me 
recentlv  that  thcv  were  worn  in  the  lobe  of  the  ear. 


m 


Spears  or  Harpoons. 

The  fish  spears  shown  in  Fig.  21    are  striking  specimens,  and  the  onl)' 
ones  to  be  seen  in  the  collections  of   this  part  of  the  state.     They  strongly 


j!-) 


j'tf?  ;jf] 


272 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


tii 


resemble  Alaskan  forms,  and,  like  the  labret,  seem  to  indicate  intercourse 
between  the  Central  Californians  and  the  natives  of  the  far  North.  Fig. 
412,  No.  3,  shows  a  bone  object  of  unknown  use.  Some  have  expressed 
the  opinion  that  it  is  an  ornament.  I  must  differ  from  that  opinion.  The 
Central  Californians  were  experts  at  perforating  even  the  hardest  substances, 
and  whatsoever  objects  they  suspended  about  the  person  as  ornaments  were 
perforated,  whether  of  shell,  bone  or  stones.  The  lack  of  perforations  in 
these  hook-shaped  objects  is  to  me  a  strong  presumption  against  their  use 
as  ornaments.  This  object  was  found  by  the  writer  with  51  others  upon  the 
breast  of  a  skeleton.  With  the  skeleton  was  a  fine  bone  knife,  the  2  har- 
poons figured  here,  a  labret,  2  lots  of  red  paint,  a  "medicine  stone,"  2 
yards  of  wampum,  and  15  or  20  shell  ornaments.  At  the  time  the  hook- 
shaped  objects  were  discovered  it  was  thought  to  be  the  first  ant  only  find 
of  the  kind.  Some  months  later,  however,  I  came  across  a  scrap-book  con- 
taining a  newspaper  account  of  a  similar  find  made  on  the  Beecher  ranch,  6 
miles  east  of  Stockton.  According  to  this  clipping  there  were  28  specimens  in 
this  find,  and  one  of  them  had  28  notches  or  tally-marks, — a  number  corre 
sponding  exactly  to  the  number  of  specimens  found.  It  further  stated  that  2 
of  the  specimens  were  bound  to  a  rod  or  staff,  as  if  it  had  been  used  as  a  gig  or 
spear. 


.^^•i:^*^,!*',!^--,*!-.-  *  -» 


i-ig.  411. 


S.  1-2, 


Engraved  bones.  'I'liis  figiife  is  typical  of  the  engr.aving  found  in  the  mounds  of  tiie 
San  Joaciuin  Valley.  The  lines  areniueh  truer  than  appear  in  ihecut,  Init  we  have  only  the 
textile  pattern,  whieh,  I  believe,  is  considered  rudiniental  in  the  graphic  art.  Nos.  i  and  2 
are  fine  specimens  in  the  Wilconib  collection.  They  are  from  Tul  u"c  C'o.inty.  N'os.  4  and  5 
are  in  the  Barr  collection,  and  No  3  in  the  Meredith  cjllcction. 

Many  iiiiploments  made  of  deer,  antelope  and  elk  horns  are  found  in 
the  mounds  of  the  large  valleys.  Tlicy  may  1k'  classed  as  wedges,  scrapers, 
flakers,  root-diggers,  etc.  The  collections  hereabout  have  many  fine  exam- 
ples, but  I  have  not  space  for  an  extended  description. 


«>4. 


Central  unci  Northern  Ciilithrnin. 


27a 


Fig   412.     S.  2-3. 


Fij?.  412,  S.  2-5. 
shows  bone  forms, 
very  rare  in  this 
county.  Nos.  1.  2  and 
3  were  tal<en  from  the 
same  skeleton  in  a 
mound  in  San  Joaquin 
County.  No  4  is  from 
Stockton  Channel. 
Meredith  collection. 


Shell  Ornaments. 

The  Californian  was  profuse  in  his  use  of  sea  shells  for  purposes  ot 
ornament.  Some  superficial  writers  have  given  the  impression  that  the 
"  Digger  Indian,"  as  they  miscall  him,  had  no  taste  for  personal  adornments. 
That  he  was  quite  content  in  stark  and  unbedecked  nakedness  Nothing 
could  be  further  from  the  truth  ;  and. the  number  and  variety  of  shell  orna- 
ments found  in  the  burial  places  of  California  are  probably  unequaled  by  any 
other  section  of  the  Union.  P'rom  the  skeleton  of  a  child  I  removed  7  yards 
of  wampum  and  52  periorated  and  polished  shell  ornaments,  and  from  the 
skeleton  of  a  man,  16  yards  of  perforated  olive  shells.  On  page  338  of  his 
"  Tribes  of  California,"  Powers  describes  a  girdle  that  was  decorated  with 
214  pieces  of  polished  abalone  shell,  and  a  hair-net  with  100. 

Three  varieties  of  shells  were  most  in  use,  the  mussel,  the  abalone 
and  the  olive.  The  first  was  used  exclusively  for  making  wampum.  From 
it  they  made  (and  still  make)  2  grades  ;  first,  the  flat,  perforated  disc,  vary- 
ing in  size  from  1-16  of  an  inch  in  diameter  to  i  and  1-2  inches  ;  second, 
polished  cylinders  about  1  and  1-2  inches  in  length,  made  from  the  hinge  of 
the  shell.  Each  variety  of  wampum  was  used  as  ornaments  and  as  a  circu- 
lating medium  having  a  fixed  valuation.     One  cylinder  was  worth  ten  discs. 

The  olive  shell  was  perforated  through  the  long  diameter  and  strung, 
or  it  was  split  in  halves,  perforated  and  strung,  or  it  was  worked  into  the 
small,  rectangular  pieces  shown  in  Fig.  413.  These  were  "shingled"  onto 
a  textile  and  must  have  appeared  to  fine  advantage.  Upon  the  abalone, 
however,  the  Indian  most  depended  for  his  ornaments.  His  love  for  this 
irridescent  shell  is  attested  wherever  he  has  made  his  grave.  Splendid  gor- 
gets, "single  hangers,"  he  called  them,  are  occasionally  found.  They  are 
polished,  carved  and  etched,  but  never  show  the  features  of  the  human  face 


i 


274 


Pre  his  t  oric  Implements . 


or  the  figure  of  an  animal  like  those  of  t<ie  Gulf  Coast.  I^rofessors  from 
the  National  Museum,  examining  local  specimens,  thought  them  suggestive 
of  Mexican  types.  Then  come  small  gorgets  of  various  beautiful  designs  ; 
then  the  long  cylinder  from  the  thick  part  of  the  shell,  with  its  4  or  5  inch 
perforation,  made  with  the  seal's  bristles, — a  marvel  of  skill  and  patience. 
Then  we  enter  the  world  of  bangles,  and  the  variety  is  legion  ;  squares,  dia- 
monds, discs,  corrugated  discs,  and  so  on  in  endless  modifications  of  these 
forms.  These  were  hung  on  their  ceremonial  "  sun"  and  "  moon"  baskets, 
on  their  belts  and  girdles,  on  the  head-bands  and  "  nets  "  used  in  the  dance  ; 
in  squares,  2  by  2  inches,  they  were  wrought  into  necklaces,  and  in  discs  of 


!. 


'\ 


FiR.  4i4.     vS.  1-2.     Shell  Ornaments. 

These  are  San  Joaquin  Valley  types.  No.  1  is  a  fine  form  etched  all  round.  The  larger 
specimens  are  about  5  inches  lont'.  We  call  it  the  "  Banjo  Gorget."  No.  2  has  graceful 
outlines,  is  etched  all  round,  and  has  2  perfcrations.  No.  3  is  hand  shaped  and  etched  on 
one  side.  Nos.  4  and  7  are  etched  forms  often  met  with.  No.  5  appears  the  same  as  No.  i 
with  one-half  cut  away.  No.  6  is  a  fine  etched  gorget ;  beautiful  shape  and  finish.  These 
are  all  from  Stockton  and  vicinity.     (Hnrr  collection). 


Ccntnil  uiul  Xitrtlwrn  Culithniin. 


\io 


I  1-2  inches  were  fastened  to  tlieir  {garments.  Anil  in  many  other  ways, 
with  which  we  are  not  now  familiar,  the  early  Californian  <lonbtless  touched 
up  his  swart  person  with  the  brilliant  abalone. 


V\%.  413  sliows  a  piece  <il 
textile  from  tlie  Walkef 
Sldugh  Mound.  The  article 
was  much  burned,  but  was 
ajiparently  (|uite  large.  A 
])iece  10  inches  S(|uare  was 
secured  by  the  finders  from 
whom  the  ]>tece  figured  was 
ac<iuired  by  the  writer.  The 
whole  was  shingled  over  in 
an  ingenious  way  wi'.h 
pieces  of  olive  shell.  Ii 
must  have  been  a  very 
beautiful  piece  of  shell 
work. 


Fig.  413-     !»•  !-•• 


..   ? 


'    .   >%■  :.,;• 


Ill 


Grooved  Stones. 

The  fjrooved  a.\e,  so  much  in  evidence  in  all  eastern  collections,  is  en- 
tirely wantinj^  here.  So  is  the  ungrooved  axe.  A  possible  substitute  for 
them  is  a  larf,'e  boulder  j:,'rooved  for  a  handle,  and  used  as  a  maul  to  batter 
the  wood  fiber  till  it  could  be  split  out  with  elk-horn  wedges.  These  are  not 
numerous,  but  are  occasionally  found.  "  As  late  as  '44,  I  found  Indians  in 
the  Coast  Range  Moimtains  of  northern  California  who,  till  then,  had  never 
seen  a  white  man  ;  and  there  I  saw  the  stimips  of  cotton-wood  trees,  si.\  or 
eight  inches  in  diameter,  which  had  been  newlj'  felled  (as  I  supposed)  with 
stone  axes  ;  for  they  had  evidently  been  severed  with  a  dull  implement  which 
gave  the  stump  the  semblance  of  a  coarse,  wotjden  broom  ;  or  about  as  a 
stump  might  look  if  a  white  man  were  to  fell  such  a  tree  with  the  head,  not 
the  edge  of  his  axe. 

"  But  on  inquiring,  the  oldest  Indians  now  living  say  that  the  horr^s  of 
the  elk  were  the  only  thing  hard  enough  to  sever  the  woody  fiber  of  the 
trees  when  the)  required  long  poles  for  the  roofs  of  their  large  sweat  and 
dance-houses."     (Gen.  Bidweil  m  American  Archieologist). 

A  few  well  developed  hammer-heads,  oblong  and  neatly  grooved,  are 
also  found.  In  the  writer's  collection  is  an  adz-shaped  implement  with 
double  grooves.      It  is  of  sand-stone,  7  inches   long,  and    3    at    its   greatest 


J 


mt 


■IV 


I 


m 


•rr 


270 


If- 


m 


Prehistoric  Inifilcnicnts. 


j|,  '1 


ii 


width.  It  was  found  by  the  writer  in  Napa  County,  and  is  the  only  one  yet 
noted. 

The  net-sinkers  are  quite  common.  Stones  of  various  shapes  from  1-2 
to  a  pound  in  weif,'ht,  are  deeply  )j;roovcd  ;  smaller  than  the  ()re},'on  net- 
sinkers,  and  in  a  general  way  resembling  the  type  famiiar  to  eastern  collectors. 

Another  form  is  from  6  to  10  inchos  long,  and  2  to  3  wide,  and  2  inches 
thick.  It  is  grooved  from  end  to  end  on  each  side,  the  grooves  being  1-2  an 
inch  deep  and  an  inch  wide  It  is  of  sand-stone  and  was  doubtless  used  to 
rub  down  pipes,  cylinders,   "medicine  stones,"  etc. 

Another  sand-stone,  3  by  3  inches,  has  a  half-do/en  narrow  grooves 
and  was  used  perhaps  to  pomt   bone  implements,  etc. 

Another  form  is  shown  in  Fig.  415.  The  sixe,  shape  and  finish  of  this 
specimen,  which  is  not  uncommon,  would  seem  to  class  it  with  the  so-called 
"Charm-stones,"  but  the  long  groove  points  certainly  to  utility.  If  simple 
suspension  had  been  the  purpose  of  the  groove,  it  would  have  been  made 
around  the  small  end  of  the  specimen  at  a  fraction  of  the  labor  required  to 
groove  the  specimen  along  its  length. 

Of  all  the  grooved  objects  none  are  more  interesting  than  the  labret. 
Two  of  these  are  shown  in  Fig.  4i<S.  though  very  poorly.  They  are  shaped 
like  a  sleeve-button  ;  the  outer  surface  is  usually  concave  and  polished. 
The  mounds  in  which  they  have  been  found  are  (juite  ancient,  showing  no 
evidence  of  white  contact.  I  can  not  learn  that  this  object  was  in  use 
among  the  Central  Californians  in  historic  times.  It  would  seem  to  sug- 
gest a  northern  origin  for  these  people. 

If  the  reader  will  turn  to  Fig.  38  in  the  South-west  Section,  he  will  see 
figured  a  type  quite  common  in  California,  particularly  so  about  Visalia  and 
the  upper  San  Joaquin  Valley.  It  is  known  here  as  an  "arrow-shaft 
straightener. "  Ii  is  usually  of  steatite  or  serpentine,  and  has  from  i  to  3 
grooves.  The  surface  is  frequently  ornamented  with  irregular  incised  lines 
forming  no  pattern.  Some  specimens  show  indications  of  fire,  and  it  is  pos- 
sible that  the  stones  were  heated  and  the  arrow-shaft  run  through  the 
grooves,  being  straightened  and  polished  by  the  process. 

Fig.  417  shows  a  form  peculiar  to  the  northern  counties.  At  the  Park 
Museum  it  is  called  a  "tool  holder."  The  shoulder  and  cross  grooves  un- 
derneath showing  the  method  of  attaching  the  tool.  But  to  me,  the  object 
itself  seems  to  be  the  tool,  and  the  shoulder  and  grooves  the  means  of  at- 
taching a  handle.  Unless  the  object  is  itself  the  tool,  I  do  not  understand 
the  meaning  of  the  groove  that  runs  the  entire  length  of  the  specimen  on  the 
underside. 

Perforated  Stones. 
First  in  interest   among   perforated  stones  is  the  drill-disc  or  whorl  ;   a 
rare  and  well  polished   disc  of   stone.      It   is  from    i    and  1-2  to  5  inches    in 


Ccntrul  iind  Northern  Cnlitornin. 


277 


diameter  ;  and  from  1-4  to  3-4  of  an  inch  in  tliickness.  Tiie  edges  are 
slightly  beveled.  The  lf)nger  specimens  are  Hat  on  one  side  and  slighily  con- 
vex on  the  other.  They  were  nsed  to  give  steadiness  to  how  and  hand- 
drills.  These  have  been  mistaken  for  "  spindle-whorls,"  and  the  lame  theory 
advanced  that  the  historic  Californian  had  predecessors  who  were  a  superior 
people  and  understood  the  art  of  spinning.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say 
there  is  no  true  ground  for  such  a  theory. 

Stephen  Powers  mentions  "spindle-whorls  of  stone,  some  of  them 
found  in  mounds  of  extinct  tribes  ;  and  others  found  among  the  Klamath  River 
Indians  The  Indians  of  to-day  use  no  such  implements  for  any  purpose  what- 
ever."  The  spindle-whorl  here  referred  to  is  the  drill-disc.  In  \j\  I  saw 
one  in  use  on  a  bow-drill  in  Lake  County.  In  Lake,  Mendocino  and  other 
Northern  Coast  Counties,  hundreds  of  similar  discs  are  in  use  on  the  bow- 
drills  except  that  they  are  no  longer  made  of  stone,  but  wood  or  sole  leather. 


Fig.  415.  S.  1-2.  Grooved  and  Perforated  Stones. 
Nos.  I  and  2,  hard  gray  stone,  polished.  No.  i  is  grooved  as  shown,  the  groove  extend- 
ing the  length  of  the  specimen  on  both  sides.  No.  2  has  a  perforation  from  end  to  end  1-16 
inch  in  diameter.  A  remarkable  work  for  a  savage.  No.  3,  drill  disc;  well  polished  and 
quite  thin  ;  1-2  size.  No.  i,  Butte  County;  No.  2,  Solano  County,  and  No.  3,  San  Joaquin 
County.     Meredith  collection, 


! 

jiSia 

I.  > 


Fig.  416.     S.  12. 


Grooved  Stone. 


Two  deep  grooves  wrought  in  a  river  boulder  ; 
at  the  bottom  of  each  groove  is  a  sharp  ridge. 
Grooves  smooth  inside  as  if  by  rubbing.  Napa 
County.     Meredith  collection. 


'^J! 


'•\4 


■1    ■);1 


J 


J 


278 


I'rcliistfiric  Iin/)k'iiicnts. 


Smooth  and  well  fmislieil.  Ilanl 
gray  stone,  7  1-2  inches  long.  Kouml  in 
Del  Norte  County,  Cal.  Wilcomb  cc.'- 
lection. 


I'ig  41;.     S.  1-3.     Stone  "Tool  Holder." 

"  DoiM.HNl'T  "    StONKS. 

Thuse  are  tlattisli  stones  with  larf,'ii  biconical  perforations  ;  the  si/e, 
shape,  and  sometinies  the  color,  are  siig^'estions  of  the  douf^hnut,  hence  the 
name.  They  are  somewhat  Hke  but  not  identical  with  the  dif;fjin},'-stick 
stones  of  Southern  California,  so  well  (lescril)ed  by  Prof.  Henshaw.  Their 
use  is  conjectural.  Game-stones,  hammer-heads,  skmg-shots,  etc.,  are 
some  of  the  uses  suggested.  I  have  not  space  to  discuss  these  or  other 
theories  as  to  their  use. 

There  is  another  perforated  stone  like  this,  except  that  it  is  nearly 
spherical.  They  are  rather  rare.  Some  are  of  steatite,  others  of  gr mite, 
basalt,  and  one  in  the  writer's  collection  is  of  quartz. 

On  page  53  of  his  "  Tribes  of  California,"  Powers  figures  two  of  these. 
and  says  :  "  In  the  accompanying  sketch  are  figured  two  implements,  said 
by  a  pioneer  to  have  been  used  formerly  as  /w/as  in  South  America,  being 
tied  together  with  rawhide  and  hurled  at  the  feet  of  an  enemy  to  entangle 
him  and  throw  him  down."  He  adds  that  personally  he  prefers  to  call  them 
"  slung  shots." 

War  Cluhs. 

In  the  northern  counties  are  found  clubs  of  stone  15  to  20  inches  in 
length  and  shaped  something  like  New  Zealand  "  merai,"  though  rounder 
and  less  wide.  Most  of  them  are  not  perforated,  but  some  are.  One  in 
the  writer's  collection  is  without  the  perforation  ;  but  I  have  2  outlines,  se- 
cured for  me  last  summer  in  Siskiyou  County,  which  show  the  perforation. 
These  specimens  are  not  of  jade.  In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  for  1896.  opposite  page  465,  are  figured  2  such  specimens. 
Brief  notes  accompany  the  illustration. 


Cylinders. 

Fig.  415,  No.  2,  shows  a  stone  cylinder  illustrative  of  the  expert  drill- 
ing of  the  Central  Californians.  It  was  found  on  a  village  site  in  Napa 
County  and  was   doubtless   used  as   an  ornament.      The   perforation   is  too 


Ccutinl  niitl  \'(>nhcni  Ciililnriiin. 


279 


small  for  a  cord  of  any  strength  so  it  could  have  bcun  used  as  bolas,  hliiiig- 
shot,  etc.  Another  about  the  same  size,  but  rounded,  has  an  half  inrh  per- 
foration. In  the  same  class  with  these  are  the  stone  l)eads  that  are  rather 
numerous  in  the  mounds  of  San  Joacjuin  and  Sacrai  lento.  Many  of  these 
are  discs,  1-4  to  1-2  an  inch  thick  and  about  the  diameter  of  silver  dimes 
and  quarters.  Others  are  cylinders  1-2  an  inch  to  i  1-2  inches  in  lenf,'th. 
A  very  few  are  spheres.  In  the  mounds  on  the  Stockton  Channel  we  lind 
stone  beads  of  a  material  found  only  in  Lake  County,  250  miles  to  the  north. 
It  is  a  fine  f,'rained  arf,Mllite,  cream  colored  when  mined  ;  but  when  roasted 
by  the  Indian  process,  it  turns  to  a  tine  rose-red.  This  is  the  "  pink  ala- 
baster" of  Powers,  who  evidently  was  not  a  mineraloj^ist.  It  is  called 
"  luc-luc-si  "  by  the  Indians  and  held  in  hij.;h  esteem  by  them.  No.  5  of 
Fig.  41.S  shows  a  sphere  of  this  material  found  in  Stockton.  Belonging  to 
this  class  of  ornament  are  several  unshaped  and  irregular  forms  perforated 
for  suspension.  They  appear  to  be  water-worn  nodules  which  attract  in 
some  way  the  Indians,  perhaps  in  much  the  same  way  that  cjuartz  crystals, 
concretions  and  otlii  i  natural  formations  do. 

Fig.  419  shows  a  uni'iuc  -object,  name  and  use  unknown,  the  only  one 
yet  >'oted.  It  is  of  haid,  i-ack  stone,  was  fouiul  in  a  creek-bed  in  Sonoma 
County  by  its  present  owner,  Mr.  William  Stayley.  To  use  Mr.  Stayley's  e.\- 
pression,   "  it  is  always  greasy,"  that    is  to   say    it    has   upon   it,  and   appar- 


^\ 


Grooved  and  perforated  stoiu'S.  No.  i, 
serpentiiif  ornament.  No.  2,  serpentine 
eai -01  nainent.  No.  3  stone-bead.  No.  4 
nose-ornament.  No.  5,  stone  pen^lant.  No. 
7,  stone-liead.  Nos.  S  and  10,  ))i-rforated 
hour-glass  sha])ed  stones.  Nos.  11  and  12, 
pabrets.  dee])lv  grooved,  so  as  to  resemh  e 
the  upper  and  lowe"  sections  of  a  cuff  but- 
ton. Concave  surfaces.  F.arr  and  Mere- 
dith collection. 


!(»[: 


131^ 


:oo 


Fig.  41S.     S.  1-2. 


I  ' 


2S0 


Prehis tone  Imphinents 


ently  impregnating  the  grain  of  the  stone,  a  tallowy  matter  that  cannot  be 
removed.      Rubbed  briskly,  a  high   gloss  appears.      In   this  particular  it  re- 


Perforated  stone  Hard 
blaok  stone  j)olishecl, 
"  greasy,"  6  3-4  inches  long. 
Use  unknown.  Collection 
Mr.  Stayley. 


4(eteJlM./70<i. 


Fig.  4U).     S.  1-2. 


seinbles  many  of  the  "  charm-stones."  A  number  of  the  latter  in  the  writer's 
collection  have  this  peculiarity.  Indeed,  in  the  specimens  under  considera- 
tion, while  larger,  is  of  about  the  same  shape  and  degree  of  finish  as  the 
finer  '•  charm-stones,"  though  the  large  central  perforation  is  a  marked  de- 
parture from  the  charm-stone  type. 


"  Mkuicine  Stonks  ok   Pli'mmkts." 

Perhaps  no  artifact  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast  has  excited  so  much  in- 
terest among  collectors  and  archrtologists.  Numerous  conjectures  as  to 
their  uses  have  been  made,  all  of  which  are  doubtless  familiar  to  the  read- 
ers of  this  book,  and  not  one  of  which,  I  take  it,  is  entirely  correct  ;  or, 
perhaps  I  should  say,  several  are  probably  correct  in  part.  The  evidence 
seems  to  point  to  a  variety  of  uses  and  not  to  one  only.  The  view  most 
commonly  held  now,  I  believe,  is  that  these  objects  are  "  medicine  stones" 
or  "charms"  supposed  to  bring  good  luck  and  success  to  their  owners.  Mr. 
J.  G.  Henderson  in  an  article  published  in  the  .1  iiujiaiii  Xiitiirn/ist.  in 
1S72,  appears  to  be  the  first  to  suggest  this  use  of  the  stones.  Mr.  H.  W. 
Henshaw  folio ,ved,  in  the  .liiicricaii  lonnial  of  Arclucology,  with  an  elabor- 
ation of  this  theory.  Others  have  followed  with  additional  evidence  in 
support  of  it.  When  a  final  conclusion  is  reached,  however,  I  think  it  will 
be  to  the  effect  that  while  these  stones  were  used  as  "  charms,"  such  use 
was  not  original  and  primary,  but  secondary,  perhaps  only  occasional  and 
incidental. 

Personally,  I  have  no  doubt  that  these  stones  were  olijects  of  utility, 
designed  for  several  practical  services  in  the  economy  of  the  Californian  abo- 
rigines. In  the  course  of  time,  by  a  process  of  evolution  readily  suggesting 
itself,  a  few  of  them,  like  the  arrow  and  the  pestle,  passed  from  the  sphere 
of  utility  into  that  of  veneration  and  ceremony.  Any  one  knowing  the 
Indian  character  intimately  will  appreciate  the  ease  with  which  such  a 
change  could  be  wrought.  I  but  lately  witnessed  an  illustration  parallel. 
I  was  in  attendance  upon  a  ceretnonial  gathering  that  continued  through  5 


I 


Central  and  Northern  CnlUornin. 


281 


days  and  nights.  The  native  game  called  "hand-game"  or  "  guessing- 
game "  was  played.  Before  the  game  began  I  bargained  with  a  young 
Indian  for  his  set  of  game-bones,  to  be  delivered  at  the  close  of  the  game. 
The  bones  had  never  been  used.  The  play  continued  for  two  days,  and  the 
team  represented  by  this  Indian  won  everything  the  opposition  could  put  up. 
The  time  of  adjournment  had  not  been  reached,  but  wishing  to  close  my 
bargain,  I  offered  the  man  the  sum  agreed  upon.  This  he  refused,  and  with 
many  and  earnest  words  expldned  that  the  bones  were  "  good  medicine  " 
and  "  lucky  ;"  that  he  had  never  done  so  well  before.  If  he  sold  them  he 
could  never  get  such  lucky  ones  again,  etc.  After  much  talk  he  proposed  to 
let  me  have  them  for  twice  the  sum  agreed  upon.  I  declined,  though  I 
really  intended  to  take  them.  I  imagined  I  would  lose  nothing  by  delay. 
In  the  meantime  a  company  of  Pah-Utes  came  in  and  joined  the  losers.  A 
stake  was  raised   and  a   new  game   started,    the  Pah-Utes  using  their  own 


'   vJ^^Wk^ 

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H^PIrj^i^jT^l^^fW 

MM 

1% 

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^^H 

This  particular  form  is  rare.  The 
apex  and  the  phallus-like  ends  are  quite 
unusual.  To  the  left,  just  back  of  the 
corona,  is  a  perforation,  and  a  jjroove 
runs  from  the  ring  to  the  point.  The 
other  end  is  without  the  perforation. 
This  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  the 
State  University  and  was  found  on  the 
a;rounds  of  the  institution  at  Berkeley. 


Fig.  420.     S.  1-2.     "  Plummet  "  or  "Medicine-Stone." 


Two  rare  forms,  which,  like  some 
California  pestles,  show  the  phallic 
feature.  Lower  specimen,  Merced 
County,  Cal,,  the  other  near  Stock- 
ton. The  latter  is  of  mica  schist. 
Barr  collection. 


Fig.  4»i.     S.  1-2.     '   Medicine-Stones." 

songs  and  changing  them  often  for  "  luck."  But  after  si.\  hours  they  wrre 
wholly  defeated,  losing  everything  to  the  same  set  of  bones.  After  a  while 
f  hunted  up  my  Indian  and  reopened  negotiations  for  the  bones.  .After 
beating  about  the  bush  I  offered  him  his  price.  To  my  chagrin  he  refused 
the  sum  and  would  not  listen  to  any  offer.  I  was  given  to  understand  that 
no  Indian  could  sell  such  lucky  bones.  I  then  called  other  Indians  to  my 
aio,  men  who  had  refused  me  nothing  I  was  willing  to  pay  for,  but  they 
gravelv  -epeated  the  saying  that  the  bones  were  "lucky"  and  "good  medi- 
cine ;"  that  they  could  never  be  replaced,  and  it  was  useless  to  talk  about 
buying  them. 


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282 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


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l<  )' 


Now  any  one  can  see  how  a  few  more  successes  with  these  bones,  would 
place  them  in  the  sphere  of  veneration.  Any  one  having  them  in  his  posses- 
sion would  be  considered  an  invincible  player.  Ultimately  they  would  pass 
from  the  sphere  of  utility  into  that  of  superstition  and  become  "charms." 

So  with  the  perforated  stones  I  am  considering.  Suppose  they  were 
used  as  net-sinkers,  or  line-sinkers,  as  there  is  reason  to  believe  they  were, 
and  remarkable  catches  of  fish  with  that  net  or  line  would  make  for  the 
stones  the  reputation  of  being  "lucky."  Continued  successes  would  transfer 
them  to  the  realm  of  veneration — they  would  become  "charms."  They 
need  no  longer  be  fastened  to  net  or  line.  It  would  be  enough  to  hang  them 
over  the  water  or  from  the  canoe.  Suppose  they  were  used  to  twist  bow- 
strings, and  some  were  no  doubt  so  used.  Unusual  success  with  that  bow 
would  sooner  or  later  change  the  twister  into  a  "charm,"  and  so  on. 

When  a  stone  would  be  regarded  as  lucky,  it  would  begin  to  receive  at 
the  hands  of  the  owner  the  finishing  and  polishing  touches  which  at  last  pro- 
duced the  rare  specimen  of  elegant  finish,  sometimes,  but  not  often,  found. 

Moreover,  they  are  too  numerous  to  be  charms  only.  After  chipped 
itnplements  they  are  perhaps  the  most  numerous  of  all  forms  found  in  central 
California  The  Barr  colllection  contains  153.  The  Wilcomb  collection 
about  the  same  number.  The  Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Mining  Bureau 
collections  each  had  a  goodly  number.  The  writer's  collection  has  80  speci- 
mens, gathered  in  three  years,  and  I  know  of  as  many  more  in  the  hands  of 
farmers,  etc.,  that  I  could  not  acquire.  Messrs.  Stayley  and  Cherry,  of 
Santa  Rosa,  each  have  a  goodly  series,  and  Mr.  Ricksecker  of  the  same 
})  ace,  about  500.  These,  by  the  way,  were  taken  the  last  3  years  from  a 
single  locality,  /.  c. ,  the  bed  of  an  e.xtinct  lake,  in  Sonoma  County.  I  have 
( onununication  from  the  superintendent  of  the  property  of  which  this  laki- 
bed  is  part.  He  says  that  originally  the  lake  covered  about  300  acres  ;  that 
it  was  drained  for  cultivation  in  1870;  and  that  larger  numbers  of  the 
"  sinkers"  have  been  found  by  the  men  and  sold  to  collectors.  He  further 
says  three  or  four  other  persons  collected  there  during  the  time  Mr.  Rick- 
secker collected.  It  is  not  known  how  many  they  obtained,  but  to  be  con- 
servative let  us  say  these  three  or  four  persons  secured  one  hundred  while 
Mr.  Ricksecker  was  collecting  five  hundred.  That  would  give  us  six  hun- 
dred for  three  years  or  two  hundred  per  year.  Suppose  the  same  rate  of 
yield  obtained  for  the  whole  period  since  draining  the  lake,  (it  was  doubtless 
much  larger  during  the  first  few  years),  and  for  the  whole  time  we  have  a 
yield  of  6,000  spitimcus.  I  need  not  pause  here  to  emphasize  the  signifi- 
cance of  such  numbers,  or  that  of  the  fact  that  they  were  found  in  a  lake-bed. 

I  have  twice  examined  Mr.  Ricksecker's  unusual  collection.  The  work- 
manship is  not  excellent.  Very  few  of  any  of  the  specimens  exhibit  the 
elegant  finish  sometimes  seen  in  these  objects.  The  collection  shows  wide 
variation  in  form  and  few  of  the  specimens  are  perforated.      Many  show  the 


Central  and  Northern  California. 


283 


asphaltum  used  in  attaching  the  line.  The  material  shown  in  the  speci- 
mens is  strictly  local  ;  being  basalt,  actinolite,  steatite,  mica  schist,  serpen- 
tine, etc.,  all  of  which  abounds  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  In  this  case  at 
least,  the  statement  of  a  fanciful  writer,  that  "  that  the  great  portion  of  the 
charm-stones  found  appear  to  be  made  of  rocks  /lo/  found  in  the  localities 
where  the  implements  were  used,"  does  not  hold  good. 

If  these  stones  have  been  seen  in  use  as  "charms,"  and  I  do  not  doubt 
it,  they  have  been  seen  by  intelligent  observers  in  other  uses  also. 

A  pioneer,  Dr.  J.  C.  Simmons,  now  living  in  Modesto,  this  state,  visited 
me  recently.  On  my  desk  was  a  fine  "charm-stone."  In  the  course  of  our 
conversation  I  called  his  attention  to  it.  He  took  the  implement  in  his 
hand,  saying.  "Ah  yes,  I  saw  the  Indians  at  San  Jose  using  this  stone  in 
'52  to  twist  their  lassoes."  He  then  proceeded  to  show  to  me  how,  with  one 
end  of  the  string  fast  to  some  stable  object,  and  the  other  fastened  through 
the  perforation  of  the  stone,  they  had  used  the  stone  to  twist  the  rawhide. 

All  of  these  stones  shown  in  the  Section  of  Southern  California,  and 
to  which  I  refer  by  permission,  are  from  Central  California,  save  three. 
Numbers  29  to  33  are  quite  rare  ;  the  others  are  commonplace  specimens 
such  as  abound  by  hundreds  in  the  central  counties.  They  illustrate  a  small 
number  of  the  different  forms  occuring  here. 


■ri 
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Pottery. 

Throughout  the  area  covered  by  this  section  pottery  vessels  are  entirely 
wanting,  except  between  Visalia  and  the  Tehachapi  Range.  In  that  region 
it  occurs  sparingly  and  is  the  result  of  contact  with  intruding  tribes.  These 
poured  in  through  the  Walker  and  Tehachapi  Passes,  from  Nevada  and  else- 
where, completely  dominating  the  local  inhabitants.  Whether  the  pottery 
now  found  about  Bakersfield  and  Visalia  was  brought  in  by  the  invading 
Pah-Utes,  or  whether  the  Yo-Kuts,  receiving  the  idea  from  the  invaders, 
made  it  themselves,  is  one  of  the  questions  yet  to  be  settled.  A  few  small 
collections  are  in  the  hands  of  persons  living  in  the  vicinity  where  it  occurs. 
By  far  the  best  collection,  however,  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  C.  P.  Wilcomb 
of  San  Francisco.  It  consists  of  1  5  whole  and  perfect  vessels.  Two  or 
three  are  figured  here.  The  specimens  are  without  paint  or  decoration, 
blackened  with  smoke.  A  few  show  the  coil  pattern.  The  walls  are  quite 
thin.  Dishes  oblong  and  milk-pan  shape,  pots,  jars  and  oval-bottomed 
cups.  Some  have  Hat,  thin  handles,  projecting  horizontally  from  either 
side,  as  seen  in  Fig.  423.  A  pottery  pipe,  trumpet  shaped,  from  the  same 
locality,  is  in  the  Wilcomb  collection.  Powers  says:  "  Near  Freestone,  in 
Sonoma  County,  I  saw  in  the  possession  of  the  finder,  what  was  probably  a 
spindle-whorl  (drill-disc)  of  pottery,  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  I 
know  of." 


m  I 


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284 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


In  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  Valleys  occur  various  forms,  balls, 
discs,  perforated  discs,  bell-shaped,  spool-shaped,  and  pestle-shaped,  etc., 
all  of  pottery.  These  have  never  been  figured  or  described  in  any  way.  In 
treating  forms  entirely  new,  te.xt,  without  illustrations,  is  not  effective. 
I  will,  therefore,  content  myself  for  the  presentby  simply  noting  the  presence 
of  these  objects. 

Steatite  Objects. 

The  use  of  steatite  for  the  manufacture  of  various  forms  was  general 
from  one  end  of  California  to  the  other.  The  resultant  artifacts  are  uni- 
formly of  superior  design  and  finish.  Local  predilections  aside,  I  think  the 
California  aborigines  excelled  all  others  in  this  particular.  Objects  of  this 
material  are  numerous  at  the  northern  and  southern  extremities  of  the  terri- 
tory treated  in  this  section.  Though  separated  by  six  hundred  miles,  the 
forms  are  practically  the  same.  Oblong  platters  are  notable,  also  the  same 
form,  and  round,  shallow  vessels  with  long,  skillet-like  handles.  Fine  boat- 
shaped  vessels,  elegantly  finished,  are  also  found  in  both  localities.  Also 
various,  bowls,  pots  and  ollas.  In  the  southern  California  section  are  fig- 
ured two  of  the  latter.  They  rest  with  the  Park  Museum  collection,  and  are 
labeled  as  coming  from  the  shell-mounds  of  Alameda  County,  near  San 
Francisco  Bay.      They  are  fine  specimens  for  Central  California. 

In  the  mounds  at  Stockton  are  found  finely  finished  jars  of  steatite. 
These  are  apparently  peculiar  to  this  locality.  One  in  the  Barr  collection, 
well  worthy  of  illustration,  is  12  inches  high  and  5  inches  in  diameter.  The 
wall  is  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick  at  the  top.  The  cavity  is  3  and  3-4 
inches  deep,  and  at  the  bottom  is  marked  with  13  incised  lines.  Many  other 
forms  in  steatite  occur,  but  are  treated  under  different  heads. 

Pipes. 

Pipes  in  California  are  for  the  most  part  tubular  in  form.  But  an  in- 
teresting departure  from  that  type  is  found  in  the  northern  counties.  It  is 
circular,  with  a  diameter  of  about  2  inches,  and  a  thickness  of  3-4  of  an 
inch.      The  bowl   and  stem-aperture  are  both   in   the   periphery  entering  at 


Pottery  vessel,  about  1-2  gallon.  Tulare 
County      Wilcomb  collection. 


I'lg.  422.     S.   1-8. 
Pottery  vessel,  something  more  than  a  gallon.     Thin,  brown 
and  undecorated.     Tulare  County  Calif.     Wilcomb  collection. 


Fig.  423.     S.  i-ii. 


k,i!!. 


Central  unci  Northern  Culithrnin. 


285 


rij,'ht  angles  with  each  other.  The  material  is  of  sand-stone  and  the  fine 
argillite  of  Lake  County. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Hudson,  of  Ukiah,  sends  me  pen-drawings  of  two  fine  tubu- 
lar pipes  found  in  a  burial  place  in  Potter  Valley.  Dr.  Hudson,  who  is  an 
expert  in  Pomo  Indian  lore,  says  the  traditions  of  these  Indians  are  per- 
sistently against  the  use  of  such  pipes  by  these  people.  He  further  says  the 
material  is  foreign  to  that  locality.  The  pipes  are  probably  relics  of  intrud- 
ers from  the  North. 

Pipes  in  the  central  valleys  are  scarce.  I  have  seen  none  longer  than 
6  inches,  I  believe.  Most  of  them  are  less  than  that  length.  They  were 
probably  used  with  a  mouth-piece  of  bone  or  wood.      The   material    is  ser_ 


Steatite  objects,  probably  orna- 
ments. Two  ornamented  with  in- 
cised lines,  one  with  perforations. 
Found  in  Tulare  County.  Wilcomb 
collection. 


FiR.  424      S.  1-5. 


Steatite  dish.     Tulare  County,  Cal.     Wilcomb  col- 
lection. 


Fig.  426.     S.  1-2.     Pipes  and  Labrets. 


Fig,  425.     S.  1-14. 


No.  I,  black  steatite  pipe,  with  bird_ 
bone  mouth-piece.  No.  2,  translucent  ara. 
gonite  pipe.  No.  3,  black  steatite  pipe, 
daring  mouth.  All  intended  for  wooden 
or  bone  mouth-pieces.  No.  4,  unfinished 
labret  of  steatite.  No.  5,  labret  of  black 
steatite,  grooved  around  and  concave  sur- 
face.    Near  Stockton.     Barr  collection. 


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286 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


v'il. 


t's : 

1 

,ll'i 

pentine,  steatite,  aragonite,  and,  in  one  instance,  a  very  hard,  brown  stu:ie, 
I  am  unable  to  identify. 

In  the  northern  counties  the  tubular  pipes  are  much  longer  and  more 
numerous.  One  in  'he  collection  of  Mr.  R.  J.  Smith  is  22  inches.  Tsvo 
especially  fine  specimens  in  the  Wilcomb  collection  are,  respectively,  1 2 
inches  long  and  i  inch  at  the  greatest  diameter  (serpentine)  and  11  1-4. 
inches  long  and  3-4  of  an  inch  in  diameter  (steatite).  One  in  my  collection 
is  1 1  inches,  and  Dr.  Ream  (Siskiyou  County)  has  several  longer. 

On  page  584  of  the  Report  of  the  National  Museum  for  1897  is  figured 
a  pipe  showing  grotesque  forms,  reported  as  from  the  American  River,  Cali- 
fornia. There  must  be  some  mistake  about  the  specimen.  I  know  notlung 
about  the  details  of  the  find,  but  the  pipe  speaks  for  itself.  Its  origin  was 
certainly  not  in  California,  but  in  the  far  North-west. 

Mortars  and  Pestles. 

In  numbers,  variety  of  forms  and  excellence  of  workmanship,  Califor- 
nia must  lead  all  North  America  in  the  matter  of  mortars  and  pestles.  The 
superb  stone  bowls  (Figure  427,  a,)* are  marvels  of  skill  and  should  entitle 
the  Californian  Indian  to  first  place  among  ancient  workers  of  stone.  These 
splendid  specimens  are  found  at  Bakersfield  nd  Visalia,  but  may  have  been 
brought  over  the  range  from  southern  Calif^^rnia.  In  the  same  locality  are 
found  smaller  bowls  of  similar  shape,  but  without  the  wide  rim.  Two  specimens 
in  the  Wilcomb  collection  are  quite  like  the  unusual  bowl  found  in  Ohio, 
figured  in  the  "Antiquarian,"  Vol.  i,  page  213.  The  California  specimens. 
however,  are  smaller,  with  walls  less  than  half  as  thick,  and  perfectly  polished. 


.-'iiHi'-l 


Stone  bowl.  I  have  classed  these  witli 
mortars.  This  is  one  of  five  splendid  speci- 
mens in  the  Wilcomb  collection.  It  i^  of 
sandstone,  smoothly  finished  inside  and 
out.  The  walls  are  an  inch  thick,  and  at 
the  top  widen  out  into  a  rim  of  two  inches. 
It  is  21^  inches  diameter  and  14  inclies 
deep.   Found  near  Visalia  in  Tulare  County. 


Fig.  427,  a.     S.  1-8. 

In  Solano  and  Napa  Counties  we  have  small  saucer-like  mortars  ;  and 
in  Butte  County  the  opposite  in  tall,  upright  mortars  (Figure  427,  b).  In 
most  parts  of  the  state  we  have  the  large,  finished,  fiat-bottumcd  specimens, 
shaped  like  the  flower-pot.  In  all  central  California  we  have  tiny  speci- 
mens, not  so  large  as  after-dinner  coffee  cups.  In  Modoc  County  and 
northeastern  California,  we  have  the  conical  mortar  with  its  sharp  base,  that 
must  be  planted  in  the  earth  before  the   mortar   will    stand    up   right.      The 


Central  and  Xorthcrn  California. 


2S7 


finest  specimen  I  have  seen  of  this  type  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Stayley. 
Strangely  enough,  this  specimen  was  drawn  from  the  waters  of  San  Fran 
Cisco  Bay  by  a  fisherman's  net.  How  it  got  so  far  from  its  "  habitat "  is  an 
interesting  question.  In  addition  to  all  these,  are  several  ruder  forms.  —  an 
angular  piece  of  stone,  or  a  river  boulder  with  a  cavity  sunk  in  it.  Then  we 
have  the  stationary  mortar — a  granite  or  trap  outcrop,  ten  to  twenty  feet 
sijuare,  with  five  to  thirty-five  cavities  worked  out,  some  to  the  depth  of 
fourteen  inches.      Occasionally  a  portable  mortar  will  have  two  civities. 


Upright  mortar.  A  fine  specimen  i6  inches  high,  and  ii 
inches  across  the  top,  where  the  wall  is  an  inch  thick.  The 
cavity  is  o!^  inches  at  the  bottom.  The  base  widens  into  a  tlange 
or  rim.     Butte  Countv,  Cal.     Wilcomb  collection. 


P'ig.  427,  h.     S.  i-S 


Mortar  and  pestle.  This  niorlar  is 
tyjMcal  of  a  form  <iuite  common  in  central 
California.  A  common  "roller,"  whicli, 
in  different  lengths,  abounds,  leans  against 
it. 


Fig.  427,  c.     S,  1-7. 

Pestles  are  equally  varied  and  well-finished  ;  hammer-stones,  polished 
and  unpolished,  and  of  various  sizes,  are  numerous.  Crude  pestles,  merely 
long,  water-worn  stones,  also  abound.  The  roller  pestle  was  a  favorite. 
These  are  usually  well  finished  and  from  10  to  30  inches.  Some  speci- 
mens taper  at  each  end,  some  do  not.      A  form   frequently  met  with  is  well 


288 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


finished  and  tapers  to  one  end.  It  is  from  8  to  16  inches,  quite  rarely- 
longer.  Short,  finely-finished  pestles  (Fig.  428,  Nos.  4  and  5)  with  hand- 
hold worked  out,  are  found  as  far  south  as  Sacramento.  The  type  belongs 
to  the  far  north  and  was  brought  down  by  the  intrusive  tribes.  The  same 
is  true  of  the  long,  well-finished  pestle,  with  a  "shoulder"  near  the  heavy 
end,  (Fig.  429).  These  fine  forms  are  numerous  in  the  northern  counties, 
and  are  found  as  far  south  as  Lake  County,  perhaps  farther.  This  form 
seems  to  be  fully  four  times  as  numerous  as  the  "ball-bat"  pestle,  (Fig. 
430,  No.  8).  This  fine  pestle  apparently  belongs  to  the  southern  counties. 
A  good  specimen  is  shown  here  from  Tulare  Lake.  A  splendid  specimen, 
22  inches  long,  was  taken  from  a  mound  near  Stockton  in  1898.  So  far  as 
I  can  learn  this  marks  its  northern  limit.  The  slender  handle  ending  in  a 
large  bulb  is  a  type  belonging  to  Lake,  Mendocino  and  Napa  counties.  No. 
7  is  a  unique  development  of  that  type.  This  specimen  is  no  doubt  the 
most  remarkable  pestle  on  record.  The  mounds  about  Stockton  yield  a 
highly  interesting  type.  The  form  is  so  suggestive  that  not  without  reason 
the  specimens  have  been  called  phallic  emblems.  Dr  A.  T.  Hudson  of  this 
place,  in  a  work  entitled  "Ancient  Se.\  Worship,"  devotes  some  space  to 
that  theory  of  their  use.  It  seems  to  me  that  this  form  was  intended  to  ex- 
press the  idea  of  virility,  if  nothing  more.  Vet  the  pcistle  is  e.xclusively  the 
implement  of  the  female.  Let  us  hope  that  one  of  the  learned  professors 
in  the  service  of  the  government  will  treat  the  subject  presently,  and  clear 
up  this  field  of  curious  speculation. 

MiSCELLANEOrS  FOHMS. 

Numerous  stone  spheres,  two  or  three  inches  in  diameter,  are  found  in 
central  California.      They  apparently  belong  to  two  classes.      The    first  is 


123  45 

Fig.  42S.  S.  1-7. 
Pestles.  Nos.  i  and  2  show  the  so-called  phallic  forms.  The  upper  end  of  No.  2  is  con- 
cave, Stockton  types.  No.  3  is  distorted  in  the  drawing.  It  is  the  long,  slender  wine  bottle 
shape,  with  a  polish  as  smooth  as  glass.  A  specimen  of  rare  finish,  Humboldt  Countv.  No. 
4  is  a  fine  specimen  from  the  same  locality.  No.  5  was  found  near  Sacramento.  No.  2,  Barr 
collection,  others  Meredith  collection. 


Central  and  Northern  California. 


2S9 


unpolished  and  usually  the  larger.  It  is  an  acorn-sheller.  The  second  is 
highly  polished  ;  hence  not  used  to  strike  anything.  It  is  said  that  they 
were  used  in  playing  a  certain  game,  but  I  am  unable  to  learn  of  any  reason 
for  this  belief. 

Pestle.  Northern  Cali- 
fornia, 22  inches  long,  finely 
polished.  Jewett  collec- 
tion. 

Fig.  429.     S.  about  1-7. 


in 

is 


Paint. 

In  all  the  mounds  that  have  been  opened  in  the  vicinity  of  Stockton, 
paint  has  been  found,  and  n-d  paint  at  that !   In  the  preface  to  his  "  Tribes  of 
California,"  Powers  says  the  reader  "  must  lay  aside  the  gory  scalplock,  the 
torture  of  the  captive  at  the  stake,  and  the  red %var-paiitt  of  terrible  import." 
This  author,  so  generally  correct,  is  evidently  at  fault  here.     The  p.-'int  from 
the  mounds  is  the  red  cinnabar  ore,  which,  in  its  purity,  is  the  vermilion  of 
commerce.     Sometimes  it  has   been  pulverised   and  packed  into  shells  or 
other  moulds.     Oftener  it   is   uncrushed  ore,  still  showing  the  marks  of  the 
knife  or  the  scraper.     The  use  of  this  paint  has  led  to  some  curious  mistakes 
on  the  part  of  ine.xperienced   "scientists"  who  have  examined  the  bones  of 
dead  Indians.     Every  now  and  then  the  papers  announce  that  *'  Indian  skele- 
tons of  great  antiquity  were  discovered  at   such   and  such  a  place,  and  that 
Dr.  So-and-So  or  Prof.  BlajtHk  found  in  the  diseased   condition  of  the  bones 
unmistakable  evidence  of  vehereal  maladies  among  the  ancient  Californians, " 
etc.      Only  lately  a  San  Francisco  physician,  holding  a  high  ofificial  position, 
unearthed  an   Indian   skeleton  which   he  claimed   showed  the   presence  of 
"  serious  bone  diseases"  which  he   forbore  to  name.      Now  the  fact  is  that 
cinnabar  is  a  sulphuret  of  mercury.      I  have  seen  specimens  of  cinnabar  from 
Lake  and  Santa  Clara  Counties,  too,  that  glistened  with  globules  of  native 
mercury.     The  excessive  use  of  this  ore  as  paint  rubbed  into  the  skin,  pro- 
duced   salivation,    and   not  only  salivation,   but  chronic  salivation.      Many 
pioneers  witness  to  this.      The  Indian   treatment  for  disease,  a  sweat  and  a 
plunge  into  cold  water,  greatly  intensified  the  evils  of  this  mercurial  poison- 
ing, and  produced  the  results  noted  in  the  bones  of  the  dead.      Any  attempt 
to  show  that  the  aborigines  were  affected  with   venereal  disorders  must  fail  ; 
from  all  such  they  had  absolute  immunity. 

A  Celt. 

In  the  writer's  collection  is  the  nearest  approach  to  the  eastern  celt  I  have 
yet  seen.  It  is  of  hard  stone,  well  polished.  It  is  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
thickness,  which  it  maintains  to  within  three-quarters  of  an  inch  of  the  edge, 
•when  it  is  beveled  abruptly  to  a  cutting  edge.      It  is  from  Butte  County. 


1^;: ! 


(» 


"1  , ' 


I'l! 


ill 


WW 


1 


290 


Prehistoric  Implcnicn ts. 


It 


1 


3: 


u 
£ 


Pestles.  This  splendid  series  of  pbstles  is  in  the  collection  of  Prof.  C.  P.  Wilcomb,  of 
San  Francisco,  and  shows  but  a  portion  of  his  remarkable  collection  of  these  implements. 
Nos.  I,  2  and  3  are  Lake  and  Mendocino  County  forms.  No.  4  is  from  Siskiyou  County,  and 
is  notable  for  having  a  depression  on  hand-hold.  No  5  is  from  Humboldt  County.  Nos  6 
and  S  are  not  from  my  territory,  No.  7  is  from  Lake  County.  The  yardstick  beside  it  shows 
the  pestle  to  be  less  than  thirty-six  inches  1  the  slender,  tapering  handle  is  finely  polished. 
The  workmanship  throughout  is  the  very  best.  The  specimen  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Wil- 
comb from  an  Indian  in  whose  family  it  ha '.  been  as  far  back  as  the  Indians  could  tell.  It 
was  a  "  tribal  pestle,"  and  as  such  was  guarded  with  the  greatest  care.  It  is  probably  with- 
out an  equal  in  any  collection.  No.  10  is  a  fine  specimen  f-om  Lake  County,  No.  11  is  from 
Siskiyou  County.  No.  12  is  from  Tulare  County.  These  specimens  must  be  sten  to  be  ap- 
preciated at  their  fu'.l  value. 


Cent  ml  find  Xorthcni  Cnlilhrniii. 


'291 


KniHiNc  Stones. 

Large  stones,  two  feet  Sijiiare,  sniooth  and  sli),'htly  concave  on  one  sitie, 
are  found.  They  were  used  to  polish  shells,  wampum,  etc.  Small,  tine- 
grained  stones,  thin  and  long  and  smooth,  are  found  also.  They  were  used 
for  rubbing  and  polishing.  Similar  stones  are  called  "Indian  Scissors,"  be- 
cause they  were  used  to  nick  off  the  hair  by  placing  the  lock  on  another 
stone  and  striking  with  this  one.  In  Sonoma  County  are  found  a  great 
many  sand-stone  rubbers  2  to  5  inches  long.  They  have  four  equal  planes, 
and  each  end  terminates  in  a  pyramid.  They  seem  exactly  suited  to  shaping 
the  "siniers"  so   numerous  in  that  county. 

A  Votive  Offering. 

Ur.  J.  W.  Hudson,  of  Ukiah,  recently  brought  to  light  a  relic  which  I 
think  has  never  before  been  noted.  He  mentions  it  to  me  in  a  letter  which  I 
am  permitted  to  quote.  He  says  :  "  It  is  an  oval  or  biscuit-shaped  stone  of 
apparently  clay  formation,  in  fact,  it  is  an  almost  exact  votive  offering,  being  a 
cake  of  nut-bread  baked  in  a  thin  covering  of  yellow  clay,  and  cast  into  the 
funeral  pyre  of  departed  friend  or  relative.  The  clay  has  become  stone, 
and  is  distinguished  externally  from  other  boulders  of  like  form  by  a  distinct 
ring  on  its  surface  made  by  the  escaping  moisture  within.  When  sawed 
open  the  contents  are  very  characteristic,  brownish,  softishand  little  changed 
from  the  original  dough.  I  have  called  them  "panicular. "  These  highly 
interesting  specimens  were  unearthed  from  an  ancient  burial  place  in  Potter 
Valley. 

"  Crescent  "or  "  Banana  "  Stones. 

Well  rubbed  stones  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  banana  are  occasion- 
ally found.  Professor  Holmes  figures  one  opposite  page  114,  "American 
Anthropologist,"  Vol.  1.  The  specimen  is  one  of  the  noted  Table  Mountain 
finds.  In  the  collection  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau  is  a  second  specimen. 
It  differs  from  the  above  mentioned,  in  that  it  has  no  groove  about  the  cen- 
ter, and  the  under,  or  concave  portion,  is  a  plane.  On  the  label  it  is  called 
a  pestle.     W^hy  it  is  so  called,  I  cannot  tell. 

In  the  Wilcomb  collection  is  a  hook  of  steatite.      It  is  shown  in  Fig.  43 1 , 


f 


W! 


Effigies. 

Effigies  were  not  made  by  the  central  Californians,  though  the  tribes 
that  invaded  California  from  the  North  did  make  them.  The  only  effigy 
found  in  central  California  of  which  I  have  any  knowledge  is  in  the  Wilcomb 
collection.  It  was  found  in  Lake  County.  It  should,  perhaps,  be  regarded 
as  a  "  stray,"  having  passed  by  traffic  or  otherwise  from  northern  California 
or  Oregon.     It  is  of  black  steatite,  well  finished.     Two  views  are  presented 


w  •    I  ■ 


liU 


292 


Prehistoric  Impkiuetits. 


iherc.      The  front  view  resembles  a  mouse,  the  profile  isisu^^s^t'stive-of  •a  sheep 
or  doe.      Fi>,'.  432. 

Fif(.  433  shows  an  effigy  tomahawk.  This  form  is  not  imrommon  in 
Siskiyou  and  neighboring  counties.  Specimens  somewhat  similar  to  this 
are  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Ream. 


steatite    hook,     Wilcomb    collection.      Tulare 
County,  California. 


Fig.  431.     S.  2-5. 


m 


Fig.  432.     S.  2-3. 
Two  views  of  an  effigy  ;  black  steatite.    Collection  C.  P.  Wilcomb.     From  Lake  County, 
California. 


Effigy  tomahawk.  Hard  black 
stone.  Collection  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  From  Siskiyou 
County,  Cal. 


Fig-  433-     S.  about  16. 


««<•• 


r'Tf  1 


CcntrnI  tiiid  Northern  Cnliforniu. 


293 


The  specimen  figured  is  in  the  collt;ction  of   the   Acuileiiiy  (j(   S  icnccs 
It  is  about  i6  inches  long  and  2  wide.      The  fore-legs  of  the  animal  form  the 
cutting- bhule.     The  head  is  thrown  well  back.     But   for   the  short  ears  it 
would  seem  to  be  the  head  of  a  deer.      This  is  the  more  suggestive  when   it 
is  remembered  that  deer  strike  with  the  fore  feet. 


Stone  Ceremonial  Knives. 

^'ig  434  shows  two  rare  ceremonial  knives.  No.  2  is  of  fine  sandstone,  about  16  inches 
long,  with  a  broad  blade  that  is  reduced  to  a  sharp  edge.  It  was  found  on  a  village  site  near 
Vacaville,  and  would  make  a  formidable  weapon.     (Writer's  collection). 

No.  3  is  a  double-edged  and  beautiful  specimen.  The  material  is  mottled  green  ami 
white  serpentine,  which  I  am  not  draughtsman  enough  to  show.  It  is  finely  ]>olished,  and 
not  much  less  than  18  inches  long.  It  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  B.  Carr,  Etna  Mills. 
Two  specimens  similar  to  this  one,  but  not  nearly  so  fine,  are  in  the  Jewett  collecti(jn,  now 
installed  in  the  Park  Museum.  All  three  specimens  are  trom  Siskiyou  County.  Like  the 
chipped^ceremonials,  these  knives  are  of  extreme  age,  if  not  prehistoric.  Work  of  this  class 
is  not  done  by  the  Indians  of  to-day. 


F'K-  434-     S.  about  2-9. 


•? 


:'.t 


«*•) 
§'!• 


Ceremonial  knives.  No.  2,  sandstone,  Meredith  collection,  Solano  County,  Cal.  No.  3, 
mottledJgreen|and  white  serpentine.    Carr  collection,  Siskiyou  County,  Cal 

I  am  particularly  indebted  to  Prof.  C.  P.  Wilcomb,  whose  splendid  collection  is  installed 
in  the  (lolden  Gate  Park  Memorial  Museum  ;  also  to  Prof.  Jas.  A.  Barr,  of  Stockton,  whose 
collection  of  San  Joaquin  Valley  relics  is  by  far  the  most  complete  yet  assembled  ;  also  to 
Messrs. iRicksecker  &  Stayley.  of  Santa  Rosa,  whose  smaller,  but  interesting  collections, 
were  also  placed  at  my  service  for  study;  al.so  to  Mr.  Os.  Hess,  of  Stockton,  for  several  ex- 
cellent pen-drawings.  Without  the  courtesies  of  these  gentlemen,  it  would  have  been  im- 
possible for  me  to  properly  represent  my  section. 


1'::. 

mm 

R  i 


294 


Prehistoric  Implements. 
Bibliography. 


Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States, ...  „    tt  r. 

The  Tribes  of  California •  "•  "•  Bancroft 

The  Heart  of  the  Sierras  Stephen  Powers 

The  American  Naturalist '  J"  '^^-  ""tchins 

Primitive   Industry '. .'.'. \ '^^'^^■-  ^^^^ 

U.  S.  Geographical  Survey  We.st  of 'the  One' hundredth  Meridian  '. ^''  ^'  ^'  ^vTl 

Ancient  Sex  Worship "'• 

Smithsonian  Report,  1S95  :  Graphic  Art  of" the  Eskimos ^'  '^'  ""'^'°" 

Smithsonian  Report,  1896:   Prehistoric  Art. 
Smithsonian  Report,  1S97  :  Arrows,  Spears  and  Knives 
American  Anthropologist,  Vol.  I. ;  Auriferous  Man  in  California 

It  Jl  r'^"?V\'  ^« '''"  ''  ^'''-  ■  P^'^^^^'-^Phs  of  the  N.  American  Indians. 

The  loth  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Eth. :  The  Picture  Writing  of  the  N   America 

Land  of  Sunshine.  Oct.,  i.Syo  :  Art  in  Obsidian.  emeries 

Zoe:   S.  F.  Vols.  I,  2  and  3. 

TheAmerican  Archaeologist,  Vol.  2,  pg.  319, 

American  Journal  of  Archicology :   Henshaw  on  "Plummets  " 

Discovery  of  the  Vo  Semite  :   Bunnell. 


:an  Indians. 


The  omission  here  of  pages  numbering 
295  to  304,  inclusive,  was  a  slip  of  the 
printer  in  making  ready  his  forms,  while 
there   is  no  omission  in  the  text. 


SECTION  X. 

St.  LAwuiiNcic  Basin  ami  Canada. 
[Mr.  G.  E.  Laidlaw,  of  X'ictoria  Road.  Ont.,  was  to  have  written  this 
section,  bnt  he  accompanied  the  Strathcona  Horse  to  South  Africa  in  de- 
fen.se  of  Great  Britain  before  he  had  put  his  notes  in  form  for  publication. 
Mr.  M,.c  Wilidnson,  of  Woodstock,  Ont..  who  is  exceedinf,dy  well  posted  on 
the  region,  added  such  descriptions  and  illustrations  as  were  deemed  necess- 
sary  to  complete  the  section.  To  both  these  ^gentlemen's  reports  I  have 
made  additions  and  chancres.  i)ut  the  credit  should  be  ecjually  divided  be 
tween  them. — W.  K.  M.] 


~X 


Copper  objects  are  found  in  profusion  in  Michi-an,  Wisconsin  and  por- 
tions of  Canada.  In  short,  the  region  is  peculiar.  Many  copper  plates,  ear 
ornaments,  sheet  copper,  etc..  have  been  found  in  the  Ohio  mounds,  but  the 
mound  copper,  as  a  whole,  is  quite  different  from  that  of  the  Eakes.  Wc 
shall  devote  more  space  to  the  copper  of  the  St.  Lawrence  region  than  to 
the  other  interesting  objects  found  therein. 

Xe.xt  to  the  copper  the   stone  ornaments_and_ce^renuinials  of  the  Michi- 
gaivA\2,^consin  part  of  the  section   are   most  characteristic.      The  dilTereiTcer 
between  them  and  those  of  other  regions   can   best   be  understood  by  an  in- 
spection of  iMgS.    438.    453. 

Mr.  David  Boyle.  Curator  of  the  4»>jminM^M  nniseum  at  Toronto.  Depart- 
ment of  Education,  is  an  authority  on  the  archaology  of  Canada       We  can  do 
no  better  than  to  reter  readers  to  his  numerous  reports, —published  by  theCa*-  ^yor~     ' 
;**ii«Ti  government  in  the  form  of  bulletins  from  tiiiu^  to  time  under  the  direc-  ^^^^'^ 

tion  of  the  Minister  of  E.lucation  His  hundreds  of  illustrations  rovrr  m.xst 
of  the  known  types  from  Eastern  Canada  thr  Migh  to  the  C<Mst.  In  addition 
to  the  descriptions  by  Messrs.  Laidlaw  and  Wdkinson  we  have  depended 
largely  upon  Mr.  Boyle's  published  reports  for  information.  Mr.  Laidlaw 
has  written  several  articles  for  the  r\merican  .Antiquarian,  '9:  to  '99.  The 
archaology  of  Canada  has  been  practically  ignored  by  .\merican  .observers. 
The  Held  is  very  broad  and  it  is  only  during  the  last  15  years  that  .serious 
attention  has  been  given  it.  The  forms  from  eastern  Canada  are  cpiite  differ- 
ent from  those  of  western  Canada.  Central  and  northern  Canada  contain 
objects  not  found  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin, along  the  St.  Lawrence, or  in  north- 
ern .Minnesota. 


'    t 


-4 


Jii.!aj:i:i. 


liii 


i!i;i, 


^W- 


/ 


/l^- 


30ti 


I'rvliistoric  Iiuplcnwnts. 
Pom:  in'. 


lii 


Whole  specimens  of  pottery  are  coinpnratively  scarce  in  Ontario 
Nevertheless  a  larj^e  quantity  was  evidentls'  made,  for  nearly  every  viliafje 
site  produces  an  immense  niunber  of  sherds.  In  every  case  the  pt)ts  were 
made  round  bottomed  and  without  le^'s.  Occasionally,  however,  fraf,'inents 
are  found  which  at  one  time  evidently  belonfi^ed  to  s(|uare-topped  pots,  and 
I  have  seen  a  few  fraf^ments  showinj,'  lips.  Pottery  from  this  district  is  usu- 
ally decorated  with  fanciful  designs  and  the  fraj^nients  nearly  alwa\s  show  a 
systematic  rej^^ularity  in  inarkinj^^s.  A  remarkable  difference  e.xists,  however, 
in  the  pottery  found  on  different  villaf,'e  sites.  Por  example,  at  one  village 
site  in  North  Oxford,  Ont.,  near  the  village  of  Wolverton,  pottery  of  the  most 
common  kind  is  found.  It  is  well  made,  strong,  and  nicidy  ornamented. 
At  I)riW?/l^o,  however,  only  two  miles  distant,  a  rougher  pottery  is  found. 
It  is  of  a  much  poorer  ijualit)',  and  is  all  marked  with  simple  ;iig-zag  lines. 
To  the  south  of  (^.\ford  again  a  thicker  and  much  coarser  pottery  appears, 
which  must  ha\e  been  very  inferior  indeed.  The  forms,  as  a  whole,  are  like 
New  I^nglanil  and  liast  Alleghany  vessels. 

PLINT    RiCLICS. 

The  Hint  relics  of  Ontario   produce  but   few  peculiar  or   unicjue  forms. 
That  is,  although  we  find  immense  numbers  of  them,  yet  tiie  same  types  are 
common  to  other  localities.  /» 

The  material  is  usually  chert.  •^RwMi+tthn  source  of  supply,  for  the  Neutrals 
at  least,  was  at  Point  A/ino,  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  'ihis  chert 
must  have  been  very  suitable  for  the  purpose,  as  it  evidently  chipped  well 
and  diti  not  break  easily.  \\c  find  but  very  few  large  spear-heads,  the  most 
ranging  from  2^  to  3.\  inches  in  length. 

Of  knives  we  have  many  of  the  common  forms.  Immense  numbers  of 
arrow-heads  are  also  found,  being  usually  made  of  chert.  War-points  are 
common,  and  range  from  a  long  narrow  to  a  short  etjuilateral  shape.  The 
long  specimens  are  usually  very  thin,  but  both,  as  a  rule,  have  concave  bases. 

' '  Turtle-backs  "  and  ' '  bunts  "  are  (]uite  (jften  found.  ' '  Caches  "  of  flint 
are  very  rare  in  Ontajro.      We  have  only  heard  of  one    -in  Middlesex  County. 

The  Hint  relics  from  the  old  Algoncjuin  territory  along  the  Ottawa  are 
very  inferior  to  those  farther   South  and  Southwest. 


SV.   Lnwrcncc  linsiii  mul  Cniindn. 


81)7 


■fe 


Drill,  serrated  arrow-head  and  leat- 
shapeJ  implement.  All  of  tlint.  Very 
fine  specimens.  Collection  of  Mr.  J.  G. 
kceder,  Calumet,  Mich. 


Im','-,  4  ;-       S.  1-2, 


Fig.  43(1.     S.  i-i. 


l-'me  iKilched  spear-head  secured  l)y  I'rol.  Ilar- 
1  m  I.  Smith  in  the  Sa^jinaw  Valley,  Mich.  Thisform 
is  pceuli.ir  t-j  Ind,,  UN.,  Mich.,  Canada,  etc.  Fre- 
(piently  we  find  larjj;e  llint  leaf-sha])cd  implements  in 
Ontario,  usually  unnotched. 


■SI- 

It 

■K) 

3 
■3 

M 

13 


m 

.41 

'    *  1 

l.:Jj| 


ft 

1w 


il 

V 

Ha        I  ■' 

V      ^ 

H 

1 

1        ' 

1 

Ml 


r::> 


3C8 


Prehistoric  IiniiL'nicn'.s. 


I'ig.  4-',7.      S.    i-i. 
Typical  drills  or  hair-pins.     While  not  i.\s(.-lusively  found  in   Ihe  St.  i.a\vrfni.u  hasm,  the 
figure  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  forms. 
No.    I.     Found  in  Wis. 
No.  2.             "          Washington  Co  .  Ind. 
No    3.             ••          Wis. 
No.   4.             "          (lordon  Co.,  (la. 
No.   5.  ••  

C"i-  ki;m(ini.m.s. 

Probably  in  no  part  ul  America  are  ceremonial  ol)jects,  inclmliu^'  ban- 
nc!r  .'Atones,  gorgets,  bird  and  bar  amnlets,  more  plentifid  than  in  Ontario. 
The  I'rovincial  Museum  in  Toronto  has  a  wonderful  collection  of  these  ob- 
jects, a  very  large  percentage  of  which,  including  the  linest  specimens,  came 
from  the  territory  at  one  time  occupied  by  the  Neutrals. 

They  are  usually  made  of  huronian  slate,  but  here,  as  elsewhere,  very 
many  of  the  banner  stones  are  foimd  in  a  broken  condition. 


Fiimi  Central  C  in;ida. 

Illustration  reproduced  from 
Notes  (u  Primitive  Man  in 
Ontario;  David  Boyle;  Toron- 
to. '1)5. 

These  are  found  in  all  the 
dilTerent  degrees  of  curvature 
until  the  "pickaxe"  type  is 
reached  —  in  which  the  arms 
are  nearly  straight. 


St.  Lawrence  Basin  anrl  Cunndn. 


;iii9 


The  "butterfly"  form  is  tre(iiiently  found,  but  usually  in  a  broken  con- 
dition. Most  slate  objects  are  superior  to  those  of  New  England.  Pennsyl- 
vania, New  York  or  Virj^inia. 


Slate  object;  use  unknown,     ^[r.  H.  P.  Ham- 
ilton's collection,  Two  Rivers,  Wis. 


Fig.  439.     S.  1-2. 

We  tiiul  some  cereir.onials  shaped  like  Vv^.  440.  They  are  very  finely 
wrouf,dit,  and  ,|uite  fre(|ueutly  these  are  broken  and  then  reboied— a  small 
hole  on  each  side  of  the  main  hole — so  they  can  be  useii  ao-ain. 


it 


Reddish-brown,  purple  slate. 
\  cry  dark  streaks.  l-'ound  in 
Waukesh  Co.,  Wis.  Original  in 
.Milwaukee  Public  Museum. 


f 

3 


■mm'- 

'Of:! 


It]    '  < 


Fig.  440.     S.  1-2. 


rtrayish  slate.  lM)und  in  Wisconsin  Original 
in  Milwaukee  Public  Museum. 

For  excellent  drawings  of  Milwaukee  Museum 
specimens  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Chas.  E  Brown, 
of  .Nfilwaukee. 


i- 


(■'ift' 


Fig   441       S.  1-2. 


f 


I-        1  ;:, 


Mil* 


Prehistoric  Iniplcnictits. 


Larf,'e  numbers  of  f^for^ujts  are    found   in   Ontario,  usually  in  the  vicinity 
of  villaj^'c  sites.      Not  ipiite  so  many  in  Wis  ,   Mich.,  Minn. 


FiK.  442.     S.  1-2. 


I"i>;.  44-  '"^   ;i   K"'K'-'f    ti'nm    ().\f(jrcl   L'.i.     Tile  teeth   at    tile 
pwt-r  L-i\\ie  are  t  iit  in  at  an  an^'.e. 


I'iK-  443  is  a  banyle  nr  "  ear-droii  "  of  hufdnian  slate,    from  Ox- 
ford Co.      I'lill  size. 


FiR.  44.r     S.  I    I. 


In  Ontario  we  occasionally  meet  with  the  boat-shaped  f^orget.  fSee 
Nos.  35  and  36,  Fig.  153,  page  119).  They  are  usually,  if  not  always, 
doubly  bored. 


le  vicinity 


teeth   at    tlie 


!,      S.  I    .. 


;et.      fSec 
3t  always, 


S.'.   Lnwrcncc  linsiii  niid  dnintln . 


811 


■'f^^-4 

"1 

i 

m 

1       .-,-- 

^ 

M 

m 

■v.;    ■■ 

1 

] 

BuKS 

1                ^Kk 

0' 
'.'■.■'I'"' 

^S^^Kr' 

'■Mi 

•  i 

"'•'■■•■■■/  J          .'''■; 

\-: 

•  ';■,'  ,■•'..1   ,-.        t 

'■k  ■■ 

^aiL     .^. 

• 

"    "vSai^' 

••  ■  ■■  ,-  .     ■  *.'.^^  . 

^Jv-; 

■  ■■.«..-''^--.  is^r 

Ki] 

^^■f'-, 

-,  , 

'  '^^1 

■"■"*!■"/■  . 

mmm 

^■/   >■ 

_;■..;;■;.:;:;-}■■ 

'■  f-^  ■ ' 

Wa^ 

^■p^''>itHi 

■'  '^  .  . 

'^^^   •  ■  ' 

'1*1 

Hit:  ''v^^^i^ 

'w''-'-'' 

'^ 

r^' 

m 

* 

■ 

,^1^;-V^;^ 

.,(7'''' 

IF'/''-^ 

t-:; 

■J    ;   i-^  . 

.:ii^:;:.  .•: 

\.#'^- ■:■■■■; 

^ 

wsm^-' 

.III 

in 

FiK-  4-14.     S.    1-2. 


I'eitiiratt'd  L-rosL-eiits  or    "  pick  cerenioiiials."    fn  ni    varidus   Uicalitius   in    Mieliiiiaii   and 
Wisconsin.     Collection  of  the  Rev,  James  Savage,  Detroit. 


Peculiar  cerenMinial.     Flat,  of   handed   slate.     A 
variation  of  the  type  shown  in  Fig.  431). 

Found  in  Southern  Wisconsin. 

Milwaukee  Public  Museum. 


Fig.  445.     S.  1-2. 


i: 


t 


■1 


![»;;    I 


li'ii' 


ri     i 


■f     I 


312 


Prehistoric  Inijilcinctits. 


Fig.  446.     S.  1-2. 


'riiifk  ceremonial  of  Rveenish-colored  stone, 
cciiitaininj;  large  iiorjihrytic  crystals.  Milwaukee 
I'\iblic  Museum  Col. 


fiAr 


H 


1  RESTORE!) 


Long,  llat  ceremonial  of  dark  pur- 
plish slate.  Found  in  So.  Wis,  Milwau- 
kee Public  Museum  Col. 


;iil 


5rw 

ig.  447.     S.  1-3. 


■'  igiJMMS,!'' 


Ml; 


I'ig.  4-)>^     !^-  I-5. 


St.   Ln\\rcucc  linsiu  ntnl  Cnumhi. 


313 


Fig.  44-<  is  a  .u-"ni)  of  (.rnanieiits  in  "Sir.  K,  [.,  (;iithriL''s  collection,  Marion,  Ind.  It  is  in- 
troduced (out  of  plaet'i  in  tins  section  bjcause  most  of  the  forms  occur  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence region,  wiiether  Canada  or  the  States.  Two  tablets  in  the  center  are  tyi)ica!,  one 
being  concave,  tlie  other  with  nearly  straight  sides.  The  concave  form  is  tile  more  graceful 
of  the  two. 

/!•  is  more  confined  to  the  north  and  is  a  verv  rare  and   interesting  specimen. 

a  is  also  rare. 

In  these  ornaments  we  have  all  kinds,  i^  is  the  sciuare-corner  form;  /is  oval;  <■  has 
pointed  ends  ;  /  is  e  jfiin  shaped,  tlat  on  one  side  •■ind  convex  on  the  other.  /  is  one  of  the 
same  objects.  Tliex  are  made  similarly  whether  found  in  Canada,  West  N'irginia,  Illinois  or 
Kentucky,     in.  o.  s  are  forms  of  the  "  single  perforation  "  ornament. 


^:^- 


!■  ig.  440.     S.  1-2. 

A  bar  amulet  from  Waterloo  Co.,  Ontario.     More  of   these  are  found  here  in  New  Vork 
and    Ohio   than  elsewhere.  They  vary  from  a  straight  bar  to  the  bird-stone  ceremonial  form. 


Rirdstone  ceremonial  from  O.vford  County, 
Ontario.  A  very  beautiful  specmien  of  banded 
slate.     Supposed  to  have  been  worn  on  the  head. 


■ig.  450.     S.  1-2. 


Fig.    451    is   a  tablet-shaped  cere- 
monial.    Wisconsin. 


Fig.  452.  A  slender  pendant  with 
lines  or  "records"  along  its  margin. 
Michigan. 


Fig.  452. 
S.  1-2. 


•t.: 


ill 


m 


I'. 


'M4 


I'rchistiiric  hiinlcniciits. 


rnkiiown  stone  object.  The  torn)  is  rather  unlike  the  s])a(le-shin)e(l  ohjeets 
from  the  Southern  Atlantic  Coast  and  lower  Mississipjii  Valley.  Waterloo 
County,  Oiitario. 


■li  liH 


Ji;1 
III 


Hi 


FiK-  453- 

H.    1-2. 

Stone   I'ii'HS. 

Of  stone  pipes  we  havu  iii;uiy  forms  The  material  is  usually  a  com- 
paratively soft  stone,  such  as  soapstone  or  sandstone.  In  many  cases  but 
plain  bowls  were  attempted,  with  or  without  stems,  while  in  others  the 
specimens  are  careiully  worked  antl  ornamented  with  elaborate  di^si'jr.s.  In 
O.xford  and  Waterloo  Counties  (Neutral  Indians)  we  find  but  very  few  stone 
pipes,  and  most  of  these  are  plain  and  unornamented.  A  notiible  exception 
to  this  rule,  however,  is  the  "Thunder-bird  Pipe,"  found  b\'  \V.  j.  W'intem- 
berj.,'  in  the  North  of  Oxford,  and  now  in  the  Pnjvincial  Museum.  A  good 
description  of  it,  together  with  cuts,  is  given  in  the  Out.  Arch  Report 
of    1898. 

I'arther  east,  however,  and  very  occasionally  around  here  also,  highly 
ornamented  specimens  are  found.  In  the  Provincial  Museum  are  several 
"  disk"  pipes,  a  peculiar  and  rare  form.  Then  there  are  a  very  large  num- 
ber with  human  and  animals'  heads  carved  on  them  with  more  or  less  accu- 
racy. Stone  pipes  were  usually  made  for  use  with  a  wooden  stem,  but  (juite 
occasionally  the  bowl  and  stem  are  combined.  In  the  stemless  specimens  a 
hole  is  usually  bored  through  for  suspension. 

The  New  England,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  I"Lastern  Canada  pipes 
are  more   or   less   alike.      Many   of   Pro'".    Berlin's  figures  will  stand  for  our 


lorms. 


S/i^ 


Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton,  of  Two  Rivers^has  a  very  fine  collection  and 
clay, kindly  sent  munylarge  photographs  of  St.  Lawrence  forms  in  Hint, copper, 
stone,  etc.  His  pipes  (P"ig.  457,)  show  all  the  forms  not  already  illustrated  in 
other  sections  of  this  book  and  collectors  will  do  well  to  study  them.  These, 
together  with  what  have  already  been  presented  in  the  book  and  with  sub- 
sequent illustrations,  ought  to  give  the  collectors  a  pretty  good  idea  of 
most  forms  of  pipes. 


St.   I^nwrvncv  linsiti  .-iiiil  Cnnniln. 


'i{■^ 


Soiiu;  of  tlu;se  pipes  ;irc  nuHierii  and  others  are  ancient.  Nos.  6.  14, 
I''),  and  .^1  nii;,'ht  be  picked  out  at  a  f,'laiice  as  scarcely  prehistoric.  No.  S  is 
a  catlinile.Net  tiie  form  is  not  necesssardy  modern.  Nos.  1,  j,  3,  jo,  _M  and 
25  are  fair  representatives  of  small  prehistoric  i)ipes. 


.,    "^    '■  ■  ff 


iMjf.  45^.      S.   I-;;. 

I'mif  i.ipc'S   Ir.-'iii    Mr.    J.   '1".    Reeder's  collectiun,    (.'alimifl,    Micl 
Mr.  Reodcr  Icir  niakinsj  illiu:    atKins  of  several  of'  liis  best  siieeiiiiens. 


We  are  indebted  to 


9' 
7 


H 

I 


A  verv  finr  t,  lligy  pi]>e  found 
in  ^ontllern  Mieh.  Tliis  must 
have  been  carried  north  as  ctViirv 
pijies  are  not  fre<inentlv  found  of 
this  form.  St.  Lawrence  tfli- 
gies  are  quite  ditTerentas  will  be 
seen  by  ins])eetini;^  I'lK^-  J54.4?7 


One  of  the  smallest  stone  (steatite)  pipes  found  in  Ontario  is  shown  here. 
The  vase  pipes  vary  in  detail  ;  some  have  spare  mouths  and  others  oval 
transverse  sections,  while  others  have  2  stem  holes  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
bowl. 


Fig.  456.     S.  i-i. 


>i    ■-  i 

iiil'^Hi* 


f 


t; ;  I 


;u<i 


I'lvliistnric  Iniplcmciils. 


i^l^i 


!   ■' 


!  i 


'Sf 


:'    I' 


'  1 


y! 


I  i^ 


I'^ig-  457-     ^    2-7.     Wisconsin, 

Mich 

.2;:'". 

Minnesota  and  Oregon  I'iiies. 

No 

TI 

I 

c  Uibular   jiipes  are   from   Orugoi 
—  Wisconsin,     Stone,   wiih  short 

;  the 
jilat- 

others  from    Wisconsin  and   tlie  North 
Nt).  16.— .Minnesota.     Catlinite 

No. 
No. 

form. 
-    (.'•  '.y.    i'ound  on 

same 

No. 
No 
No. 

17  —Oregon      Tube. 
iS. — Wisconsin. 

farm.     Kart    id    Wisconsin, 

Both 

No. 

20, — 

No. 

4- 

of  these  :v\-  0:   the  trumpet  form. 
—  Disk,  Cat'.i'.iit;,',   Wisconsin. 

No. 
No. 

21.— 

22, — Tube,     Oregon, 

No, 
No, 

5, 
6. 

—Minnesota,     Catlinite. 

No. 

No. 

23.— Michigan. 
24,— Wisconsin. 

No. 
No. 

7 
8. 

— W^isconsin. 

No. 
No. 

25.— Tube.     Oregon. 
26. — Wisconsin. 

No. 
No. 

10. 

— Tube.     Oregon, 
—  Michigan. 

No. 
No. 

27.— Oregon. 

28.—       •• 

No. 

u. 

— Wisconsin. 

No. 

29.— Wisconsin, 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 

12. 
13- 
14. 
15- 

—Michigan. 

—Wisconsin.    Catlinite. 

—        "              Broken,  platform  type. 

No. 
No. 

No. 
No. 

30.— 

31—        "              Catlinite. 

32.— Oregon. 

33.—      " 

^^ 


St.  L;i\\rcticc  fl.'isiii  mid  C:iu;i<l:i. 


■!! 


In  portions  of  Canada  luiiiian  fared  day  pipis  an;  not  rare  and  (.criir 
more  fregiieiitly  tlian  representations  of  aiiitnais.  Soiii. ■times  on  the  scpiare 
nuninted  pipe  bowls,  there  will  be  a  miniature  mask  at  each  corner,  and 
orrasionally  this  is  reduced  to  the  three  conventional  masks  for  eyes  and 
month.  The  trumpet  type  is  modified  often  by  havinf;  a  S(piare  or  many 
sided  top,  with  small  various  condentations  and  creenelhitions  ou  the  rim. 
Some  of  tfiese  plain  cornet  pipes  have  a  very  iarf^e,  wide  mouthpiece  several 
inches  across,  and  some  have  a  beautiful  {,doss,  nearly  as  line  as  a  imlisli,  and 
vary  in  color  from  li^ht  reddish  yellf)W  to  jet  black,  ami  are  far  more  mnner..iis 
than  the  whole  f^'amut  of  ornamented  jiipes.  See  Out.  .\rch  Reports,  and 
l>eaiicliamp's  Bulletin  on  New  York  earthenware. 

The  clay  pijx's  of  Mr.  Wilkinson's  re-^ion  ar(;  imt  eHi;;ies.  He  has 
found  or  seen  hundreds  of  fraf,'ments  of  pipes  and  also  si, me  comparatix  il\ 
perfect  specimens  but  they  are  all  plain  with  the  exception  of  .i  few  orna- 
mental lines  around  the  top  of  the  bowl,  and   perhaps  also  aio-md  the  stem. 


P 


.\.\Ks,  C"i;i,  IS  .\.Mi  ( loi  (,i:s 

In  Ontario  we  have  none  of  the  elaborate  f.;roo\ed  axes  .)f 
()hio,  but  occasionally  we  lind  one  with  a  rcMij^h  f^Moovc  rnnmn; 
around,  and  then  again  with  only  notches  on  the  ed''es. 


■  !s  and 
•  w;iv 


9' 


Wi 


Fig.  45.S  is  an  immense  notched  a.xe  from  I'any  Sound  district. 
It  is  II  inches  long,  3I  inches  wide  at  the  cutting  edge  and  weighs  a 
little  over  5  lbs.  Mr.  Wilkinson  also  has  a  ])Iain  a.te.  about  the  same 
size  and  weight  from  I'arry  Sound. 


Fig.  45S.     S.  1-5. 


■\ 

•.J 

•t> 

1: 

2.  ■ 

*'  ; 

iil    ■' 

,.1   ■ 

,■!  * 

,i 

t 

.! 

u 


|i;'-ti4 

ri- 

m 

li  i  :;:| 

til 

f 

;    , 

;   ' 

'■  ;  „  ■ 
■■■  ■ 

R>     ' 


Prehistoric  Implvincnts. 


Fig.  45().     S.  1-3. 
A  doublebitteil  ijrooved  aXL- ;   Mich.   Collection   of  the   Rev.   Jaiiie^.  Savage,  Detroit,  to 
whom  we  are  imlebte:!  for  illustrations  of  some  specimens.     The  object  to  the  right  is  a 
roiiglily  made  a.\c  with  veiy  broad  blade. 


Fig.  4()o.     S.  14.     Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 


Strange  Axes. 


St.   Lnwrcucc  linsiti  niul  Cumuln.  ;;i;) 

fi„e7tn'w"''  '''"  ""Vrr"  '"  '""  •'^'-  '--"-""^^•='"<' their  distribution  is  mostly  con- 
fined to  V,scons.„  and  M.ch.gan.  They  present  a  study  in  themselves,  bein^^  of  pecuhu- 
shape.  '1  he  bus.  or  blades,  are  short,  and  the  grooves  abnormallv  broad  ami  deep  We  ,  " 
never  seen  an  axe  with  more  prominent  rid.^es-ending  in  projections  on  each  side-than 
No.  4.      I  he  Rev.  James  Savage's  collection,  Detroit. 


The  striated  axes  of  Wisconsin-Michigan 
are  being  studied  by  Mr.  Chas.  E.  Brown.  At 
l)resent  we  cannot  say  why  these  peculiar  striic 
were  cut  along  the  axe.  They  certainly  did  not 
add  to  the  utility  of  the  axe,  and  if  they  have  a 
cerenii.nial  significance,  what  is  it  ? 


I'^ig   461.     S.  1-4. 
I'oiind  ill  Wisconsin. 


Common  Michigan  a.xe.  Coh-clion  ,.1  Mr.  J.  (i.  Recder,  Calumet 
Like  all  axes  illustrated  it  is  of  gnini'.o,  Croove  extends  entirelv  around 
as  in  most  .St.  [^awrence  specini'ens. 


I- 


I 


Fig.  46-',.     ,S    19. 


In  these  figures  arc  two  stone  mauls,  or  ham- 
mers from  tlK-  ancient  copper  mines  ol  Lake 
Superior.  (A  bird-stone  c.remoiiial,  by  error  ..( 
the  engraver,  is  placed  along  side  of  <,iie  of 
thesel.  Fig.  4(,;  is  short  and  heavy;  I'lg.  4^4 
long  and  slender.  The  former  has  been  mucn 
used,  and  the  latter  is  a  coniparatively  "new' 
hammer -that  is,  has  not  seen  service.  (Jiia'ry 
hammers  from  the  copper  mines  are  miiciriiciev 
specimens  than  the  limt  or  steatite  hammeis,,i 
the  South  and  Hast.  Mr.  Reeder  lias  made  (pnte 
a  collection  of  them,  and  both  figures  are  (rom 
his  cabinet.  M.any  ungrooved  hammers,  of  s^/es 
langing  from  an  egg  to  a  foot  in  diameter,  were 
also  used  in  the  mines. 


k       ' 


Fig.  4'>4.     S.  l-(j. 


.11^  II 


iri 


in 

'as! 

I 


820 


Pivliistoric  Inif)Icnit'nts. 


CoiM'KK  Op,ii:cts. 


As  the  South  is  f.unous  for  pottery,  so  is  tlie  St.  L;i\vrence  renowned 
for  its  copper.  The  ore  iedj^es  of  the  St.  Lawrence  region  contained  surface 
veins  of  ahiiost  pure  copper.  Hundreds  of  pits  were  sunk  and  ininint; 
operations  carried  on  in  no  insif^niticant  manner.  The  metal  Ircjui  Lake' 
Superior  reached  Maine  on  the  east,  Kansas  to  the  west,  and  l*"lorida  to  the 
south."'-"  It  was  more  cxtensiveiy  used  than  mica,  f^alena,  or  other  foreij^n 
substances.  Sea  shells  may  lie  e.\|iected  hut  even  in  them  the  tral'lic  was, 
accordin,;;'  to  our  own  ol)ser\ations,  less  extensive. 

The  authorities  are  many,  but  quotations  from  two  nnist  sufiice. 

"Copper,  too,  in  \  arious  shapes,  was  in  high  favor  anuMi^^  tlicm,  as 
aside  from  its  use  as  ornament  and  as  a  mark  of  authoritv,  it  had  auKui^^  cer- 
tain tribes  a  sort  of  re'lij^'iius  character  or  si^Miiticance.  In  Wiscon^^iii.  for 
instance,  in  the  heart  of  tin.'  copper-bearinj.,'  region,  it  was  not  unusual  to 
find  pieces  of  fifteen  or  twent}'  poriuds  weight,  tiiat  had  been  [iresrrved  in 
families,  tioni  time  immenun'ial,  and  were  \enerati'd  as  domestic  jj;ods  ; 
whilst  the  smaller  ])ieces  were  looked  uiionasthi  ssessions  of  the  divinities 
that  lived  under  the  earth  and  as  the  playthinj.^.-  <c  children. "h 

An  article  of  merit  by  .Mr.  R.  L.  Packard  w ;  ublished  in  thi"  .Ameri- 
can Antiipiarian  in  March,  '93.      Mr.  Packard  had  iuvestit^ated  pits  and  sa\s  : 

'•  'At  one  point  I  found  a  handsome  specimen  of  (piart/  and  copper  laid 
uj)  carefully  in  a  niche.      It  weighed  several  pounds         '•■      •■  As  in  other 

cases,  we  had  proof  that  the  ancient  miner  did  not  sink  any  shafts  and  do 
real  mininf^'.  He  was  only  a  surface  f,deaner. '  Of  the  ancient  workings  on 
Isle  Koyale,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  which  wen'  very  extensivt'  and 
have  been  described  as  extending  twenty  feet  and  more  ni  the  solid  rock,  Mr. 
Forster  ?ays  :  '  As  I  understand  it,  these  extensive  works  were  upon  a  high 
outcrop,  promising  natural  drainage.  And  I  should  infer  from  what  I  heard 
from  Mr.  .\.  C.  Davis,  the  agent,  and  others  who  openeil  the  Mining  mine 
that  the  ancient  workings  were  among  disturbed  shattere<l  rocks,  among 
which  were  found  much  mass  copper  and  barrel  work.  The  ancients  were 
after  these  pieces  of  copper.  Mr.  Davis  found  many  considerable  masses, 
hanilled  and  beaten  by  the  ancient  men,  which  were  too  large  for  them  to 
carry  away. 


'*  "  As  to  (.'oppt.-r  troiii  the  Mounds  of  the  St.   John's  River." 
Clarence   H.   Moore. 
Journal  of  Aciuleniy  of  X:itural  Sciences  of  lMiilailel|)hia.  Vol.  \,  04. 
+I)ress  anil  ()niainents  of  Certain  American  Indians      Hy  i^ucien  Carr. 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society.  April,  fiiiy       Page  66 
Jesuit  Relations,  i()n-,  p.  S  ;  and   1O70,  p.  84 


St.   Lnwfcncc  li/isiti  ntiil  Cntmdn. 


321 


Copper    drill,     spears,     and 
knit't.'  blade. 


v.. 


.:  \ 


Fig.  4fi5.     S.  1-2.     Micliigan   Wisconsin. 


Both  are  •''igs.  of  sjjeci- 
inens  in  Mr.  J.  T.  Reader's 
Collection,  Calumet    Mich. 


Copper    knife,   spear,   and 

ttXti, 


Fig.  4fii/.    S.  2-3. 


. 


I'  If  f 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


'    i: 

:  t ' 


Kig.  467. 

Copper  knives  from  Wisconsin.     H.  F.  Hamilton  collection.     S   2-7. 
group  of  some  3(1  copper  knives. 


This  is  a  verv  fine 


It  is  unfortunate  that  all  of  Mr.  Hamilton's  "coppers"  cannot  be  shown 
in  this  book.      He  has  one  of  the  best  collections  ever  made. 


Ill 


St.   I.nwrcticc  f!nsin  ntul  L'nundn. 


323 


I 


I 


v  fine 


l'"iy.  4(iS.     S.  2-7. 

CopiJcr  iMsh-liooks,   NcimUcs,  ur  I  lair  OnuuiK'nts,  etc.      H    1'.  Hanu'.tuii  I'ollcctiun. 

'I'vvo   Rivers.   Wis 


¥■      I 


lowii 


.\li  1 1.iiiultnii  ;„i\-^  "Xi'  iii^lit  iitMii  ha>  a  .-^et  >it  llii's,'  small  loppt'is, 
III  aii\  |iii\alc  collcrtiu  that  I  know  01  TIk'N'  aic  toiiiul  almost  i'.\i'liisi\  I'ly 
at  '\'\\n  l\i\(,'rs  aiul  \iciiiit\,  on  tin.'  lake  shore  m  tlir  ilnttiiii;  sainl.  on  oM 
\iilam:  sitis.  Im)!'  si.\  miles  north  ot  Two  Rivers,  alonj^  the  lake  shore,  the 
land  is  s.iiuly  and  unlit  for  agriculture,  roiisei|uently  has  nevi-r  been  cle.'ired. 
The  whole  tract  is  an  old  villai^e  site,  and  theie  must  Still  he  thousanils  of 
these  small  coppers  in  this  trai't." 


;;24 


Prehistoric  Imjik'incnts. 


Fig.  4(Hi.     S.  2-,. 


11.  I'.  Hamilton  (.■(lilettii)n.  Two  Rivers,  Wisconsin. 

Xos.  I  to  7.— Cache  of  c  jpper  inipleitieiits  found  at  Oconto,  Wisconsin.  No.  I  is  tlic 
y  s])fcimcn  of  the  kind  known  in  copiicr  with  one  exception  and  this  was  also  found  on 
same  spot. 

Xos.  2  and  3 —Are  small  copper  arrows  '  ,        ' 

Xo.  4  — Largest  I  have  any  record  (pf. 
Xo,  5  —  Unusual  form  of  knife  01  sword. 
Xo,  ii— Chisel  with  battered  head. 
Xo.  7  — Leaf  shaped  blade 
Xos.  ^,  10  and  12— Copper  sjiuds. 
Xo.  o —Small  unusual  pointed  spud  or  chisel, 
Xo    1 1 —Winged  ihisel. 


St.  LiiwrciKc  linsiti  ntui  Cnnmln. 


825 


I'lg.  47.1        S.   2-7 


(.■|il>)H'r  chisels  fioin  \Vi>C(iiism.      H     I'    H.iaiiltnn  cuHection. 


> 
) 

1 

I; 
% 

\ 


tlle 
(ill 


\\v  s;iys  tlial  the  iiikIiHu  celt  is  bcvLllcd  evenly  from  ;i  ceiitrui  riil;;e  in 
lintli  directions  ami  considers  it  the  finest  specimen  lie  has  ever  seen.  It  is 
14?  inches  Innj,'  and  weij^hs  y\  pounds.  The  f,'reat  C()pper  axe  found  in  the 
llojiewell  inoninl  was  22  inches  loiif,'  1)\'  ahout  C)  inches  wide  ant!  weighed 
nearly  .^S  pounds. 


nf 


lYiC, 


Prehistoric   Imiilcmcn t s . 


I'lg-.   (71.     S.  14.     CdiipcT  Crisceiit-^,    Heads  ami   Oniaments. 


J   il 


SL'\or:ili)t  tluse  iipprar  to  hi;  h;iir-|)iiis  or  luml  i)rn;iiiii  iits  We  do  not 
know  the  use  of  most  oi  tlu;ni  as  wc  have  iiextir  st'cn  aiiytliiiij;  exactl}'  of  tins 
form.  Copper  beads  such  as  are  shown  in  the  strand  are  found  f^uMierally 
throuf;hout  tlie  L'liitcd  States  and  an;  not  rare.  'I'lie  rresreiits  are  occa- 
sionally found.      The  other  ti\e  objects  are  (jnite  unique. 


Si.  L.-iwrciicc  linsiii  ;inil  Cntvuln. 


327 


not 
his 
illy 
ca- 


iiC.  472-      S.   1-4. 


Wisconsin.     H.  P.  Ilainilton  collection. 


Most  of  these  are  "socket"  spears  with  ribbed  backs.  The  central 
spear  of  battered  copper  an  I  No.  2  are  unusual,  bavin;.;  rolled  sockets. 
The}'  are  (]uite  massive.  Mr.  Hamilton  says  that  No.  2  is  the  rarest  form 
of  copper  spear.  Only  three  or  four  have  been  found,  just  enou;.,'h  to  estab- 
lish the  type.  No.  2  has  parallel  lines  alonj^  both  sides  of  the  blade  and  is 
very  regular  and  also  has  peculiar  corrugations. 


^ 


32S 


I'rcliistoric   linpkinviiLs. 


f  in 


111- 


!l   «♦ 


i:ji 


*r 


Fig   473.     S,  1-4. 


i    I 


Copper  objects,  clay  and  stone  pipes,  etc.,  from  Mr.  John  T.  Reeder's  collection, 

Calumet,  Mich. 


m^.u  . 


St.  Lfiwrviwc  n.'isin  mid  Cnimdn. 


829 


Laphani's  Antiquities  of  Wisconsin  should  be  consulted. 

Archifological  Reports  of  the  Minister  of  Education,  (Ontario),  by  David  Hoyle,  uS, 
Pottery,  pp.  434.  Cutting  Tools,  '08,  p.  51.  Tablets,  Vif.-?.  pp.  ji,-;.  Pipes.  'cK.-?,  ii)).  ^1-2! 
Burial  customs  of  the  Hurons;  Bureau  Ethnology  Report,  'S3-4,  p.  m.  The  (ierm  of  Shore- 
land  Pottery;   Prof.  F.  H.  Ciishing,  Report  of  Congress  of  Anthropology,  •.13.  p.  220, 

.Mr.  (5.  J.  Chadd  of  Trenton,  Ont,,  has  sent  photographs  of  objects  in  his  own  collfction 
and  that  of  Mrs.  R.  H.  Spencer.  In  these  two  exhibits  are  many  fine  lione  inii)lernents. 
Hone  and  shell  objects  are  (luite  numerous  in  the  St  Lawrence  Basin.  Mr.  Chadd  and 
Mrs.  Spencer  have  a  large  assortment  of  pipes.  Som."  'ong.  slender  chisels  are  worthy  of 
notice  as  they  look  like  southern  forms. 

Mr.  L.  S.  Drew  of  Lament,  Wis.,  and  the  Rev.  L  N.  St  Onge  send  us  numerous  draw- 
ingsand  photographs  of  typical  specimens.  These,  and  other  illustrations,  but  confirm  the 
opiniop  that  the  figures  presented  in  this  section  are  typical  St.  Lawrence  specimens. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  St.  Onge  says  :  "I  have  seldom  seen  tht-  Indians  wear  natural  forma- 
tions as  ornaments  unless  they  were  of  a  striking  nature."* 

We  omitted  showing  illustrations  of  the  bone  object^;  They  diirer  from  those  toiuid 
South  and  East,  but  the  figures  of  awls,  harjioons,  beads,  etc..  shown  elsewhere  in  tills 
volume,  will  do  very  well  for  our  types. 

Pottery  discs  are  found.  These  are  made  from  Iragnients  ot  ])ottery  groimil  smooth  on 
tlie  edges  and  occasionally  perforated  in  tlie  center  l,ari;e  iimiibLMs  of  tliusc  appear  m 
ash-beds  on  some  sites,  where  gaming  was  i)erliaps  carried  on  to  a  huge  extent  in  tlic  lung 
winter  nights.  These  may  have  been  the  wigwams  more  freiiueuted  by  the  men  ot  the  vil 
lage  for  companionship  and  social  purjjoses.  These  discs  are  sometimes  referred  to  as 
••gambling"  discs,  counters,  or  markers,  and  vary  in  size  up  to  several  inches  111  diametei 
Some  have  the  jicttcry  markings  on  one  side,  and  others  are  just  chipped  fr.ini  the  sliL-nl 
and  not  ground  smooth  on  the  edges.  Another  fact  very  often  noticed  is  that  a  small  per- 
foration is  started  on  top  generally,  and  it  has  been  remarked  that  tliis  may  have  btcn  done 
in  order  to  distinguish  that  particular  side  for  some  purpose  of  the  .game,  as  In  coloring  one 
side  of  the  iilum  stones  in  the  "  plum-stone"  games  in  vogue  amongst  the  Huron  people. 
(Stewart  Culln  in  chess  and  playing  cards,  published  by  Smithsonian  Institution  in  i^.p. 
refers  to  similar  discs  being  used  amongst  the  Zunl  Indians  In  playing  a  game  called 
'•Stone  Warriors."  p.  S77]. 


♦St.  Hyacinthe,  yuebec,  Canada,  April  i()th,  igoo. 


iil: 


W I 


lii 


SIXTION   XI. 
TnK  Ohio  \ai.ij;v. 

Much  innre  is  known  coticerniiif,'  the  :irch;iolopy  of  the  Oliio  N'allev 
tliiiii  that  of  an}-  other  icf^'ion  of  tlie  I'nitcd  States.  The  first  settlers  at 
Marietta  were  New  I'^nKland  and  V'irjjinia  people  of  more  or  less  education. 
Thill  lioMif  letters  called  attention  to  the  j,'reat  earthworks  at  the  mouth  o( 
the  Muskingum.  In  iS^othe  American  Anti<|uarian  ^'-"ciety  devoted  most 
I'i  Its  tirst  Vdlunic  to  the  lesearclu.'s  of  Caleb  Atwater,  resided  at  Circle- 

ville,  (  )lii(),  and  had  spent  many  years  in  personal  investigation  of  the  ancient 
nniains  of  Oliin,   Ki'iitucky  and  adjacent  territory. 

In  1S47  the  Snnthsonian  Institution  published  S(|iiit'r  and  Davis's 
.\ncient  Momiiiu'iits  of  the  Mississippi  \'allcy.  Strange  as  it  may  seem, 
modern  writers,  as  a  whole,  have  improved  but  Mttle  upon  the  magnificent 
volmne  i)repare<l  lor  the  government  l)y  these  scholarly  gentlemen.  That  is, 
the  book  presents  a  condensation  of  tiie  suljject  in  such  a  masterly  maniu'i  ; 
the  explorations  were  so  e.\tensi\e,  and  S(|uier  and  Davis's  conclusions  so 
conservative  ami  trustworthy,  that  the  book  remains  an  archa'ological  classic, 
despite  the  many  assaults  made  upon  it.  The  exploration  of  a  dozen  groups 
of  tiiinul:  but  bear  out  in  detail  S(|uier  and  Davis's  facts  and  observations. 
Ill  truth,  these  two  men  budded  better  than  they  knew.  ICvery  student  of 
Ohio  X'alley  Archaology  should  read   their  volume. 

The  labors  oi  these  gentlemen  brought  the  inour  the  state  of  Ohio 

to  the  attention  of  persons  both  here  and  abroad.  ..s  a  natural  result 
iiiiiseiims,  institutions  and  private  individuals  have  worked  in  the  Ohio  field 
almost  continuoiisl\  for  fifty  years  and  the  story  of  Ohio  archaology  is 
written.  There  are  small  groups  and  single  mounds  to  be  inspected.  Caches 
ot  iiiij)leinents  are  fouml,  village  cemeteries  and  village  sites  are  now  and 
then  discoverecf,  but  tiie  exploration  of  such  sites  as  Turner,  Hopewell,  Fort 
.Ancient,  Madisonville,  etc.,  are  matters  of  the  past. 

It  is  not  so  much  that  Ohio  is  a  richer  held  than  Missouri,  Tennes- 
see, Illinois  or  Arizona,  but  that  it  is  well  nigh  exhausted.  All  the  museum 
men  of  field  experience  are  conducting  their  explorations  in  other  regions. 
The  amount  of  work  done  in  Ohio  put  upon  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee 
or  Missouri  remains  would  yield  astonishing  results.  Dr.  Wilson's  famous 
truism:  "  These  things  are  found  i/c/  in  proportion  to  their  numbers  but 
aci  ording  to  men's  searchings"  has  held  good  in  Ohio.  There  are  just  as 
many  objects — although,  perhaps,  fewer  mounds — elsewhere  in  the  Ohio 
\alley. 

If  asked  to  outline  a  course  of  reading  for  students  I  would  answer  that 
every  work  of  importance,  every  society  publication,  every  museimi  report, 
not  confined  to  the  Southwest  or  the  Pacific  Coast  has  something  to  say  re- 
garding the  Ohio  \'alley.  A  complete  list  would  fill  many  pages.  I  can 
only  refer  readers  to  a  few  of  the  standard  works  : 


The  (Hiio   \iilk\-. 


H81 


Rt'))orts  of  the  Ohio  State  Archicologiciil  ainl  Historical  Soi-ii-ty 

l'eal)i)(ly  Muscvim  reports. 

Field  Columbian  Museum  reports. 

Smithsonian  and  Bureau  of  I'Uhnolojjfy  reports 

Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History  iiml  W'esteiii    Ke-iervc  llislorical  Society  rcpoil-. 

Introdui'tion  to  the  Stu<lv  of  Anicric:in  .Arcli.i'  iloKv,  Cvrus  'riioriias. 

The  Mount!  lUiililers,  J.  P.  McLean. 

Stone  Art  and  Notes  on  Ohio  Arcliicolovfy.  ("leranl  ImiwUc. 

Report  on  Ohio  Anlueoloj^y  lin  press),  (ierarrl  I'-owke. 

I'reiiistoric  America.  Marcpiis  de  N'adaiUac. 

Madisnnville  ICxplorations.  Dr.  C.  L.  Metz. 

Files  of  the  American  Anti(|uarian. 

American  Anthropolojjist  and  American  Naturalist. 

Popular  Science  Monthly.  Popular  Science  and  Science. 

Primitive  .M.in  in  Oliin.  and  I'ort  Ancient  ;  Moorcheail 

111  the  Smithsonian  reports  and  those  ol  the  Bureau  of  I",thii"'.ii).;v  and  I'ealiody  .Museum 
are  liiund  valuable  ])apers  by  the  well  known  authorities  Iloiuies  Putnam.  Wilson.  Smith. 
Rend,  'riiomas,  I'owke.  -Snvcler  and  others. 

'I'he  Arch;eoloi;ist  of  '()3  i)() ;  the  American  A.idueoloKist  of  1)7  oS  contain  several  score 
of  articles  treating  of  Ohio  Valley  discoveries,  tvpes  of  specimens,  etc. 

The  jierusal  ot  one-tenth  of  this  literature  will  j^ive  readers  a  cumprelieiisive  hKm  ol  ()hiii 
\'alley   Arclia'olojjy. 


Tlu'  Oliiii  \';illc\-  section  can  l)c  littlr  nunc  tli.m  an  illnstr.itnl  cataldi^nc. 
'I'lic  otlicr  section-    >i  tlu;  book  liaw  occiipieil  iiioru  space  than  was  t\|)(i  tcil, 
but  tlu'y  liavi-  alsn  ( f)\eiO(l  tlic  common  forms  and  types  and  I  shall  endeaxur 
to  omit  such  dt'scriptions  ,is  would   diiplii-ate   what    has  airead}'  \)vc\\  said- 
and  liettcf  said  than  I  could  say  it  —  about  the  otliei  re^'ions. 

I'll'HS 


I'lR-  -474.      S.   I  4. 

I'iij.  47)  ])resents  a  group  of  characteristic  pi])es.  No  i.  an  elligy  with  curved  base. 
This  is  of  the  same  type  as  found  by  Scpiier  and  Davis  in  such  large  numbers  at  Mound  Citv. 
Ross  County,  Ohio.  No.  2  and  N<i.  4,  monitor  or  platform  pipes,  common  througluuit  the 
Ohio  Valley.  No.  3.  a  pii)e  with  curved  base  The  specimen  is  rarely  found  save  in  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  and  West  N'irginia,  and  it  is  not  common  there.  No.  5  and  No.  o  ordinary  I,- 
shaped  pipes  having  stems  exhibiting  various  angles.  No.  7  and  No.  10  are  manifestly  mod- 
ern. No.  I)  is  the  disk  pipe  referred  to  by  Mr.  McGuire  as  modern.  I  am  of  the  opinion 
that  some  of  these  disk  pipes  may  be  ancient,  but  doubtless  many  of  them  are  modern. 
No.  II  is  often  found  in  Illinois  and  West  Virginia  and  in  ine  South. 


I'l; 


'V't 

m 


in 


^32 


.  IliX'historic  Iiuplemciits. 


fc^. 


I*'ig-  475 


N'f).  475  represents  one  of  the  finest  efligies  from  the  Ohio  Valley.  It  was  found  in  the 
altar  of  the  Klhgy  Mound  of  the  Hopewell  group  by  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  sur- 
vey in  '^i;'-.  A  full  account  of  the  finding  of  copper,  obsidian,  mica,  meteoric  iron,  pearl 
beads,  etc.,  was  published  as  a  serial  in  the  American  Archa'ologist  of  '97  gS,  This  jiipe 
represents  a  wood-duck  on  the  back  of  a  fish.  Material,  graphite  s'late.  It  presents  as  liigh 
a  type  of  art  as  the  Mound-builders  attained. 


I ' 


1  1 

i' 

S.  2-3. 

I'ig.  47(1,  a  group  of  peculiar  cylinder  or  tulnilar  pijies  (from  an  ancient  burial-ground 
near  Wilhinglibv,  Ohio,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie.  These  pipes  are  found  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence Basin  more  than  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  doubtless  it  would|have  been  more  propi-'i-  to 
have  introduced  them  in  that  section.  The  mask  to  the  right  is  interesting,  although  it  may 
be  mo'lern  as  the  chin  is  ornamented  with  a  cross. 


The  Ohio    Vnllcv 


•J  o  o 
O')0 


Fig.  477  is  a  peculiar  stone  pipe  found  in  tiie  prehistorii.- 
cemetery  at  Madisonville,  Ohio. 


/ 


S.  i-i. 


n  the 
1  sur- 
jiearl 
>  pil'e 
liigh 


Fig.  47S.     A  common   Ohio  Valley  form. 
Material,  .sandstone. 


-^^-.tti    ^-*^^-^ 


S.  i-i. 


'■"'.It.  479  I'rotn  the  collecticjii  >>i 
l>r.  Cavey,  West  Alexandria.  Ohio. 
Very  sin,i(ular  sjieciinen  of  samlstoiie 
(Jnite  rude.  Possibly  an  unfinished 
pipe.  While  tliere  are  some  evidences 
of  use,  yet  it  is  possible  that  the  owner 
may  have  intended  to  coinpltte  it  at 
some  future  date. 


S.  I  2. 


)und 
yaw- 
iv  to 
may 


Fig.  4S0.     A  pot-shaped  pipe  of  stone  from  Illinois. 


S.  I-I. 


m 


r 


1 

1 

::|:'  ■ 

k'l 

\U 

I. 

1; 

;■ 


|i 


!i 


1 ' 

01 

334 


I'rc'historic  lnij)k'nicnts. 


Fig.  4S1.     An   ertijjy  pipe  in   ihe  possession  of  Thos.   H 
Tipton.    Williamsport,    Ohio,     Tiie   cut,    unfortunately,   iloe^ 
the  object  an  injustice.     The  sculjiture  is  of  an  animal,  pei 
haps  a  bear.     Found  in  Pickaway  Co. 


S.  1-3. 


Fiij  4S2.     S.  1-2. 

Fiij    4^2  slidW^  tlu'et'  jii pes  from   the  colleclinii   of   Mr.  H     S.  IlnrHiut't.  l.ihvr  y\ille,  11! 
The  one  to  tlie  riglit  is  doubtless  a  modern  form  asit  has  that  appearance.     Tliecciiiral  one  is 

'  '■ "  ■•'•'■■■• on  in  Canada  and  the  St.  Lawrence  reginn,  b>n  i:ot  infretpiei  tly 

'  le,  egg  shape<l.     Its  peculiMr- 


ine  (if  tile  small  cllii.ics  coniin 

found  in  the  Oiiio  \'alU'\  .     The  one  to  the  left  is  an  ordinary  ;)i 
ity  lie-  in  this  fact,  tl  ,il  n  is  gruoved  around  tlie  center. 


ife■:■'■^i€ 


k. 


iA  ■     -**..! 


Fii 


Fig.   pv     S    2  7.  l"ig.   p4.     S.  I  2. 

ig  4-3  is  ,m  elVigy  pipe  ol  sandstone  lomiil  at  \Va\  uesville.  Ohui.  1;  poitiay>.i  IK'K 
and  is  well  made.  Original  wciglis  live  po\inds.  Many  fmespeciinens  have  been  taken  Irom 
graves  in  gravel  knolls.  I  have  always  thought  tlial  gravel  knolls  or  glacial  kanie  l)uri.ils 
represented  a  dilTerent  tribe  Irom  those  of  the  mounds. 

I'ig.  4>4  IS  a  bird  pijie  from    Ross  County,  Ohio.      Material,  fine  grained  sandstone,      At 
firNt  glance  this  pi])e  has  the  apjiearance  of  a  niastmlon. 


Tlw  Ohio   Vnllcv. 


;85 


S.  al)<i\il  I-  i. 


'  C-'C'il/C     *^      <^4^-a.<cCje-  cL.^'~-iAj-v\ 


'""'K-  4^5  Silk-  view  ui  llie  biiil  ami  truj);  pipe-i,  Mooifhcail  I'olk'ition.  ()hii>  Slate  I'm- 
viTsity  Museum      'I'liey  are  shown  smaller  in  this  than  in  tlie  front  views 

I  am  in(lel)te<l  to  the  Ohio  State  Arehaolojjieal  and  Historical  Society  for  the  loan  o| 
these  and  other  cuts 


('i)ri'KK  AM)  Mica  Oiiji.cTs 

TliL'sr  ari'  irc'(]iR'iitl\  loiiml  in  tin;  Oliin  \'allt}.  and  as  tlic  |  latcs,  .ixts, 
bracelets,  etc  ,  have  been  illustrated  in  I'ifi.  61  and  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
section,  I  will  only  present  li(,'uics  of  two  ionns  of  cofiper  ear  ornaments  or 
"  ceremonial  bnttons  " 


Fig.  .jSfi  was  found  in  Illinois  by  1),  J.  I". 
Snyder,  and  described  by  him  in  the  American 
Arcli;e  jlojjist.  It  is  a  jjlain  ear  or  hand  ornament, 
very  common  throughout  the  Ohio  and  I'liper 
Mississippi  Valleys  It  is  alnKJSt  exclusively  found 
in  the  mounds.  Three  or  four  thousand  <>t  them 
were  taken  out  of  the  Hopewell  mounds. 


S.  i-i. 


33H 


/ Vt'/j is t otic  Im])lcincn t s. 


1 


[  tai-y 


\  i 


I'i! 


;  H; 
I'. 

;!" 

•  .I 

■  :i  I 
,  I    , 


it 


Fig.  4S7.  This  is  an  embossed  ear  orna- 
ment and  shows  repousse  work.  Dr.  Wilson 
has  described  it  in  The  Swastika,  Prehistoric 
Art,  etc.  Found  in  Kffigy  Mound,  Hopewell 
group. 


Sheet  copper  cut  in  various  designs  and  sometimes  ornamented  witli 
stamped  patterns  was  considere<i  modern  bv  many  archa-ologists.  I'rul 
Cushiiig,  Mr.  Moore,  Frof.  I'litnam,  Mr.  WillouKdiLy,  etc..  liave  contended, 
in  various  publications,  that  if  is  pre-Cohmibian.  Mr.  Mnore  had  numermis 
analyses  made  and  proved  that  there  is  a  difference  between  commercial 
copper  of  two  or  three  hundred  3'ears  as;o  and  prehistoric  copper.  His  c  ci- 
chisions  have  been  generally  accepted.  The  mound  copp.'r  is  alv)riginal  and 
not  of  white  mans'  make. 

Insckiuko  SroNKs 


'^^^^ 


Vi   /I  *     .A 


^-y.'  . 


'I'iiese  two  arc  troiii 
an  ancient  village  site  on 
Faint  Creek,  Ross 
County,  near  Bourne- 
ville,  Ohio,  and  havf 
typical  Indian  picto- 
graphs  upon  them.  Mr 
A.  B.  Coover,  of  Roxa- 
bell.  O..  found  them.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the 
character  of  the  inscrip- 
tions is  entirely  diflferent 


Fig.  488.     S.  i-i. 


The  Ohio    Viillcv. 


337 


from  that  found  upon  the 
so  called  "genuine  in- 
scribed'ablets."  In  fact, 
no  j;enuine  hieroglyphics 
liave  been  found  north 
I  if  Mexico,  although  some 
very  stran.ne  records  and 
figures  almost  approch- 
ing  an  alphabetical 
stage  have  been  discov- 
ered on  stones,  hides, 
bark,  etc.,  on  the  Plains 
and  el.'-ewhere. 


V      \ 


ig.   4"  I       ^^-   I-I. 


I'UMMI/rs. 

Plummets  or  pcnil. un>   arc   very  common  tliroiuhoiii  this  section.      l^ut 
such  tonus  as  are  sliouii  are  rather  rare. 


!'   i 


I'ig.  4 


()f  hematite  and  unusua'lv 
fine.  It  was  found  in  South- 
ern  Illinoi-,. 


iMg.  4'ii  is  perforated, 
a  rather  rare  feature  in 
plummets.  It  was  found 
south  ot  Dayton,  (Miio. 
The  Minkley  Collection. 


Fig.  4tji.     S.  i-i. 


i'  i   I 


;  t 


I 


i 


r    1 


if' 


,  li: 


u 


33^ 


Prehistoric  Im])lctucnts. 


A  very  fine  jjendant  or  charm  stone,  as 
Or.  Yates  calls  them,  from  the  Scioto  Val- 
ley. It  is  made  of  granite.  This  kind  is 
found  in  mounds. 


Kig.  4')2-     S.  i-i. 


Dr.  Yates  has  presented  illustrations  of  several  common  pendants  in  his  section.     Figs. 
380-1  might  well  stand  for  Illinois  and  Ohio  types. 


Tool  Sharpeneus"  of  Sandstone. 


L 


The  three  specimens  illustrated  in  Fig.  493  are 
from  the  collection  of  Mr.  Clias.  Wertz,  Portsmouth, 
Ohio.  Tile  use  of  these  tools  has  been  referred  to  in 
several  places  in  this  book.  The  lower  specimen  in 
the  figure  i=  (juite  remarkable  in  that  it  shows  long 
and  continued  use  having  many  grooves  on  all  sides. 


Fig.  4.J3.     S.  1-2. 


Biun  Stones,   Etc. 

A  f^reat  many  interesting  bird  or  saddle  shaped  stones  are  found  in  this 
section.  I  have  covered  the  field  in  my  Bulletin,  The  l^ird-stone  Ceremo- 
nial, and  need  only  call  attention  to  one  or  two  types  here. 


The  Ohio    Vnllcv 


889 


;,    as 

Val. 

id  is 


^igs. 


Fi!<.  4'U-     «■  i-i- 

This  is  the  more  common  form.  It  is  from  northern  Indiana,  collection  of  Mr.  (inihlke. 
It  is  the  plain  saddle  form  without  ear  jirojections,  ar.d.  so  far  as  we  know,  was  worn  upon 
the  head  of  women  about  to  he  married. 


\     I 


;  are 
>uth, 
o  in 
;n  in 
long 
des. 


his 

nn- 


Fig.  41)5.     S.  i-i. 

Fig.  4()5  is  from  western  New  York,  and  presents  a  liigiily  dcvel()i)ed  bird  form.  Tliese 
elligies  are  very  peculiar  The  single  ear-like  projections  on  each  side  of  the  head  make 
them  api>ear  less  bird-like,  yet  the  broad  tail,  the  neck  i;nd  liie  slender  bill  lead  us  to  class 
them  as  bird  stones. 


m 


% 


;-540 


I'rcliistftric  huplciiiciits. 


V\^  4'i'.  is  tiikt  n  I'l'dni  tlu'  laic  I'rot'. 
CiishiiiK'.s  pi-ool'-slKfts  i.t'  The  Calumet, 
etc.,  silently  to  be  ptihlislied  hy  the 
Hureaii  nl  Ivthnnlojjy.  Cushing  believed 
tliat  nianv  of  ihe  si>-ealled  ornaments  i<\ 
(-■en  moiiials  were  used  as  bases  on  whieli 
to  mount  small  el'ligies. 

I  a.nree  with  some  ot'  the  areh;eolo- 
sists  in  that  bird-stones,  sueh  as  V'\^. 
.\n-.  were  not  worn  by  Wfimen  but  were 
tied  by  .Shamans  on  bundles  of  arrows 
or  other  ])ersonal  property  to  brinj^luek. 
suetess,  etc. 


K-  4'*''.     S.  2  !. 


■ig.  -lo;.     S.  i-i. 

An  unknown  elli,w;y  f,-,,ni  northern  Indiana.     <  ".ruhlke's  collection.     It  > 
bird-shajied. 


mnre  turtle  thai 


K 


The  (Hiin   \;ilk-v. 


341 


Fig.  49S.     S.  i-i. 

I'^iK.  49'>  presents  a  rcniarkab'.e  bird  stone  ov  ct'liijy.  to  the  riglit  nf  which  is  an  axe,  ami 
ti)  the  left  a  perforated  eerenionial.  ThisetViiry  has  nobodyand  is  doubtless  a  connecting  link 
between  a  general  elligy  tvpe  and  the  bird  or  saddle  foi  ni  proper. 


.\  bird  in   lione.     Found  in   the  ct'ligy 
niiiund  of  the  Hopewell  group 


I"ig.  4i)(i.     S.  i-i. 


!■} 


•M2 


I'rchistoric  Iiiipk-tuvms. 


I'hSTI.tS. 

These  arc  very  cotniiioii  tliroiiglioiit  the  Oliio  S'alley.  The  Unv^  roller 
form  is  not  as  often  found  as  thi'  bell-shaped.  Fifj.  6S  fpaf(e  63;  represents 
the  more  artistic  form  of  pestles.  Althongh  foinid  in  Minnesota  it  will  stand 
for  the  Ohio  \alley  type, 

Some  very  fine  l)ell-shapi:(l  pestles  are  p'jjished  and  have  a  rinfj  or  knob 
at  the  top.  I  have  seen  as  line  ones  as  are  found  in  Alaska  or  Uritish  Col- 
umbia. 


.'<<] 


-':;:!» 


i 

.  .1: 

m 


Ki;<.  5(iij.     S.  1-2. 

I'ig.  ?oo  shows  two  iiiti'resting  spucimuiis,  niiu  ol'  which  is  tiiuisitally  short  while  the 
otbLT  is  made  I'loin  a  slojiiiii:  stone.  I'estlrs  like  the  larj<e  one  are  often  found.  They  can 
be  use<l  more  conveniently  than  the  svninietrieal  forms.  I  liave  seen  scores  which  had  been 
so  loni;  in  use  that  the  side  was  worn  away  an  inch  or  more.  I'estles  are  of  all  shajies,  sizes 
and  materials.  Sandstones  i)redoniinate,  but  limestones,  granites,  etc.,  were  used  S.  H. 
Kinklev's  collection,  Ale.\andersville.  Ohio. 


I'lONK    .\.N|i    SlIKLl.    Ol'.JllCTS. 


I'. 


m 


Tiiesc  are  ipiite  common  in  mounds,  ,i,M\ives,  and  u])()n  the  villaf,'e  sites. 
All  the  streams  abounded  with  larf.;i'  imios,  an  important  article  of  food  here 
as  elsewhere.  The  heavier  shells  were  perforated  and  used  as  hoes.  Sea 
shells  and  fresh  water  shells  were  ronunonly  cut  into  disks,  made  into 
beads,   etc. 


riw  Ohio    Vnlhv 


;m;5 


s  w  rt 

3 


>   'd 


—    u 
o 

B 
C 


o   c 


a  ~ 


tc   o 


u    l;    S 

1) 


ft      "      «    Z- 


J''    s 


/, 


t/. 


•/. 


•J    ~    a  -r. 


ii    c    c  — 
b:    n    s    ■" 


M  „  ■-  ^ 


yj 


■  0 


;  i 

•ii 

i  1 

.    't'"l 

:if. 

! 

1 

|,   ,. 

M!' 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

m 

844 


I'rcliistoric  IinplciiiciiL^. 


'•"is    5' 


S.  1-1. 


Fi<.  ?''2  was  foiuul  in  a  v;i"ivij1  pit  alimjisi.lf  m   a  skeleton  near  KlmUoii,  Oiiio,  and  1>l- 
lonyjs  to  l)r.  Jesse  Siioiljjjrass  of  tliat  place.     Tile  I'.iiv.ni;  rei  resents  a  bear. 

I''ii;.  ?o',  is  from  tlie  cdlltL- 
tion  III'  James  I'illais  I.niui, 
Ohio.  It  was  found  in  a 
mound,  Mercer  (.'o..  <  iliio. 
'I'heie  are  tliree  perforations. 
Botli  it  and  l"iK'.  ?"2  are  cut 
from  lar^e  unio  slu  lis.  .\li. 
John  X.  Hodjvin.  of  Riclini'iiid, 
Iiid..  writes  that  he  lound 
some  fifletn  or  twenty  slid: 
ornaments  like  tins  one  in  a 
urave. 


I-':.U-  ?'M.  S.   i-i.     This  is  a  sliell  hairpin.     They  are    not    found    in   Ohio  or 
Indiana,  but  occasionally  in  Illinois  and  Kentud  ■ 


Thv  Ohio  Vulk'v. 


:U5 


Flint  hii'LKNrENTs. 


1)L- 


There  is  no  end  to  the  multitude  of  Hint  weapons  and  tools  found  in  the 
Ohio  valley.  Famous  Flint  Kidfje  furnished  material  from  thepitsof  its<]iiar- 
ries  for  millions  of  points  and  knives.  I  have  heard  observers  say  that  the  ^reat 
(|uarries  of  two  or  three  localities  abroad  and  of  Illinois  and  Indian  Territory 
are  more  extensive.  I  have  never  visited  them.  I  cannot  inia;.;ine  how  that  the 
(piarries  of  Flint  Kidfj[e  are  excelled  either  in  the  number  of  pits  or  the  amount 
of  work  done  there.  There  are  i,  lOO  pits  at  I'Mint  Ri(lf,'e,  covering  a  re>,'i()!i 
some  six  or  seven  miles  in  length.  The  debris  from  the  <iuarry  working;  and 
chipping  is  so  thick  in  places  that  there  is  more  tlint  than  earth,  and  I  havi- 
heard  a  plow  share  jingle  and  ring  as  though  one  drew  a  piece  i>f  metal 
through  a  mass  of  coins.  The  majority  of  the  specimens  illustrated  in  all 
the  reports  treating  of  western  New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania,  West 
\'irginia,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Illinois,  Indiana  and  southern  Michigan  are  made 
of  I'-lint  Ridge  stone. 

Flint  Ridge  is  worthy  of  a  visit  even  if  an  archaologist  has  to  travel  ^oo 
miles  to  get  there. 

All  of  Dr.  Wilson's  classifications  except  the  slender  types  of  the  I'aritic 
Coast,  and  the  peculiar  "  square-barbed  "  of  Class  I),  the  polished  slate 
points  and  possibly  Class  E,  are  found  in  the  Ohio  N'alley.  Semi  lunar 
knives  and  one  or  two  other  subdivisions  may  not  be  found.  I  have  seen  oiu- 
or  two  semi-lunar  knives  but  not  enough  to  say  that  they  are  present  as  a 
class.  It  is  a  sweeping  assertion,  but  I  think  a  true  one.  All  the  ctlur 
forms  of  knives  occur  in  great  numbers. 


No.  I. 


No.  3. 


\   »•>   T    1-^1 


No.  2. 


No.  4. 


Fig.  505.     S.  1-2. 


Fig.  505  shows  four  of  the  rarest  knives.  No.  i  is  a  long  sickle-like  point  almost  like  the 
Tennessee  form,  but  inferior.  No.  2  is  stjuarecl  at  the  corners  like  Dr.  Steiner's  specimens. 
No.  3  would  pass  for  his  razor-blade  type,  and  No.  4  is  a  handled  knife. 


;l«l!  h 


1 

V  'f 

(i     1 

''ill 

^  !»ia 

m 

I 

1  ^ 

' ' 

'      r'<!lJ 


./•I  I 
I,':)" 


B\ 

i;:M 
II  .1! 

ill!  ' 


!,    I 


34  f. 


I'rchis  tor  if  hiiftlctucn  t  s. 


I'ig.  506  is  a  very  interesting  knife  fiom  Mr.  J.  A.  Har- 
ris's collection,  Stryker,  Ohio,  of  i  ar  Flint  Ridge  chal- 
cedony. The  top  or  head  is  rounder',  ;,,,:  from  the  niiildle 
the  edges  are  run  straight  to  the  point. 


Kig.  iui' 


^.  1-2. 


'{"he  iiva'  knife  nIiowii  in 
I'ig.  507  is  a  very  common 
form,  'riu'  lower  specimen 
is  more  interesting.  'IMiis 
knife  appears  to  have  been 
used  i'lV  a  long  lime,  until  it 
was  consiileralily  worn  down. 
It  was  a  very  convenient  tool 
and  could  be  used  as  a  scraper 
or  as  a  cutting  knife.  Notched 
knives  are  fiecpiently  foun<i. 
but  ne>er  finer  than  I'igs. 
511,'i-ii.  I'ink'icy  Collection, 
Monlgonicvv  t'oniitv.    Ohio. 


Fig  .  50S  and  5<mi.  These 
a'-  both  of  obsidian,  and 
.vere  taken  from  the  large 
altar  of  the  Krtigy  Mound, 
Hopewell  (iroup,  RossC^.,. 
nhio. 


i'lg.  ;uo.     h.  i-J 


The  Ohio    Vnllcy 


;J47 


i"ii(.  510      ^    '■'• 


34^ 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


Fig.  510  shows  a  typical  oval  knife  and  long  spear-head  and  a  very  beautiful  black  flint 
arrow-head  with  two  white  bands  through  the  stone  It  will  be  seen  in  the  spear-head  that 
the  sides  are  straight  tor  some  distance  and  then  gradually  converge  to  a  point.  These  three 
beautiful  specimens  are  from  Mr.  S.  H.  Binkley's  collection,  of  Alexandersville.  Ohio. 


Fig.  511      S.  i-i. 


Willi  rounded  jioint  is  to  the  left 
very  fine  specimen.  The  large 
feature. 


This  figure  is  repro- 
duced from  Mr.  S.  H. 
Binkley's  book.  The 
book  was  never  pub- 
lished. Mr.  Binklev  died 
at  the  age  of  no  years,  in 
March,  ii)o<).  For  many 
years  he  had  been  en- 
gaged in  preparing  an  il- 
lustrated work  confined 
to  a  description  of  his 
collection.  Mr.  Binklev 
made  all  his  own  draw- 
ings and  ]irinted  his  own 
text  by  hand  in  a  large 
blank  book.  It  took  him 
from  5  to  10  hours  to  com- 
plete one  page.  The  book 
reminds  one  of  the  old 
(ierman  hand-printed 
volumes,  and  it  is  no  ex- 
aggeration to  say  that  it 
is  one  of  the  finest  manu- 
scripts of  modern  times. 
Such  illustrations  as  I 
have  reproduced  from 
Mr.  Binkley's  drawings 
are  not  retouched  or  al- 
tered, but  the  engravers 
have  followed  his  copy 
exactly,  yet  they  scarcely 
do  him  justice,  Mr.  Bink- 
ley  deserves  more  credit 
wlien  it  is  borne  in  mind 
that  he  was  mure  than  7: 
years  of  age  when  lie  be- 
gan the  tedious  and  con- 
tinuous labor  necessaiy 
to  complete  the  manu- 
scrijit. 

At  the  upper  portion 
of  l^'ig.  511  are  shown 
two  antler  tips,  which 
were  used  as  arrow - 
or  spearheads.  A  drill 
of  the  two  bone  objects.  The  arrow-head  in  the  center  is  a 
drill  below  has  its  shoulders  turned  down,  an  uncommon 


Tn 


The  Ohio   Vnlk^ 


84P 


Fig.   5H.     A  large  rotary  sptar    head 
(10)    and  5  kinds   of  scrapers.     These  are 


all   from   Illinois.     I 
W.  ].  Seever  for  the 


air.    indebted   to  Mr. 
loan  of  this  cut. 


I 


FT 


I . 


Ini 


I 


i  ■;<;<} 

;•:: 


m 


M  0 


325 


350 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


The  ujiper  jwrtion  of  a  large  ob- 
sidian spear-head  fi)und  in  one  of  the 
ahirs  of  the  Kttigy  mound.  Hopewell 
(irouji.  While  the  material  is  from 
Yellowstone  Park,  or  the  quarries  of 
the  Southern  Rockies,  the  form  is 
very  like  that  observed  in  a  few  largo 
barbed  spears  of  the  Ohio  valley. 
There  is  a  spear  at  HainbridKe.  Ohio, 
of  Arkansas  pink  ((uartz,  17  inches 
in  length. 


V.,\(iiv\\V 


I'ig-  513-     «•  I-2. 


I'^ig   515-     S.  1-3 
F.leven   ()l)iects  from  the  collection  ol   Mr.   Leslie  W.  Hills,    Fort  W.-iyne,  Ind.     These 
will  be  readily  understood  by  collectors  and   I   need  ncjt  riniark  ui)on  them.     They  were  all 
*'ound  \v  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Oliio 


rii 


TT 


The  Ohio  Vulkv 


351 


A  very  large  rotary  spear-head  from  Klkton,  Ciles  Co., 
Tenn.  (Ju'fe  a  number  of  these  finer  spear  and  lance-lieads 
have  roundeJ  tops,  and  sometimes  the  top  is  smooth  as  if  it  had 
been  iiolished.  Wliether  this  polish  is  due  to  the  fastening,  or 
was  given  intenti')nallv,  I  do  not  know.  It  has  the  same  appear- 
ance as  the  iK)ii.-,h  on  the  ends  of  Hint  celts,  hoes,  etc.  One  may 
well  consider  it  as  intentionally  produced. 


I 


Fig.  514.     S.  i-i. 


li!-^ 


1  >  '  .' 


1  ; 
t 

■:i! 

'  i 
-  1 

1 

;    ■ 

i 

5.;' 


352  Prehistoric  Implements. 

Ornaments,  Ceremonials  and  Unknown  Objects. 
These  are  found  in  great  numbers  in  the  Ohio  Valley  and  present  inul 


titudinous  forms. 
(I 


Fig.  5if).     S.  nearly  1-4. 

Fig.  316  shows  II  specimens  from  Professor  \V.  O.  Emery's  collection, 
Crawfonisville,  Indiana.  These  were  found  in  various  portions  of  Ohio,  In- 
diana and  Michigan.  If  we  deal  with  facts  absolutely  we  cannot  tell  for 
what  purpose  these  1  i  specimens  were  used.  It  is  a  typical  group.  All  are 
rather  unusual  forms  of  the  "banner,"  "  crescent,"  etc.  Some  are  unitjue. 
I  cannot  name  them.      The  materials  are  slate  of  various  shades. 

a.  Heart  sliaped  eeremonial  of  banded  slate,  sniootli  finish,  perforation  through  center. 
The  extreme  length  4  inches.     Montgomery  County,  Indiana. 

/'.     I'endant  of  banded  slate  5)^  inches  lonjc.     Coshocton  County,  Ohio. 

( .  Crescent  of  banded  slate,  smooth  finish.  (Ireatest  dimension  fi  inclus.  Maximum 
thickness  1  inch  ;  gradually  becoming  thinner  at  the  end.     Montgomery  County.  Indiana. 

(/.  Double  grooved  pestle  of  dark  syenite,  finely  polished.  5  inches  long.  Putnam 
County,  Indiana.     Shows  no  sign  of  use. 

e.  Banner  stone  smooth  finish,  jierforated  through  center.  4*4  inches  long.  Mont- 
gomery County,  Indiana. 

/'.     Crescent,  perforated  through  center.     3%  inches  broad.     Montgomery  County,   In- 


diana 

A' 

Ohio. 

//. 

i. 

/• 


Peculiar  ceremonial,  dark  colored  slate  with  circular  perforation.     Morrow  County, 

Length  5  inches. 

"  Butterfly"  ceremonial,  banded  slate,  s'j  inches  long.     Montgomery  County,  Ohio. 

Pendant  of  slate  3,^  inches  long.    Morrow  County,  Ohio. 

Dark  cj)lored  slate  ceremonial,  grooved  about  the  ends  as  though  for  attaching  cord 
or  sinews.     5  inches  long,     ^iorrow  County,  Ohio. 

k.     "  Butterfly  "  ceremonial  of  banded  slate,  smoothly  finished,  perforated  from   both 
sides  but  not  <iuite  through.     Length  ?  inches,     Montgomery  County,  Indiana. 


m 


The  Ohio   Vnllcv 


'Sh'i 


Vig.  517.     S    I-3- 


Fig.  517  is  an  interesting  ornament  or 
pendant,  straight  at  one  end  and  rounded  uc 
the  other.  It  is  also  from  Prof.  Emery's 
collection.  Found  in  an  Indian  grave  near 
Crawfordsville.    Banded  slate,  i^  inch  thick. 


Fig.  51S,  a  magnificent  butterfly  ceremonial 
or  banner-stone,  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  W. 
C.  Mills.  Curator  of  the  Ohio  State  Archa'O- 
logical  and  Historical  Society  Museum,  Colum- 
bus. This  is  an  unusually  fine  specimen  and  is 
made  of  dark  slate.     Kno.xlCo.,  Ohio. 


I      i 


I'ig.  51S.     S    about  2-5. 


Fig.  519  is  of  blue  slate, 
striped.  Was  found  in  Ohio, 
but  is  now  of  Mr.  Hamilton's 
collection.. Two  Rivers.  Wis- 
consin. Originally.iii  Moore- 
head  Col 


Fig.  5i().     S.  I 


Fig.   s-:\   'f'  "   pointed    ornament  of  banded 
slate  from  southern  Ohio. 


Fig.  523.     S    1-4. 


f!ir 


;!r)i 


I'n'historiv  Iniplctiiriits. 


:l 


■  I'M 


'n.i 


•■A 


:,J 


I'ig  520  is  a  typical  ornament  with  square  corners,  taken 
out  of  a  grave  in  Kanawha  Valley.  West  Va.  Cut  from  Stone 
Art;  flerard  I'owke  ;   Bureau  of  Kthnology  Report,  'i)\  2. 


iMg.  520. 


Fig.  521  is  a  perforated  ornament  of  galena,  found  in  south- 
ern Ohio,  (la'ena  was  occasionally  made  into  ornaments  and 
ctremonials.  The  aborigines  never  discovered  its  smelting  prop 
erties  I  have  seen  ornaments,  etc.,  which  were  S5  per  cent.  j)ure 
lead,  the  crystals  showing  plainly  and  sometimes  bits  of  shining 
lead  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  Because  of  these  bright  bits  of 
lead  the  natives  selected  such  material.  Moreover,  galena  was 
heavier  than  stone  or  hematite. 


Fig.  521.     S.  2-3. 


The  Ohio   ViUlcv 


•6:)h 


Fijf.  522.  S.  1-4. 
Fifj.  ?22  shows  four  objects  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  (Jeorge  A.  KatzenherKer,  (rieeii- 
viile,  Ohio.  The  one  to  the  left  is  flattened  on  one  side,  concave  on  the  other,  and  orna- 
mented with  incised  lines.  The  next  is  an  eftigy  almost  approaching  the  bird  ceremonial 
tyiie.  At  the  extreme  right  is  a  small  effigy  of  dark  slate,  and  to  the  left  of  it  a  very  loiin 
flint  knife. 


i^i 


:en 
)ne 


Fig-  ?25  is  an  unfinished  cere 
monial.  It  shows  the  method  01 
manufacturing,  and  when  com 
pleted  might  have  been  one  ol 
several  forms.  It  appears  that  the 
stone  was  worked  down  quite 
thin  before  the  rims  were  cut  out 
It  was  found  in  Hancock  Couiilv 
Ohio. 


Fig.  526  jiresents  two  very  interesting 
specimens  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  Leslie  W. 
Hills,  Fort  Wayne.  Ind.  These  are  both  of 
slate  and  were  found  in  Indiana.  It  is  sug- 
gested that  the  perforated  crescents  were  worn 
upon  the  head  in  imitation  of  horns.  This 
theory  may  be  correct. 


Fig.  526.     S.  1-2. 


(;  ■  : 


;^5ri 


I'rvhistDric  Iiii])k'niviits. 


y — ^., 


:];•)• 


: 


\'\^.  ?24.     S..  about  2-T  for  crescL-nt,  and  i  4  for  others. 

'I'liesc  four  siiecinitiis  were  found  in  Clark  County,  Indiana.  The  collection  of  I)r.  \V. 
I-'.  Work.  Xo  I  is  made  of  ^reen  slate  slightly  banded,  an<l  is  very  ]ierfect  in  contoiir  and 
highly  jiolislied.     The  eoneaved  surface  below  will  tit  the  forehead  or  crown. 

No.  2  may  be  a  pipe  although  by  blowing  tlirough  the  larjje  end  a  I'jud  sound  is  pro- 
duced. It  is  about  4  inches  long  ;ind  I'j  inches  in  diameter.  The  hole  through  the  Ions; 
axis  is  half  an  inch  wide.  It  ta))ers  gradually  until  it  is  but  '4  of  an  inch  in  diameter  at 
the  distal  e.\trcniily.     Tlieu-  is  a  slight  attemtH  at  ornamentation. 

'I'hrough  No.  4  a  hole  '  >  inch  in  diameter  and  slightly  tajiering  ]iasse.s. 


Fig.   ?27.     C.  12.     S.  1-2. 

I'lg.  527  shows  four  interesting  specimens  from  Mr  H.  S.  Hurlbutt's  collection,  Liberty- 
ville,  111.  The  crescent  is  very  like  those  found  in  Canada  having  enlarged  ends.  The  four 
perforated  banner-stones  are  fairly  common  throughout  the  Ohio  \' alley. 

The  crescent  was  plowed  up  near  Fairdrill,  Wis. 

The  smaller  ceremonials  (end  ones)  were  found  in  Morrow  and  Ross  counties,  Ohio.  The 
•' banner-stone,"  a  surface  find,  McHenry  County,  111. 


i 


The  Ohio  Vnllcv 


S57 


\v. 

md 
)r<i- 


Kig.  523.     S.  i-i. 

I"i>j.  ?2S  presents  two  lariLCe  tube';  from  tlie  Hinkley  iallectii)n  Alexandeisville.  ()lii(i. 
'I'he  upper  one  luis  a  side  k'""^''"-  I'l*-'  lower  one  is  the  more  comiium  form,  liotli  are  of 
sandstone.  Many  theories  are  advaneed.  One  is  that  these  tidit's  were  used  by  medieine 
men  to  draw  the  evil  spirit  out  of  the  sick.  Another,  that  they  are  whistles,  because  thev 
will  emit  a  loud  noise  wlicn  projierly  blown.  Xothinj;  is  positively  known  as  to  their  use. 
The  ('ireat  .Miami  Valley,  wliere  Mr    Hinkley  lived  lonjj,  has  yielded  many  fine  specimens. 


rty- 
our 


The 


In  I'ijj.  530  1  present  a  drawing  o|  one  ot  these  tubes 
in  order  that  a  clearer  idea  may  be  had  of  the  form.  It  was 
found  in  Fayette  County,  Ohio. 


I*'iK.  53".     ^-  «-'• 


u  1.  i. 


t 


i  >i 


:j;:i 


'^^? 


•y-ii 
I 
t 


i:  ! 


■'   *, 


368 


Prvhisttiric  Imfilctiwiits. 


t.su 


Istf 


/■I  »»t 


*<4 


ft  J 


"7 


'f,uf  at" 

I'lK-  5-i»      !^.  about  i-i. 
Fig.  520  is  a  Rroiip  of  tlattened  or  jjrooved  tubes  or  UiVfiv  stone  beads  from  the  collection 
at  Columbus.  Ohio,  owned  jointly  by  tlie  >itate  Historical  Society  and  the  I'niversity.    They 
are  mostly  of  banded  slate. 

Cakvkd  Sandstonk  "Spools." 
The  use  of  these  is  absohitely  unknown.      They  are  found  in  consider- 
able numbers  in  the  Ohio  \'alley. 

In  l'"iJ,^  531  I  present  three  side  views  and  two  end  views  of  specimens 
in  the  collection  of  Mr.  J.  W.    Tweed,  Ripley,  Ohio. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  decorations. are  of  various  kinds,  but  the  designs 
or  lines  have  some  semblance  of  ref.'ularity. 

Ripley  is  on  the  Ohio    river  above  Cincinnati.      More    "spools"   come 
from  alouf^  the  Ohio  than  elsewhere. 


mi 

'Him 

ill! 


'^hm 


0J^ 


ithu^ 


J^^^H''  ■ 

^ 

^iS  -^ 

^0 

Itg. 

©^ 

9^ 

Fig.  531      S.  «■«• 


The   Ohio    V-ilk'V 


.150 


l"ig.  512.     S.  1-2. 

Three  olijeets  friini  the  collection  of  Mr.  Charles  Wertf.,  I'ortsmouth,  Ohio.     The  t nitrat 
iiic  IS  an  engiaved  "spool,"  while  on  either  side  are  rongh  sandstone  elli^;ies. 


Fig.  533.     S.  13. 

'■"'.I?-  533  is  a  cannel  coal  n-nament  found  in  a  gravel-pit,  alongside  of  a  skeleton,  near 
Lima,  Ohio,  and  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Ohio  State  University  at  Columbus.  Objects  of 
eannel  coal  are  seldom  found.     I'ound  by  Mr  James  IMlars 


■'?■  ?3I. 


I.J-- 


L 


¥] 


j:-,i 


I   f 


u 


n- 


3fiO 


I 're  his  t  oric  Implcnwnts . 


Celts  and  Axes. 


These  are  exreediiigly  common.  All  the  varieti'  >  described  elsewhere, 
save  {^ouf^e,  ad/c  and  double-bitted  are  found.  I  shall  only  illustrate  the  rare 
and  finest  forms.      Materials  ;   harder  stones.      Seldom  of  soft  stones. 

In  I'ig.  334  a  fjr^i'P  <J^  typical  celts  is  shown  from  the  Ohio  State 
Archiiolof^ical  and  Historical  Society  collection. 

Celts  are  oval,  S(|uare,  tlat  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the  other,  curved 
on  edf^e.  etc.  .\.\es  vary  from  rj  of  an  inch  to  i6  inches  in  length.  The 
largest  I  have  seen  weighed  20  lbs.  Nos.  1,  2  and  3  of  Mr.  Herlin's  divisions 
(page  227)  occur.  Chisels  and  short  celts,  broad  and  thick  celts,  etc.,— 
there  is  no  lack  of  them  !  Hematite  celts  are  not  rare  ;  stone  ones  more 
common  than  those  of  Hint.  Rude  notched  axes  are  seldom  found.  Types 
like  I'i^'s  I  in  459.  and  i  and  4  in  4(^)0  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  not  found. 
1  suppose  that  in  the  Columbus  Museum  there  art- at  least  J. 00c  axes  and  celts. 


FiK 


S.    I- 


'I'Wi 


vi'iv  l.iiv;^ 


(1  tiiic  ;i.\c's.   Oliiu  Si  (to   rinvfisl'.v  Collection.      1  am   ilHlel)te(l  to  the 


Ollio  .Stale  .Aielia-  >'.i(;;ieal  ail'l  Historical  .sneit-tv  lor  the  loan  of  tliese  ami  other  cuts. 
Koth  of  vfraiiitc  :   Warren  t'oiinty,  Ohio.     Moorelu-ail  collection. 


Collection  of  Mr.  \'    Sonovec,  St.   Louis.     The  smallest  grooveil 


I  lui 


seen       l-'oiind  in  Missouii.     Material,  j;raiiile. 


77/f  (thill    \;tlk\ 


•Mil 


re. 
ire 

itc 

ed 
he 
)ns 

are 
3es 
11(1. 

Its. 


'•'iR-  5.17.     ^-  ;it)init  1-4. 


I'lj;.  5;.7.  l)oul)lc  utoovod 
axe  fnini  Dallas  t'ity,  Illinois. 
Mr.  M  Tandy's  lolk'ftion. 
A  ili'cp.  naiTii.v  cut  is  in  tin- 
side  Inini  ti>]>  tn  rdye  A 
similar  eul  is  on  a  eeit  \n  the 
State  Mnse\)m  at  Columbus. 


I'ig.    ?.l'^.     Small   s(iuared   celt    from    Arkansas.       These   are   not    veiy 
common. 


l'"ii;.  ■;  (■'      .S    1   1 


the 


ived 


Axe  with  three  shallow  jjronves.  A  rare  spoiunen.  Kouml  in 
l'utii;im  c'ouiUy,  Inil.  The  s])eeinien  is  i;  inehe-;  loni>.  has  an  aver- 
age width  of  4  inches  and  a  maxiiniini  thickness  ol  i  inch  at  the 
^{rooved  end,  from  which  it  fjradnally  tapers  to  t  imli  at  t!ie  >  it  her 
end,  finally  terniinaliiiK  in  a  finely  wronRlit  cutting  ed^e  It  will 
be  seen  from  the  fiijure  that  the  upper  half  eai  ries  thicc  p;ro  .Vi  s. 
very  i)r<miinent  at  the  sides,  but  coisistini;  ,if  slijjht  de|)ressioiis  only 
across  the  faces.  The  to;)  is  holli)wed  or  ilejiresserl.  Tlu'  sides  are 
beautifully  rounded  a'ld  the  entire  surface  hi>{hly  polisheil.  The 
material  is  ferrui;inous  slate,  havinvc  a  hardness  of  i  •  1  on  a  scale  of 
tell.  The  specimen  is  dark  olive  in  color  I'or  what  purpose  were 
the  grooves  and  depressions  at  lop'  As  they  show  no  appreciable 
siRiis  of  wear,  it  would  seem  hardly  jn'obable  that  they  ever  serve<l 
to  fasten  the  object  to  a  handle,  on  the  contrary,  !  am  inclined  to 
think  that  'f,  in  fact,  it  represents  one  form  of  a  spade  it  must  have 
been  used  as  such  without  the  aid  of  a  h.indle.  that  is,  witli  tin- liamis 
alone.  The  form  and  size  rt.'iider  it  admirably  suited  to  such  use. 
I'rut.    Ivinery's  collection. 


II 


362 


/ Ve// is t  oric  Iinplviucn  t s . 


i 


Additional  Infokmation. 


Figs.  3  and  4  show  many  Ohio  specimens.  In  Mr.  Kat/.enl)erger's  collection  it  will  bt- 
f)bservecl  that  several  of  the  slate  objects  are  not  only  drilled  after  the  prevailing  custom,  but 
have  additional  holes  through  the  "wing.s."  I  cannot  understand  this  Flat  tablet-like 
stones  with  several  perforations  are  also  found.  Can  these  be  more  recent,  or  did  the  tribes 
about  Greenville  depart  from  prevailing  customs  ? 

Fig.  3,  p.  2o.     Collection  from  Fastern  Ohio. 

It.  Sculpture  of  wolf  ('■')  head  in  stone. 

/'.  Tyjies  of  ornaniunts.     Tlu'  fourth  one  to  the  right  is  rare 

< .  Typical  roller  pestle. 

(/.  Next  to  the  tube,  a  very  fine  drill.  (?) 

i\  Next  to  the  spi  ar.  aimlher  animal  elligy. 

/.  I'liiit  implements  of  good  workmanship. 

FIk.  I      !^-  14      (Iforge  Katzenberger's  collection.  ( Ireeiiville,  Ohio. 

./  In  the  center  .III  nnfinislifil  '  bnlterlly  ceremonial."  Karly  stage  in  tin-  •nanufact- 
lue.  A  thick  projojlion  is  left  in  tlic  center,  anil  through  this  the  perforation  W01...I  subse- 
i|nently  be  made 

/'.     Long  catliiiite  pipes,  modern,  on  either  si<le  of  the  unfinished  object. 

I  Near  the  edgi-  a  finished  "buttertly."  and  in  the  center  various  slate  objects,  disc, 
pipe.  etc. 

1/.  In  the  iniddli' a  grooved  and  i)crf(>raled  a.Kc  'I'he  ])erforatii'r  nuiv  Si  recent.  I 
have  seen  no  i>eifoiated  a.\es  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

(-/•.  Between  these  letters  are  several  interesting  objects.  Near  the  edge  ((i  is  a  flat 
ili-ic  witli  nine  peifur.itions.  Two  pestles  of  fine  form  are  shown.  A  rude  axe  is  ne.\t  to  the 
left  pestle. 

.:,■.  An  ornament  i',  very  concave  and  a  roller  pestle  A  common  axe  in  the  ieiit"f 
Helow  tile  roller  is  a  "  buttertly  "  hiiving  three  jierforalion!)  in  addition  to  the  usual  central 
one      .\rf  tliesi'  recent  ' 

//  A  common  ornament  and  a  llat  slate  object  with  foiii  holes.  In  the  middle  a  large 
a.\c  ol  iisnal  form. 

/,  Next  to  the  axe  irigtit  of  it)  a  very  large  tlint  knife  and  a  peculiar  curved  ceremonial 
Willi  two  holes.  Just  op|)osite  it  is  !i  ceremonial  with  short  wings  ami  an  unusually  lonjj 
body.     This  type  is  rare. 

/       A  curved,  slender  pebble  or  water-worn  stone  use(i    is  a  roller  pestle. 

I'roi.  !•'.  \V  I'utnam,  in  liis  Tennessee  exjilorations  i.i. my  years  ago  noted  these  strange 
grooved    "toiil   sharpeners"  such  as  I    have  illustrated  in  i'  g.  41)3.      1  (piote  his  remarks  * 

"  In  c"'"iection  with  these  polished  implements  of  stone,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  a  fr-ig- 
meiit  of  fill-  grained  sandst<ine  112,344),  seven  in  lies  long,  four  wide  and  two  thick,  which 
I  found  between  the  graves,  in  the  burial  mound  here  particularly  referred  to.  This  frag 
iiieiit  is  evidently  a  portion  of  a  sharjiening  and  |)olishing  stone  that  had  been  long  in  use, 
It^  opposite  surfaces  were  c(Uic.ive  and  were  worn  so  deep  b\  Ion;,;  use  that  thev  had  nearly 
come  together,  .'ind  to  this  fact  the  breakage  of  the  stone  at  this  jiarticular  point  was  due 
On  the  sides  and  in  the  large  c<incrivity  of  one  surface,  are  small  grooves  and  several  deeply 
cut  lines,  formed  by  rubbing  imiilements  of  dilTereiit  kindson  the  stone.  As  will  be  inferred. 
his  is  a  very  interesting  specimen,  illustrating  the  niellloil  of  polishing  stone  implements, 
and  with  the  three  rings,  probably  as  important  as  any  obtained  from  this  muund.  ' 


*I'",lev  eiitli  Kep.  I'eabodv  Miivcum,  ';.'<.      I',   \\\. 


l\A\ 


riw   Ohin    V.illcv. 


■M 


WroIc  lottery  is  rare  in  Oliio,  Indiana.  IC  istsrn  Pennsylvania  anil  Xorlhern  Keiitiaky 
I'raKmtnts  of  inferior  ware  strew  the  village  sites  and  are  frc(iuent  in  nioun  Is.  At  Mailison- 
viUe,  VVillouKhby,  Fort  Ancient,  I'ortsnjout  i  and  Aurora  some  entire  vessels  have  been 
found  in  ash  pits  of  lar^e  village  sites  and  occasionally  in  mounds.  HeninniuR  below 
Aurora  on  the  Ohio  the  pottery  j^radually  chanjjes  until,  at  the  mouth  of  tiie  Wal)asli.  \s'e 
tiiid  the  true  southern  forms 

I)ecorated  fragments  are  very  numerous.  A  few  line  jars— as  artistic  as  soutliein 
forms— were  e.xhumed  bv  Squier  and  I)avi'<  50  years  ago.  Hut  they  represented  an  ex'.ra- 
nrdinary  effort,  for  nioun<lbuilding  as  well  as  huntini;  i  ibes  in  Ohio  X'allcv  north  of  tlie 
Wabash  were  not  proticient  in  ceramic  art.     They  excelled  in  stone  and  ilint  working. 

A  in  l'"ig.  5  ipg.  21 1  will  stand  for  the  "Ixiwls  with  4  handles"  of  Madisonville  cemetery, Ohio, 
if  I'ig.  10  (pg  20)  were  not  of  coileil  ware  it  wou'hI  pass  for  a  plain  cooking  pot  of  the  us'.ial 
(>',iio  VaKev  type.  The  ordinary  dish  to  the  left  of  A  (i'lg.  =lis  also  found  in  the  Oliio 
Valley. 

Stone  bowls  and  sicatite  vessels  arc  rarely,  if  ever,  tnuiid  Hut  roughly  made  mortars 
•re  sometimes  found.  Cup-shaped  depressions  are  common  on  large  boulders  and  in  small 
sandstone  or  limestone  fragmiMits. 

Rude  tlint  celts  and  poli^liL-d  llint  cells,  turtle-backs,  ■paleolithic  impIeiiKiUs  and 
rough  llint  disc-i  or  what-not  in  all  stages  of  manufacture  are  fouml  in  great  numbers. 

(Jrooved  hammers  and  ma.iy  v  irieties  of  hammer  stones,  all  sorts  of  i)ecking,  grinding 
and  polishing  tools  exist  in  countless  numbers.     I  venture  to  assert  that    in   Licking,  fosh 
octon  and  Ross  Counties.  ( )hio,  and  about  Maysville.  Kentiicky,  and  Lawrcncebiiri;.  Iii<liana- 
a  wagon  load  of  tlicin  could  be  secured  in  a  few  days  at  each  <if  tile  |ilaces  named. 

In  the  descri])tioii  of  pijies  l"ig.  4-<c  (pg.  3;.51,  by  error  of  the  printers,  has  been  inserted 
upside  down 

It  will  be  seen  b\  the  illustrations  of  the  Ohio  N'alley  scciion  that  most  of  thcni  show  or- 
namental or  ceremonial  stones  of  some  description.  The  region  is  famous  for  its  ancient  art 
in  slate  and  granite.  In  other  sections  we  have  shown  typ.'S  not  found  in  this  region.  Hut 
It  will  'le  observed  that  there  are  a  great  many  more  forms  in  the  ( )hio  X'alley  than  aie  fiMuid 
olsesvhere.  The  range  of  types  and  subdivisions  of  tvpes  was  immense.  I  sujipose  that 
there  are  2?  large  collections  in  the  I'uited  States  which  contain  at  least  vooo  ornamental  or 
ceremoniil  stones  from  the  Ohio  \'allev.  Years  hence,  when  the  science  of  prehistoric 
archa-ologv  shall  have  sulliciently  advanceii,  scholars  will  be  able  to  sejiarate  all  of  these  mul 
titudinoiis  forms  into  their  jiropei  groutis,  ;  .id  to  say  that  tliisgrmip  stands  for  such  ai:d  such 
a  tribe  living  in  such  and  such  a  valley  ;  that  its  preseiue  outside  of  its  habitat  indicale-i 
.iboriginal  barter  or  coiiipiest,  etc.  We  are  able  even  at  this  early  date  •■  roughly  forecast 
the  more  accurate  and  complete  ilassificatioiis  of  the  future. 

To  me  the  most  interesting  part  of  ;ircliii'ology  is  work  111  the  lield,  ami  tlu-  com- 
parison of  the  remains  or  ail  forms  of  .  ,e  river  valley  with  those  01  another.  The  only  way 
to  obtain  a  correct  and  compreliensive  idea  of  the  arcliaology  of  a  valley  is  to  follow  the 
riain  stream  from  source  to  mouth.  This  must  be  done  personallv.  One  cannot  obtain  an 
adecpiate  idea  through  the  reports,  by  maps,  or  by  visiting  two  or  three  localities  on  tiie 
river.  I  have  always  tliouglit  that  the  most  satislactory  ito  mvselt)  work  that  I  ever  did  was 
the  lollowing  ol  the  .Muskingum,  ,Si  ioto  and  Kittle  .Miami  rivers  from  their  smallest  streams 
to  their  mouths.  It  one  desires  U>  biconie  really  proficient  in  field  work  ami  to 
understand  every  detail  which  it  is  [xissible  to  learn,  from  either  surface  seari  liiig  or  explora 
tioii,  this  is  his  method  of  jiroceilure.  The  coUi'ctor  and  the  superficial  student  will  lind  such 
.1  trip  of  neither  value  nor  interest.  .X  box  or  two  of  specinuiis  from  every  village  site  will 
not  only  show  all  the  materials  but  exhibit  the  gradual  change  of  tvpes.  how  that  one  site 
was  influenced  by  foreign  trade  and  another  w.is  not;  that  one  was  cultured,  whereas  one 
near  bv  was  just  the  opposite,  etc.  The  slightest  ditVerencts  in  pottery,  flint  implements, 
etc,,  will  be  noted  ami  conclusions  reached  accordingly.     This,   briefly,    is  /<(//  arcli.iologv. 


I 


!?  ''  ■!  • 


:i        1 


X^ 


h  ) 


'     i  •  a' 
I      if  if 


\\>       I 


Si:CTI()N   MI. 

TiiK  Sin'iii. 

Dk.  K(»i.an!>  Sieini;u.  (irovttown,  (i;i 
(l)r     Stc'iner  lOiiHnes   his   remarks   to  Cieori^ia,  sol  have   iiiters|).Mst''l 
tlir(tii}.^h  tliis  papi-r  observations  and  illustrations  dealing  with  the  South  as  a 
whole— W.  K.   M.l 


Georgia  is  now  called  the  Minpire  State  ol  tlu;  South.  It  appears  to 
have  always  hecn  an  Empire  State.  It  was  an  ICmpire  State  before  its  dis- 
covery, when  it  was  occupied  by  the  Indians. 

The  Appalachian    chain  of   moimtains  touches  only  its  northern  tier  ot 
counties.      Many  rivers  run  through  its  longest  a.\is  N.  W.  to  S.  !•-.,  ;Koduc- 
lUfi  rich  an<l  fertile  valle\s,  covered  with   dense  woods  of  a  varied  character 
These  rivers,  valleys   and  sprin^js    ronde?ed    it    a    veritable   paradise    for  the 
Ik. .iter  and  fisher.      W'hei',  the  occupant  was  a  savaj,'e  and  dependiil  upon  the 


chase  lor  food  and  clothintr 


he  f. 


)und    lieie   all  that  nature  could  i)rovii!e   lor 


him,  and  with  a  temperate  cinna 
happiness. 


te,  h 


e  cou 


Id 


live  with  trteatest  ease,  and   m 


When  tlu!  coIon\  of  (ieorf,Ma  was  planted  bv  Oglethorpe  upon  the  pres- 


ent site  of  Savannah,  the  Indians  oc( 


upyinj,'  the  coi 


nitrv  consisted  of   manv 


tribes  .issocialed  tof,'ether  in  a  sironj,'  lea^jue  known  as  the  Miiscojee  Confe 


erac\ , 


Tl 


le    most    powerful    tril 


of   the    ('onfederac\-  wtMC   the    Tehees 


I  P'i>er,  Midille  and  Lowei  ("reeks.  The  Muscojee  Confederacy  i;xter.ded 
from  the  Atlanlii-  ( )cean  to  the  iiei^ihborhood  of  the  Chattahoochee  river, 
where  the  couiitrv  ol  Cherokee  be^'an.  e.xtendiiif,'  to  the  .Appalachian  Moun- 
tains.     The  ChcMokees  b)'  compiest   were   ;inialj,'amated   in  the  I'onfederacy. 


Tht 


eir  habits  and  customs    were    much  the   sanu'   as   other    North   American 


tribes  ;  they  hunted  and  lislied,  had  small  plantations  that  they  cultivated  in 
the  rich  valleys  aloiif,'  the  banks  of  larf.,'er  or  smaller  streams  ;  lived  in  huts 
constructed  of  notched  lof,'s,  skins,  oi  the  barks  of  trees  ;  buried  their  dead 
in  graves  and  mounds,  or  cremated  them  ;  were  given  to  feasts  and  fasts;  hail 
many  ceremonies  ;  believed  in  ;i  future  state,  i)ropitiated  or  worshipped  the 
Great  Spirit,  etc.  Their  weapons,  implements  and  ornaine.its  were  made 
of  stone,  shell  or  wootl,  their  clothing  manufactured  from  the  skins  of  ani- 
mals, birds,  grass  and  th<'  inner  fiber  from  the  barks  of  trees  ;  upon  their 
plantations  they  raised  corn,  peas,  potatoes  and  melons. 


77/f  Sitiith. 


80;-) 


At  tile  time  of  the  coloiii/atioii  of  tlu-  states  the  miinhci  of  Iiuliaiis 
iiilial)itiii.i;  the  territory,  was  estimated  to  be  in  the  neif,'lil)orhooil  of  30,000. 
'riiev  had  perrnaiient  homes,  ciiUivated  the  soil,  and  were  well  or!,'ai'.i/ei'  for 
offense  or  def<Mise. 

Thev  wen-  ij^norant  of  the  nse  of  iron  they  had  not  reached  thi-  broive 
era,  and  were  in  the  f)ef,Mnninf;  of  the  c<.)pper  af,'e,  treatinj^  it  as  a  niallealilii 
stone.  Hut  in  the  inanufartnn,'  of  obiects  from  stone,  bone  or  sliell,  tliey 
e(|iialed  ,dl  known  primitive  jjcoples.  Tlie  skill  exhibited  in  the  mannfact- 
me  of  stone  ol)jec-ts,  jiartiinlariy  Hint-ehii)ped  ones,  declares  a  superiority 
over -onie  other  sections  of  the  l.'nion.  The  fjrooved  axes,  polished  hatchets, 
rubbmi;  stones,  discoidal  stones,  and  many  ornaments  were  ol  dicorite,  ser- 
pentine, sandstone,  etc.  The  spear  and  arrow-points,  knives,  and  the  linest 
disooidal  stones  were  of  fnnt,  jasper,  quartz,  chert,  chist.  chalcedony  and 
a^'ate 

We  siiall  not  considi  r  tha  objects  found  within  the  limits  of  the  state, 
thouf^h  we  do  not  claim  tli.it  all  weri!  manufactured  here  by  one  people,  with 
an  eye  sin(.;le  to  certain  types.  The  inter-trib.il  relation  e.\'istinf^  between  far  re- 
moved tribes  must  account  for  the  presence  of  fornix  rare  m  oiu' section,  al)nn- 
dant  in  another.  We  have  met  with  siri},de  ^pecimeits  of  spear  and  .nrow  points 
in  one  pai  t  of  tlie  state  that  weic  ))|(nt  itiil  two  hundred  miles  distant  lli  In- 
•  lians,  ni  their  respectivi'  localities,  depended  upon  the  materia!  I>)un<i  ///  .u:/t  tor 
tile  inanufactiire  of  their  necessary  tools,  weapons  and  ornameni.^.  b'or  in- 
stance, 111  tlu;  lower,  eastern  and  south-western  !•■  rtioii  of  the  state,  where 
tlint  and  jasper  ,ibound,  with  no  (piartz  or  chist  the  chipped  objects  an- 
fniind  oj  till'  tornier  materials.  hi  the  middle  j  irtion  ol  the  state  (|iiart/ 
and  chist  abound  the  chipped  objects  ai\' of  these  materials.  In  the  north- 
ern i)ell,  where  a  black  chist  is  pres'Mit,  it  is  the  favorite  material.  Vet  in 
every  section  then.- an- found  specimens  from  otliM  sections.  On  Hij;  Kiokee 
(  leek,  in  C.ciiimbia  ("oiinty,  is  a  larj^'e  ;iborii,Mnal  village  -ite  that  for  a  loijj; 
peii;pd  w,;-;  oei  iijnid  1)\  one  or  ililferiiit  tribes  of  Indians.  The  matcnal 
iiM'd  was  i)r;iic.oally  ol  tpiart/  and  chist.  b'orty  miles  distant,  in  Hmke 
Coiintx,  is  anoth>T  vill.it^e  site-  the  old  llvans  phue  from  which  site  we 
collectt-d  over  iA,ooc)  specimens,  ikjw  111  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
not  one  of  which  was  of  chist  and  very  few  of  (piart/,  the  material  nsi-d 
belli:.;  Mint  and  j,isper  both   ol   vvhi<  h   ,ire  plentiful  in  the  iimnedi.ite  locality. 


!'  I 


3«;h 


■  }\ 


I       lie 


•  t 


U3, 

/■). 

• 

■•••.• 

1 

."J  1 

h 

S*"  ■ 

fi  ! 

J*'  ■ 

; 

».'• 

1      1 

ft  ■; 

I'rchis t nrw  Iwjilvtiicn t s. 


The  Snath. 


867 


(I.     RoiiRh  stone  mortar.     Some  shell  l)ea(ls— disc  form— are  shown  in  the  mortar, 

/'.     Long  celt  of  southern  type. 

r.     Short  celt  with  edge  abruptly  bevelled  off. 

i/.     Broad  cone-shaped  stone  (convex  above,  flat  underneath). 

(?.  Just  above  the  round  stone  (</)  and  near  the  corner  of  a  celt  is  a  typical  ceremonial 
like  that  shown  in  Fig.  231). 

/.  A  rudf  (|uarry  axe  or  digging  tool,  grooved  around  the  center.  This  type  forms  a 
connecting  link  between  the  notched  axes  mentioned  by  Dr.  Steiner  and  Prof.  Berlin  and  the 
rougher  grooved  axes. 

j^.     A  typical  grooved  axe. 

//.     One  of  the  grinding  or  polishing  stones  mentioned  by  r)r.  Steiner  as  common. 

/.     A  good  s])ecinien  of  a  cup  stone. 

/.     Small,  common  celt,  highly  polished. 

/{•,  Typical  southern  axe.  Xo  great  difference  in  form  between  axes  .;,'  and /!'.  To  the 
left  of  i'  is  a  vers*  large  spear-head.     The  original  of  this  must  be  7  or  s  inches  long. 

/.  Tyjie  of  jar  common  in  the  South.  Somewhat  different  from  the  Missouri  and  Ten- 
nessee forms 

w.     I'ecniiar  wcilge-shaped  celt,  the  sides  and  top  being  sipiared. 

;/.  A  discoidil  stoiiu  is  shown  to  the  left  of  the  celt  and  to  the  rigiit  and  just  bvlow  is  a 
common  form  of  soutliern  i)ipe. 

V.     A  peculiar  flat  stone,  perforated. 

/).  A  decorated  jar.  Below  sijccimens  i'  and  />  is  a  long  Llliu;v  |)ii)c  somewhat  like  tiiat 
one  shown  in  I'ig.  220. 


I 

'  I' I 


Gkoovei)  .-Xxks. 


Wl-  sliall  first  coiisidiT  ^rom'.u!  a.xc-^.  tor  tlicy  an;  iiict  witii  l'\  rrywliuif 
ill  the  state.  T\m\  atv  usually  inaiiufacturfd  Irdiu  dioritc,  serpnitiiu,'  and 
sandstono,  althi)Ui.;li  \vc  have  seen  them  dI  i|uart/  and  ehist.  They  do  not, 
as  a  ride,  differ  in  apin-aranre  from  types  found  in  other  states  of  the  Uni(Ui. 
but  are  not  as  larj^e  as  some  we  have  seen  from  Ohio.  They  vary  in  len^'th 
from  .;  to  I  J  inches  and  m  width  from  3  to  fi  inrlies,  wi'ij^h  from  4  ounces  to 
10  pounds.  One  10  or  u  inches  in  U'U^th  is  very  rare  and  is  jjenerally 
hif,dilv  tinislu'd  and  unbroken.  The  connnon  measurement  is  from  3  to  '') 
inelies  in  lenj,'th  and  from  .'  to  ()  inches  in  widtli.  Some  have  trar.sverse 
f^rooves  encirclino  the  a.\e,  whilst  in  otliers  the  groove  terminates  on  eacli 
side  at  a  tiat  back  which  ma\  h.i\e  been  intended  for  the  insertion  of  a 
we(lj.;e  for  ti^hteninj4  the  a.\e  to  the  handle.  In  some  the  groove  is  near  the 
head,  wiiilst  in  others  it  is  nearer  the  middle  of  the  axe.  Those  from  ,^  to 
()  Miches  in  length  were,  in  all  piobability,  used  .is  much  lor  weapons  is  for 
other  jiurposes,  for  we  do  not  think  that  their  sole  use  was  for  deadening 
trees.  So  much  must  be  left  to  conjecture  as  to  the  use  of  many  prehistoric 
implements  that  it  was  im!)ossible  to  assign  to  aii)'  one  object  a  special  use. 
Thosi'  of  extraordinary  si/e  and  highly  linished  were,  perhaps,  used  in  cere- 
monies. Many  of  the  grooved  axes  sliow  evidence  of  having  been  broken 
and  resharpeiied.  On  page  144,  in  si)eaking  of  Tennessee  axes,  an  unfor- 
tunate error  was  made.  The  types  shown  in  Mr.  Barnes'  collection  have 
the  groove  entirely  encircling  the  axe.      There  are  but  very  few  exceptions  to 


I'lvliislnric    liiiplciiicnts. 


a 

'  *■>  I 

tr. 
«;£ 

■'I  I 
-I  I 


1 1' 


this  iiili:.  Tlif  stiitriic-c,  "An  inspection  ol  l-'ij;.  (>.'  etc.,  >li<iui(l  k  ad  : 
"  An  inspection  of  I'l^.  (>  will  show  H'ikIlts  that  most  of  the  axes  of  tlu' 
Middle  Soiitli  liave  a  f,'r<)(>V(j  exteiuhn^   entirely  afonnd.' 

Thus,  it    will    he    seen  that  the    Sonth  contains  a\es  j^roovid  (hrferenll\ 
from  those  found  in  tlu'  Middle  South.       I'ypes  are  sliown  in  I'if^s.  54M-1-J.;, 


•  I'iK.  ?4i.  Ill'  ^raniti'.  fr.mi  lulTerson  Coiuity.  Tenn..  >i.-oiiis 
t(i  have  a  ridKu  on  tlie  upper  side  of  the  j^rnove;  hut  i-ln-ief 
examination  slinws  that  it  mue  nail  a  ki'oovu  jirojeetion.  ami 
th.it  aftei  w.inls  the  poll  w.is  neirly  all  lirokeii  awav  and  a 
new  groove  tn.iile  lower  down,  so  that  what  was  oriKiniilly  tlie 
lower  jiriijeet'on  is  now  above  the  groove,  th.e  remainder  ol 
the  |)oll  beini;  worked  ilown  to  a  point."* 


I'ig.  541.     S.  alioiit  1-3. 


KiR.  ?42.     S.  about  1-!.  I'lK-  '43-     ^-   about   1-3. 

I^ifj-i.  542  and  543  are  typu.^  ot  a.\es  Irmn  MeMinii  County.  Tenn  They  are  01'  arj;illite. 
The  eliptical  section  of  Fig.  542  shows  th. it  it  is  wider  at  the  top  than  it  is  at  the  bottom- 
Imk.  54?  is  (piite  curved  on  the  face. 

MiiKIAKS    .\Mi    SlciNlv    \l'.SSi;i.S. 

Mortar.s  are  pleiititiil  everywhere  throu'^hoiit  the  .-U.iti'  and  ,iii'  of  the 
f^eiieral  form  and  tinisli  as  those  found  in  tlie  S:)iitii  and  ICast.  In  many 
types  the  cavity  is  simply  a  sli^^ht  depression,  whilst  in  others  it  is  the  ilepth 
of  from  two  to  live  inches.  Many  are  sim|)!y  irie;.;iilar  masses  of  sandstone, 
very  lar^e  and  heavy,  and  in  all  probability  were  stat mn. 11  y  mortars.  In 
the   small    lorms   the    outlines   were    more   defined,    assuming'  an  o\al  shape 

.Stone    An.     fiurard    I'owke.      Bureau   ol    Kthnolo.ry    Kepott,     oi    2.  u.    71.      I'liese  three 
tlnures  are  taken  Irom  Mr    I'owkt.-s's  pajier. 


r  1 


t:j.\« 


The  Smith. 


3«V.» 


which  admitted  of  their  heing  easily  transported.  We  have  seen  an  im- 
mense boulder  of  fjr.inite,  weif^hintj  Hve  or  six  tons,  whose  upper  surface  con- 
tained many  mortars. 

Howls  made  u{  sandstone  have  been  found  in  Georgia,  highly  finished, 
with  small  ear-shaped  handles  pecked  and  jiolished  from  a  boulder.  Much 
labor  was  t-xpended  in  their  manufacture.  Ollas  similar  to  those  found  in 
California,  made  of  |)ot-stone,  are  fre(|uently  met  with. 


StniK-  mortar  or 
vessel.  1'">>uik1  on  tlu- 
Cumberland  river  be- 
low ^'asliville.  Tenn. 
The  illiistratidii  is 
loaned  thronKh  tlii' 
courte.sy  of  (lun. 
Thniston. 


!«•  vM      ^    1-4 


Km\  KS. 

This  im|)lem.;nt  iMubracos  type.s  of  th;'  rudest  to  the  most  liighl\  tiiiislied 
ftirms.  it  is  almost  impossible  to  determine  where  the  kiiile  begins  or  wherr 
it  ciiils.  Many  spear  and  arrow  points  may  have  served  as  knives,  foi  a 
cutting  edge  was  the  main  thing  desired  by  the  savage,  ami  he  wi'ut  about 
obtaining  it  with  tiic  least  possible  lal)or.  Many  llakes  wouUl  answer  lor 
knives  as  well  as  the  most  highly  liiiished  object.  Our  opinion  is  that  Hakes 
were  more  geiierall\  used  for  knivi'S  The  usual  forms  fouml  in  other  stati;s 
were  present  here  m  (rcoigia,  but  in  addition  to  the  usual  form  there  is  one 
which  we  have  called  the  r.i/or-blade  knife,  usually  made  ol  chist,  oci  asion- 
all\  III  tlint.       It  sit'iiis    from  its  shape   1..    have    been    an  orif.;iiial  implement 


DoiibU'  poiiiti'il  kiiite. 


I'iR-  545-     '^^  1-2. 

though  a  broken  arrow  or  sjiear  point  retouched   may  have  been  used.      The 
mam  point  of  ad\  antage  in  the   ra/or-blade    knife,  is   that    the  stem  answers 


1! 


i    ■'. 


/I 


i  i 

iy. 

*■" 

i\\ 

i 

i-\ 

■.riU 

J- . 

-If 

}r 

*C 

■^il 

1 

1       ii' 

-HI 

•<i' 

^'D  ■ 

i 

n, 

j;. 

("  • 

f   t 


370 


I'rch  is  i  (trie  Implcnwn  t  s . 


very  well  for  a  handle  and  could  easily  be  inserted  into  a  shaft  of  wood  or 
bone.      Another  type  peculiar  to  this  section  is  the  fan  shaped  knife  ma<ie  of 


Fig.  54<).     A  group  of  knives. 


a    Form  of  knife  (juite  common. 

b     Knife  with  well-defined  handle.     Somewhat  rare. 

c     Semi-lunar  knife  with  pointed  ends. 


Fii?.  54().     S,  1-2. 

(luartz.  Wo  have  never  .seen  it  of  any  other  material.  They  seetii  to  have 
been  continecl  to  Columbia  and  Lincoln  Counties.  Circular  disks  of  chist 
perhaps  were  used  as  knives, as  many  of  them  liave  acontinuous  ciittinj.;  ed^e. 
The  rectanf,'iilar  objects  of  flint,  etc.,  may  have  been   knives. 


Knife  willi    sliarp  edge  hut  broail  across  tlie 


back. 


iMg,  547.     S.  1-2 


An  irreRiilarly  shaned  knife. 


.^^^fz!?7^. 


•  •  ^^"  a*f 


KiR.  54S.     S.  I  :?. 


I 


77/f  Sinitli. 


871 


Knife    with   si|narc<l    c'cir- 

ncrs,     Rectangular  knives,  or 

whatever  they   are,  are   rare. 

They     have     l)een      used     as 

knives,   or   perhaps   as   xrind- 

in^  stones,  and  are  from  3  to 

s  inches  in  length,  from  ^  to  1 

FiK.  ?4i).     .S.  1-2  inch    in    width,    and    J  of  an 

inch  in  thit  kness.     Chiefly  made  from  Mint  or  chist.     The  razor-blade  shape,  like  Vig.  550,  is 

often  ii  inches  lonj;. 

Some  are  serrated  on  one  edjje  anti  may  have  lieen  swords  as  well  as  knives.  Another 
form  of  knife  is  the  semi-lunar  knife  of  chist  or  Hint.  All  unsymmetric  forms  of  spear  or  arrow • 
points  were  in  all  i)rol)al)ility  used  as  knives,  as  their  irregular  shape  clearly  shows  that 
although  they  might  have  heen  used  as  a  spear,  thev  could  not  have  been  used  as  an  arrow- 
point. 


I       I 


I'eculiar  knife  with  short 
handle,  called  razor  blade.  This 
type  is  confined  to  certain  por- 
tions of  the  South  anil  i>  fare 
elsewhere. 


l"ig,  550.     S.  It. 


May  be   a  spear  head   or   knile.      Imoui 
h'rierson.  La      Collection  of  Messrs.  i'rier- 


■iK    ;5;,.     S.  I  2. 


I'eculiar  barbed 
kuif<'.  This  form  is 
somewhat  different  from 
types  foun<l  North  or 
ICast  A  ■■  saw  "  isshown 
li>  the  left. 


Kig,  5?2.     S,  1-2. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


A 


^. 


{/ 


^ 


.-,,<°  C^ 


.<? 


&< 


:/. 


f/i 


1.0 


I.I 


IIM   1125 


I4i 

■  50     ""' 

Itf    III!  2.0 


Si3 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

^ 

6"     — 

► 

v^ 


<^ 


m. 


/a 


<m 


f>.. 


s>. 


/a 


%"  s" 


"^ 


.^ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STRICT 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14SS0 

(716)  873-4503 


^<p 


372 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


y:  !;■ 


M  1i 


This  peculiar  knife  is  not  from  Georgia  but  was  found 
near  Friersou,  La. 


Fig.  551 


DiuLLS  OR  Perforators. 


We  think  it  is  a  mistake  to  classify  as  drills,  or  perforators,  all  objects 
of  a  certain  form.  The  larger  and  ruder  may  have  seen  service  as  drills  in 
some  soft  material  such  as  soapstone.  It  is  impossible  to  bore  into  the 
harder  minerals  with  any  so-called  stone  drills,  as  they  would  soon  be 
broken.  Sand  and  water  would  not  in  any  wise  assist  in  the  operation,  as 
the  wear  upon  the  drill  would  be  as  great  or  greater  than  upon  the  object. 
Boring  in  soapstone  could  be  easily  accomplished  with  any  flint  splinters 
and  done  equally  as  well.  Many  of  these  objects  are  of  the  most  delicate 
form  and  mo'v  highly  finished  and  manufactured  frequently  from  the  most 
fragile  materia  lb.      Their  manufacture  required  skillful  labor  and  frequently  e.\- 


Peculiar  object  with  four  long 
arms  or  points. 


Fig.  554-     S,  i-i. 

hibit  the  eye  and  hand  of  an  artist.  We  have  found  them  manufactured  from 
chalcedony,  agate,  quartz  and  flint,  and  occasionally  chist.  Some  are  long  and 
slender  with  expanding  heads,  closely  resembling  the  shell  hair-pins  found 
in  the  Etowah  mounds  ;  others  of  a  cruciform  type,  others  again  with  long 
barbs  resembling  in  form  arrow-points.  As  the  North  American  Indian  felt 
a  pride  in  his  scalp-lock  and  adorned  it  with  feathers,  pieces  of  painted 
wood  and  stone,  it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that  these  so-called  drills 
were  hair-pins,   used  not  only   by  the   men   but   also  by  the  women.     We 


wmmmmm 


mmmmmmmmmmm 


The  South. 


373 


called    the    attention    of     Dr      Thomas    Wilson,     of    the    U.    S.    National 
Museum,    and   Mr.    Moorehead*  to  our  views  on  the  subject,   and   though 


An  implement  similar  to  Fig.  554,  but  with  arms 
rounded  and  not  pointed.  I  have  been  considering 
these  as  perforators  in  some  instances,  and  drills  in 
others. 


Fig.  555-     S.  1-2. 


This  specimen  reminds  one  of  the  cross.    Was  it  a  drill  ? 


Fig.  556.     S.  i-i. 


Fig.  553.     S.  1-2. 


This  is  a  common  drill. 


A  very  peculiar  effigy-like  drill,  the  arms  being 
turned  down. 


Fig.  557.     S.  i-i. 


•In  iS,)(.  I  concluded  that  Dr.  Steiner's  theory  was  sound,   and  have  since  re^eafecUhP 
fS'°"T  If  P"b  'cations      However  I  agree  with  Vv.  J.  D.  McGuire  that  many  ofUiem  we  e 

wl  as  ornrmenTs.''"'*''  ''"'  '*""'  ""' ''"'"  ""'«''  '^^"^  ^^^"  '^"^^  througrthrno'e^'d 

W.  K.  M 


i 


i:i 


fit 


I'll 


1       I 


11 


ill 


l<    ! 


r  '!• 


374 


'Wm 


FiK.  559. 


Fig.  56 1. 


Prehistoric  ImpkmenU 


^^'g-  55<).  ^.  i-i,  from  Bartow  Count}-,  Ga. 


Fig.  5f)0  is"a  medium  between  a  perforator  and  a  serrated     fe*4 
arrow  point. 


Fig.  561,  S.  i-i,  is  from  Kanawha,  \V.  Va.  It  liasconvex,  scpiare 
shoulders ;  slender ;  very  long  and  slender  tapering  or  straight 
stem,  coming  almost  to  a  point  at  the  base. 


■■ 


The  South. 


)76 


they  did  not  entirely  agree  with  us,  they  would  not  say  that  they  had  not 
been  used  as  hairpins.  Akin  to  the  perforator  or  drills  is  another  slender  ob- 
ject that  is  pointed  at  both   ends,  very  fragile  and  delicately  made  of  flint, 


Unknown  flint  object. 


Fig.  562.     S.  1-2. 

(juartz  or  chist.  They  are  from  one  to  two  inches  long.  Our  theoi^  in  re- 
gard to  this  object  is  that  they  were  used  as  pins  for  holding  together  cloaks 
of  skin  or  fibre  by  inserting  them  in  eyelet  and  fastening  them  with  thongs 
by  tying  the  thong  many  times  round  each  end  of  the  pin. 


Fig-  5''i3  .shows  five 
peculiar  Hint  orna- 
ments and  implements. 

a  is  a  very  fine  pin, 
the  arms  beinjjf  turned 
up.  We  class  it  and  /'  as 
hairpins. 

In  f  the  arms  are 
pointed. 

(i  may  be  a  chisel  or 
a  knife. 

f  is  a  spear-liead 


Fi.ij.  56;,.    S.  1-2. 
1)1(  AVIC    OR    DiSCOIDIAl.    StONES. 

These  objects  when  hif;lily  tinished  are  worthy  of  veneration  as  works 
of  art.  Some  are  concave  on  both  sides,  others  are  convex  on  both  sides, 
others  again  convex  on  one  side  and  Hat  on  the  other  side,  some  are  flat  on 
both  sides,  some  are  rough,  but  all  are  spherical  in  outline.  Discoidals  are 
found  in  all  parts  of  Georgia,  but  more  abundantly  in  northern  Georgia. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  they  are  generally  plain.  In  the  iiionnds 
and  their  vicinity  the  types  are  generally  small.  We  have  seen  them  ..•,... 
exceeding  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  perfect  specimens,  manufactured  from 
the  hardest  material. 

Dr.  Snyder  has  presented  illustrations,  and  there  are  many  found  like 
Figs.  243-9. 


.■j*vk 


rti 


§\4 


.''I 


376 


Prehistoric  Injf)lt'tnt'nts. 


W'^ 


Sharpening  Stones,  Saws,   etc. 

These  are  found  pretty  much  everywhere,  and  do  not  differ  in  Georgia 
from  those  found  elsewhere — large  stones  with  flat  surfaces  were  generally 
used  with  sharpening  grooves  running  through  the  long  axis  of  the  stone. 
Many  of  them  evidence  much  use.  The  cutting  edge  on  implements  of  chist, 
or  any  close-grained  stone,  could  be  easily  reduced  with  but  little  labor. 

This  object  (Fig.  554)  is  very  rare,  but  few  being  found.  They  are 
usually  small  in  form,  either  triangular  or  (juadrilateral,  though  we  have 
one  oval  in  outline  closely  resembling  a  circular  saw.  The  serrations  gen- 
erally upon  one  aiui  the  longest  edge.  Some  of  the  large  spear-heads 
and  arrow-points  when  serrated  could  be  used  as  saws.  In  the  saw  proper 
the  serrations  are  very  fine. 


Kig.  564.     S.  1-2 

A  very  fine  specimen  of  Georgia  saws.     One  of  the  circular  saws  is  shown  in  Fig.  552. 
[The  engraver  should  have  jilaced  it  on  the  same  block  with  Fig.  564.  | 

SvNoi'sis  OK  Certain  Types. 

Objects  of  shell  from  their  fragile  condition  are  rarely  surface-found, 
being  exclusively  found  in  mounds,  whether  upon  the  sea  coast  or  the  high 
lands  of  the  state.  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore  secured  from  the  mounds  of  the 
Sea  Islands  of  Georgia,  more  shell  objects  than  were  ever  found  in  all  other 
parts  ot  the  state  combined.  In  the  Etowah  mound,  located  in  Bartow  Co., 
Ga.,  we  have  founil  beautiful  shell  masques,  gorgets,  upon  whose  inner  sur- 
face were  representations  of  the  rattlesnake  ;  beads  of  every  form  and 
variety  as  well  as  hairpins.  Perforated  pearl  beads  were  also  found  there- 
Some  of  those  have  the  appearance  of  beads,  yet  from  their  length  they  may 
be  ornaments. 

Not  understanding  the  niethods  of  smelting  the  mineral,  and  treating  it 
as  a  malleable  stone,  all  copper  objects  were  beaten  into  shape.  They 
are  usually  found  in  mounds,  or  the  immediate  vicinity  of  mounds,  and  seem 
to  have  been  the  handiwork  of  those  people.  Objects  of  copper  have  been 
found  in  Nacochc"-  valley  at  the  Etowah  and  Shoulder-bone  Creek  mounds, 
also  the  Hollywood  mound  and  by  Mr.  Clarence  Moore  in  his  exhaustive  ex- 
plorations on  the  sea  coast  of  Georgia.  Axes,  beads,  gorgets  and  other 
fancy  forms  comprise  the  objects  found. 

Hoes  are  found  along  the  banks  of  rivers  and  creeks  in  the  alluvial  bot- 
toms where  the  Indian  raised  his  corn,  etc.      Some  are  plain,  others  notched, 


The  South. 


877 


while  others  are  grooved.  Their  broad  cutting  edges  show  constant  use  and 
clearly  deBne  their  purpose  as  an  agricultural  tool.  Perhaps,  the  larger 
chipped  flint  implements  were  also  used  as  hoes. 

Pestles  do  not  vary  in  form  and  general  outline  from  those  found  in 
other  states  of  the  Union,  save  in  the  matter  of  length.  Both  bell-shaped 
and  "rollers"  are  found.  A  few  pestles  from  upper  Georgia  reach  the 
length  of  24  inches.  Some  are  long,  narrow  and  cylindrical,  of  the  same 
size  the  whole  length,  while  others  expand  at  one  end,  having  short  handles  ; 
others  are  simply  water-worn  pebbles. 

Club  heads  are  of  peculiar  interest,  being  still  in  use  among  the  warlike 
tribes  in  the  north-western  portion  of  the  United  States.  They  are  made 
of  hard  stones,  diorite,  flint,  jasper  and  sandstone,  and  are  of  an  ovoidal 
shape,  weighing  from  six  ounces  to  six  pounds.  They  are  attached  to  a 
flexible  handle  and  either  used  by  hand  or  thrown,  having  a  long  thong-line 
attached  to  them.  Some  are  highly  polished  with  a  rudimentary  groove 
around  the  middle.  Some  have  a  well-defined  groove,  whilst  others  arc 
plain  with  no  groove  ;  some  are  very  rude. 

We  find  grooved  hammers  like  Figs.  59  and  69,  and  also  notched  peb- 
bles and  broken  axes  used  as  hammers.  Hammer-stones  are  common  and 
present  no  variations  or  new  facts.  The  New  England  or  East  Allegheny 
descriptions  would  fit  the  types  found  here.  Hammer-stones  have  been 
found  whic.i,  from  their  shape,  we  conclude  to  have  been  used  as  moccasin 
lasts. 

Rubbing-stones  are  of  various  forms  from  rude  water- worn  pebbles, 
that  have  either  been  flattened  artificially  or  by  use,  to  very  fine  iorins,  re- 
sembling paper-weights  of  the  present  day.  They  are  in  great  abundance 
through  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  state. 

The  use  of  stone  tubes  it  is  difticult  to  determine.  Some  declare  they 
were  used  for  pumping,  others  say  they  were  intended  for  pipes,  while  again 
we  find  them  classed  with  musical  instruments.  Their  varied  shape  and  si/e 
would  indicate  that  the  larger  served  one  purpose,  and  the  smaller  another. 
The  vtiry  smallest  may  have  been  used  as  ornaments.  They  are  usually 
manufactured  from  the  softer  stones. 

It  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  the  very  highly  finished  specimens  of 
stone  balls  were  used  in  some  game  where  rolling  over  a  smooth  surface  was 
necessary,  as  in  the  Chungee  game  or  some  game  akin  to  it.  The  rough 
ones  may  have  been  used  as  sling  stones  encased  in  hide  attached  to  a  long 
handle  by  a  thong. 

Many  objects  manufactured  from  bone  are  found  in  the  state  under  the 
form  of  beads,  awls  and  ornaments. 

Stone  and  clay  beads  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  Clay  beads 
are  generally  cylindrical  in  form  and  rarely  exceed  a  half  an  inch  in  length 
or    a    quarter   of    an    inch    in    diameter.      Stone  beads    are    of    all  shapes. 


-^^'-^  »( 


I.  a 


Ill 


3 


i 


i 


378 


Prch j>-  toric  I ni piemen  ts . 


some  resembling  small  discs  with  incised  lines  upon  either  side,  while  others 
resemble  in  torm  the  larger  shell  beads. 

Fire  flints  are  usually  found  on  village  sites  and  are  recognized  b_v  the 
appearance  they  present  of  having  been  struck  one  against  another  for  the 
purpose  of  emitting  sparks  which  caught  in  tinder  or  dry  leaves,  would  readily 
secure  fire.     Some  of  the  specimens  evidence  long  and  severe  service. 

Notched  axes  are  of  great  interest,  but  their  appearance  does  not  sug- 
gest their  use.  They  were  always  chipped  and  manufactured  from  jasper. 
Hint,  or  chist  ;  never  diori^e,  serpentine,  or  sandstone.  Perhaps  the  grooved 
axe  was  evolved  from  the  notched  axe. 

Scrapers. 

This  form  is  ver\  interesting  from  many  points  of  view,  as  almost  any 
flake  however  rude  in  form,  might  easily  be  converted  into  a  scraper.  The 
series  passes  from  the  rudest  to  the  most  highly  finished  objects.  Many 
forms  seem  to  have  been  made  from  the  bases  of  broken  spear  and  arrow- 
points,  the  broken  edge  being  nicely  chipped  on  either  side. 


Fig.  565  is  a  peculiar  scraper.     The  edge  is 
not  beveled  squarely  otf  as  in  most  scrapers. 


Fig.  5d5-     S.  i-i. 


A  common  scraper,  shouldered. 


Fig.  5f)6 


A  rude  scraper,  nearly  triangular  in  shape. 


Kig.  567.     S.  i-i. 

Again,  we  find  specimens  in  which  a  long  spear  or  arrow-point,  whose 
extreme  point  was  broken  off,  has  been  retouched  and  converted  into  a 
scraper.  We  frequently  find  scrapers  whose  edge  is  curved  enabling  it  to  be 
iiseil  satisfactorily  in  working  objects  cylindrical  in  form,  such  as  axe  handles, 
arrow  shafts,  etc.  The  form  Known  as  spoon-scrapers  similar  to  the  type 
found  in  the  Swiss  Lake  dwellings,  though  not  coumion  to  Georgia,  is  some- 
times met  with.  Some  forms  of  scrapers  are  unique,  the  scraping  edge- 
extending  out  like  barbs  from  each  side. 


The  South. 


Idols,  Imac.es  and  Pii'es. 

Representing  the  human  form,  objects  of  stone  and  clay  have  been  found 
in  various  parts  of  the  state,  whether  they  were  objects  of  devotion  as  repre- 
senting some  deity  or  the  perpetuation  in  stone  and  chiy  of  some  hero,  is  a 
matter  that  is  beyond  solution.  Some  attain  the  height  of  3  feet,  whilst 
others  are  small,  being  from  3  to  S  inches  in  height  If  not  a  kind  of 
household  gods,  the  little  ones  were  dolls  for  children,  being  n.ade 
of  clay.  We  find  many  clay  images  representing  birds  and  beasts  us  well  as 
the  heads  of  men.  What  niche  they  tilled  in  the  social  or  religious  condi- 
tions is  also  an  enigma. 

Pipes  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  those  used  in  state  ceremony, 
known  as  the  Calumet,  and  those  used  by  the  common  people  in  their 
daily  smoke.  Every  pipe  represented  th:;  ingenuity  anil  skill,  but  also  the 
fancy,  of  its  maker.  The  larger  pipes  were  manufactured  from  stone  repre- 
senting human  beings,  animals  and  birds.  Those  representing  the  human 
being  are  usually  classed  as  idol  pipes.  The  large  majority  of  the  sn.aller 
pipes  were  made  of  clay,  some  representing  the  most  grotesque  figures. 
Many  long  tubes  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  pipes. 


Found  in  Coahina  Cu., 
Miss. 

Tlie  figure  is  tliat  of  a  man 
in  a  crouching  position,  the 
arms  bound  with  twisted  ropes 
and  the  feet  doubled  back  un- 
derneath. 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest 
jiipes  in  existence. 


c^.c^a 


Fig.  568.     S.  1-2. 


Pottery   image.     Davidson  County,  Tenn. 
Doubtless  an  idol. 


Fig.  572,     S.  1-3. 


I 


380 


Prehistoric  Inii)lenwnts. 


Z 


n 


I 


Fig.  ?(■)<).     S.  I-",. 


CollctiiDii  of  Mr.  A.  J.  I'owers,  lowii.     I'l.iind 
in  Central  ('it'orxia.     A  very    fiiif   iiipi.'   and   fx 
cecclin>Tly  rare. 


I'^iR.  571- 
Height,  21  inches;  weight,  56'._;  lbs.;  material,  steatite.     Found  in  'S6,  near  the  Ktowah 
group,  Cartersville,  Ga,     Collection  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Powers,  Mt.  \'ernon,  Iowa. 


y^>-e»-*->-i-    ^JLa_ 


*^-^-^.  t^.£ 


./2 


The  Smith. 


381 


ICftigy  pii)e  from  Bartow  County,  Ga. 


Fig.  570.     S.  1-5. 
In    thu    report  of  tlic    liiireaii   of    Ethnolof^y   for   '90  91,    Prof.    Cjrtis 
Thomas  i)ul)lishu'il   his  vahiable  report,    Moiiiui   K.xplorations  for  the  Bureau 
of  lCthnolof,'y.      It    should   be  read  by  all  students.      We    reproduce    three 
of  his  tif,uires,  tlirouj^li  courtesy  of  the  Hureau. 


l"iS-  57.S-     S.  i-i. 
In  .Monroe  County.  Ark,,  two  uirge  tMFigy  pipes  were  discovered.     Tliev  are  distinctively 
southern  and  not  like  those  of  the   Ohio  X'alley  or  the  Lakes.     Dr.  Thomas  savs  of  I"ig.  573 
that  it  is  of  (piartzite,  partially  polished,  and  represents  a  kneeling,  naked  individual. 


Stone  pipe  from  North  Carolina.  Collection 
of  Capt.  Richard  Wainwright,  U.  S.  N.  This 
pipe  has  been  broV  en  and  mended.  On  each  side 
of  the  break  are  two  small  holes  through  which 
thongs  were  iiassed  and  tied. 


Fig   574-     S-  1-2- 


882 


Prehistoric  Inipicinents. 


I;       , 


••'iR-  575-     y.  1-2. 

From  a  mound  in  Sullivan  County,  Tenn.  It  is  one  of  the  unusually  large  pipes  j)eeuli;ir 
to  the  south.     Dr.  Thomas  does  not  give  the  material. 

Fig.  22S  and  these  two  are  i)ipes  of  the  same  style;  broad,  Hat  base,  high  bowl.  We 
have  often  wondered,  do  pipes  of  a  special  form  characterize  a  certain  tribe?  Assuredly. 
they  are  confined  to  localities;  therefore,  in  prehistoric  times,  may  they  not  have  been  made 
by  one  tribe  and  traded  to  another  ?  We  do  not  believe  that  each  tribe  manufactured  many 
kinds  of  pipes. 


Cup  Stones. 

Single  or  double  pitted  stones  are  very  common.  They  in  no  wise  differ 
from  those  found  in  other  states,  save  that  in  Georgia  they  are  frequently 
found  made  of  soapstone. 

Cup  stones  se^m  to  have  been  confined  to  one  locality  in  Georf,'ia,  at 
the  village  sites  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Kiokee  Creek,  Columbia  County. 
There  we  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  i,ooo  specimens.  The  cups  are  gen- 
erally on  both  sides,  sometimes  upon  four  sides,  in  masses  of  rocks  sexaginal 
in  shape  upon  all  sides.  The  cups  or  depressions  vary  in  number  from  three 
to  fifteen,  and  in  size  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter  to  two  inches. 
In  some  specimens  one  side  has  the  cup  or  depression  whilst  on  the  others 
is  a  nicely  shaped  mortar.  In  one  specimen  that  we  sent  to  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum  the  depressions  or  cups  were  so  large  as  to  resemble  small 
mortars.  Some  of  these  cup  stones  arc  carefully  worked  and  well  finished, 
while  others  are  but  rude  blocks  of  sandstone  or  soapstone.  We  think  they 
were  used  for  cracking  a  number  of  nuts  of  various  sizes  at  one  time.  For 
instance  :  Walnuts,  hickory  nuts,  acorns,  which  would  be  placed  in  the 
cavities  suited  to  their  size  and  all  broken  at  one  time  v.'ith  a  Hail.  Thin 
method  would  enable  one  to  accumulate  a  great  number  of  broken  nuts  which 
could  be  thrown  into  a  pot  and  boiled;  the  oil  raising  to  the  surface  could  be 
skimmed  off  and  used  in  lieu  of  butter  for  culinary  purposes  as  described  by 
Bartram  in  his  Travels  Through  the  Indian  Countries  of  Georgia  in  1774. 
That  they  have  been  found  on  the  summits  of  the  Hymalaya  Mountains,  the 
tops  of  the  Alps  and  in  other  elevated  spots  and  remote  countries  does  not 
preclude  their  use  as  simply  stones  for  cracking  nuts. 


Thv  South. 


3S3 


Spkau-heaos  and  Akkow-points. 

Spear-hoads  and  arrow-points — of  all  prehistoric  stone  iinpleiiients  the 
most  interesting  are  the  chipped  spoar-heads  and  arrow-points.  In  the  de- 
scription of  spear-heads  it  is  difficult  to  state  definitely  that  this  one  was  a 
spear-head  and  that  one  was  an  arrow-point.*  The  larger  varieties  are  gen- 
erally accepted  as  spear-heads  and  the  smaller  as  arrow-points.  The  largest 
spear-head  ever  found  in  Georgia  was  taken  from  a  mound  at  the  conlliience 
of  the  litowah  and  Ooestaula  rive'  .*  It  measured  14  iiulios  in  length, 
3]  inches  in  width,  and  weighed  2  pounds  2  ounces  avoirdupois  ;  was  made 
of  tlint.  Spear-heads  rarely  e.xceed  7  inches  in  length,  and  even  those  of 
that  measurement  are  very  rare  ;  the  average  length  is  from  3  io  5  inches. 
Many  of  the  specimens  are  highly  finished  and  present  a  very  attractive  ap- 
pearance, not  only  on  account  of  the  fine  chipping,  but  also  from  the  vari- 
ously coloretl  (Materials  from  which  they  were  manufacturetl.  Somi  are 
long  and  slender  whilst  other,-,  are  short  .nul  broad  ;  some  are  stemmed  with 
short  barbs,  whilst  (jthers  have  long  barbs.  Others  again  are  lo/enge-shape. 
Some,  from  their  appearance,  would  indicate  their  use  as  daggers  The  ma- 
terial used  in  their  manufacture  w.  flint,  quartz,  jasper  and  chist.  In  this 
state  is  found  om-  type  of  spear-head  wb"'h  differs  in  form  from  any  found 
in  other  states,  its  vvidth  being  greater  tiian  its  length.  We  have  called 
them  fish-spears  as  they  are  usually  found  near  rivers:  In  arrow-points  we 
find  every  conceivable  form,  one  type  merging  gradually  into  another;  many 
unique  forms  appear,  and  so  irregular  in  outline  that  the  knife  is  suggested. 
As  previously  stated,  it  is  often  difficult  to  determine  where  the  arrow-point 
ends  and  the  knife  begins.  When  compared  with  like  forms  from  other  states 
their  superiority  in  manufacture  and  delicacy  of  design  is  apparent.  One 
reason  for  the  superior  excellence  of  the  work  lies  in  the  fact  that  many  of 
the  arrow-pomts  are  made  of  the  most:  beautiful  colors  of  Hint  and  jasper  ; 
though  in  some  localities,  as  for  instance,  Columbia  Co.,  both  ispear-heads 
and  arrow-points  are  rudely  and  roughly  made  from  (juartz  and  chist. 

All  types  found  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States  are  present  in 
Georgia.  Hut  there  was  one  type  peculiar  to  Georgia  alone,  similar  speci- 
mens having  been  ftjund  nowhere  else  in  the  United  States,  though  they 
appear  in  England  and  Denmark.  Such  as  those  with  long  barbs,  stpiare  at 
ends, are  always  made  of  fiint.  Bifurcated  arrow-points  are  rare — very  n..r- 
row  thin  points  about  2  inches  in  length  are  common. 

There  is  one  type  unsymmetric  in  form  with  the  upper  edge  bevelled, 
which,  though  stemmed  as  an  arrow-point,  would  suggest  the  knife. 

Arrow-points  with  bevelled  edges  are  numerous  in  the  middle  portion  of 
the  state  and  closely  resemble  those  found  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  many  are 
not  only  bevelled,  but  serrated  also.      The   most    beautiful  specimens  are  of 


*Col.  C.  C.  Jones's  Antiquities  of  Southern  Indians. 


384 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


lit  I 


.11 


M    i 


the  triangular  type,  some  attaining  a  length  of  4  inches.*  Arrow  points 
made  of  pellucid  crystals  are  also  frequently  met  with.  Under  the  head  of 
spear-heads  and  arrow-points  we  will  describe  a  long  slender  object  similar  to 
the  flint  blades  found  in  California,  thotjgh  not  so  long,  rarely  exceeding  5 
inches.  To  all  appearances  they  resemble  the  California  type  very  closely  and 
are  always  made  of  flint. 


Spear-head  from  Frierson,  La.  Unusual,  having 
two  notches  (for  fastening)  on  each  side.  It  is  a 
triangular  form,  notched.     Qu.te  rare. 


Fig.  570.     S.  1- 


This  spear-head  is  a  ty]iical  (ieorgiu  form. 
(All  tlint  implements,  not  otherwise  specified, 
are  from  Dr.  Steiner's  collection.        W.  K.  M.) 


I'iji-  577-     S.  i-a. 


*Many  of  the  triangular  siiccinieus  arc  serrated. 


The  South. 


385 


":^H>^ 


•'g-  57'- 


Forms  of  slender,  shouldered  speav-heads. 
Material,  chert. 


Fig.  579-     S-  I-2. 

•'Very  thin;  well  worked;  usually  (|uite  symmetrica!  ;  bast- 
straight  or  slightly  concave  ;  stem  expanding  by  curved  lines, 
with  shoulders  or  barbs:  base  with  sharp  tangs.  Some  specimens 
are  finite  slender,  others  almost  as  wide  as  long.  I'ew  are  above 
two  inches  in  length.  The  edge  is  sometimes  a  broken  line  instead 
of  a  regular  curve  "* 


Fig.  580.     I.,awrence  County,  Ohio. 


Fig.  5.S2   is  somewliat  like  Fig.  5S4  of  Dr.  Steiner's  col 
lection,  only  that  the  barbs  are  broader  and  are  expanded. 


Fig.  5S2. 

This  form  is  only  found  in  the  South  and  rarely  out 
of  the  Oeorgia-Mississippi-N. -Carolina  region.  They 
range  from  half  this  size  to  4  by  5  inches  and  are  nearly 
as  broad  as  long.  Why  were  they  made  in  such  a 
strange  form  ? 


Fig.  583.     S.  1-2. 


*Stone  Age;  Gerard  Fowke  ;  p.  160. 


■w^'-l 


386 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


ii;i 


Fig,    581    is  from   Savahana   Valley.     Very  peculiar 
Epecimen.      The    edges    are    doubly   chipped.      This 
typical  of  Georgia. 


Fig.  581.     S.  i-i. 

Peculiar  to  the  South.  Shouldered  ends  of  barbs 
squared,  sides  converging  straight  down  to  the  point. 
Found  in  all  sizes— usually  of  chert,  jasper,  etc. 


Fig.  5S4.     S.  1-2. 


*!>!> 


i 


I  r     : 


r  I 


A    triangular   indentation  in    the    base.     Peculiar  \^'''i%^j>^ 
form.     Chiefly  confined  to  the  South.  \  ■'''-'"T'3^ 


Indented  at  base  and  shouldered. 
Not  so  well  chipped  as  some  other 
forms. 


Fig.  5S6      S.  I- 1. 


Fig  585.     S. 


m 


The  South. 


887 


,-  ;^^0.^      Shouldered,  serrated  spear  head. 


Fig.  5S7.     S.  1-2. 


Spear-head  serrated  along  the  upper  part.     An  unusual  form,  not 
found  North. 


Fig.  583.     S.  i-i. 


War-point. 


Common  arrow-head. 


Fig.  5S9.     S.  i-i. 


Fig.  590      S.  1-2. 


Rotary  arrow-head. 


From  Frierson,  La.     yuite  peculiar. 
Has  one  barb  been  broken  ? 


Fig,  59t.     S.  1-2. 

Fig.  502.     S.  1-2. 
LAU  specimens  not  otherwise  given  are  in  Ur.  Steiner's  collection.     W.  K.  M.) 


388 


Prehistoric  Imfjkments. 


IrJl;    I 


Long,  slender  spear  or  lance 
head— very  fine.  Quite  a  number  of 
such  are  found  in  Louisiana.  This 
object  is  in  Messrs.  Frierson  Bros.' 
collection  ;  Frierson,  La. 


Possibly  a  knife,  per- 
haps a  drill.  Common 
on  village  sites. 


Fig.  593.     S.  1-2. 


Fig.  594.     S.  i-K 


-J 


i 

i^ 

H     i '   't 

1^    '     § 

1 

i! 

■    1 

J 

,   1 

'  k 

1 

'   J 

:     1 

'  :? 

1! 


('-  I 


A   little  perforator  having  a  sharp  point.     It  was  made  into  an  arrow- 
head first.  Then  the  point  was  chipped  down  to  its  present  needle-like  form. 


Fig.  595-     S-  i-i. 

Leaf-shaped  implements  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  though 
not  rare,  they  are  by  no  means  plentiful  in  Georgia.  Their  use  is  a  matter 
of  conjecture.  We  feel  that  in  classing  the  smaller  and  medium  sizes  as 
knives,  we  are  not  in  error.  The  larger  and  ruder  forms  answered,  perhaps, 
for  the  heads  of  war  clubs,  their  shape  and  finish  indicates  use,  but  their 
edges  or  points  show  no  indication  of  wear.  It  is  evident,  from  their  shape, 
that  if  they  were  not  incomplete  implements,  they  were  used  as  some  kind 
of  cutting  tools. 

Under  the  head  of  miscellaneous  or  odd  forms  are  found  many  beauti- 
ful specimens  of  handiwork  in  stone,  which  it  is  impossible  to  classify  either 
as  an  ornament  or  an  implement,  yet  the  highly  tinished  workmanship  leaves 
no  doubt  i;i  the  mind  that  they  occupied  an  important  part  in  the  domestic, 
festive,  or  warlike  pursuits  of  life,  and  were  held  in  high  esteem  by  their 
possessors. 


The  South. 


389 


Ceremonials  and  Pendants  of  Stone. 
The  form,  the  character  of  the  stone  used,  the  perforation,  or  perfora- 
tions, or  shght  groove,  or  notch  around  the  head  or  smaller  extremity,  clearly 
suggests  the  use  of  these  objects.  In  some  instances  we  meet  with  these 
pendants  broken  but  not  discarded,  a  new  perforation  rendering  the  pendant 
as  useful  as  ever.  We  frequently  find  them  with  ii'.^ised  lines  cut  upon  one 
or  both  sides,  which,  perhaps,  was  a  chronicle  of  an  event  of  the  life  of  the 
possessor.  They  must  have  been  held  in  high  esteem  as  many  are  artisti- 
callv  made. 


The  large  bead,  the  cere- 
monial and  the  bird  effigy  are 
characteristic  Georgia  stone  or- 
naments. 


Fig.  5q6.     S.  i-i. 

The  "  spade-shaped"  ceremonial,  shown  in  Fig.  237,  pg.  159,  is  found  in  the  South  and 
Mr.  Moore,  Col.  Jones,  Prof.  Holmes,  etc.,  figure  them.  In  excavating  the  Etowah  group  we 
found  one  24  inches  long,  of  green  serpentine. 

Ordinary  slate  ornaments  or  tablets  commin  in  the  North,  are  very  rare. 


Fig.  597.     S.  i-i. 
Stone  gorget  from  mound  at  Mt.   Royal,   on  the  St.  John's  River,  Florida.     A  simple 
form  of  ornament  common  south.     We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  B.  Moore  for  the  loan  of  this 
figure. 


■i 


390 


Prehistoric  Implenientt' 


1, 1, 


m 


• 


![K 


Fig.  59S.     S.  12. 

((.     Axe  grooved  in  center  and  pointed  at  each  end. 

fi.     Axe  witli  broad  blade,  sides  gracefully  curved  and  T  shaped  top. 

I.     Unknown. 

Opposite  i,'-  in  the  center,  a  small  wedge  shai)ed  celt,  common  in  the  South. 

/".     A  flint  celt  or  chisel . 

e.     A  narrow  chisel  peculiar  to  the  South. 

(i.     A  flint  celt  concave  on  one  side. 

Though  c  is  made  of  serpentine,  it  has  a  cutting  edge  it  might  be  classified  as  a  knife,  but 
the  absence  of  all  wear  upon  the  edge  and  being  perforated  would  indicate  that  it  was  used 
as  an  ornament.  It  is  about  5  inches  long,  the  b'adeabout4  inches  wide.  It  is  spade-shaped, 
the  spade  portion  about  4  inches  long  witha  handlean  inch  long.  It  is  jierforated  just  below 
the  junction  of  the  handle  with  the  blade.  This  form  is  found  in  the  upper  portions  of  the 
state. 


The  South. 


391 


Fig.  ^.()i)  is  a  grooved  plummet  from  a  mound  near  Catahoula 
Parish,  La. 


I"ig-  5W.     S.  i-i. 


Fig.  600  is  a  typical  butterHy 
ceremonial.  Material,  pagodite. 
Rhea  County,   Tenn. 


Fig  600,     S.  i-i. 

It  is  interesting  to  rote  that  most  of   the  ceremonials  illustrated  by   Mr.    Fowke  are 
from  the  South  or  Middle  South. 


Polished  Stone  Hatchets*,  Chipped  Hatchets,  Etc. 

Polished  hatchets  are  found  in  about  the  same  proportion  as  f;rooved 
axes.  Though  much  more  frecjuent  in  the  northern  portion  of  Georgia, 
they  are  not  entirely  absent  in  the  southern  portion.  The  material  used  in 
their  manufacture  was  the  same  as  in  grooved  axes.  Some  forms  differ  from 
those  found  in  other  states  in  the  Union.  In  many  sections  of  the  southern 
portion  of  the  state  where  polished  hatchets  are  not  found,  we  find  those 
that  are  chipped  supplying  their  place.  When  chipped  they  are  made  of 
Hint,  jasper  or  chist.  Some  are  simply  rough  irregular  masses  that  are 
brought  to  a  cutting  edge.  Their  length  was  from  2  to  14  inches,  width 
from  I  to  3  inches.  Some  closely  resemble  the  iron  wedge  of  the  present 
♦Commonly  called  celts. 


It'F  ■  I 
11  ' 


ii' 


H.4 


li  : 


'f 


'I:    ; 


!        9 


I  '^ ,  Ii 


S92 


Preh is  t oric  Im piemen  ts . 


day,  while  others  expanding  at  the  cuttinj;  wedge,  presented  a  fan-like  a|)- 
pearance,  and  some  are  perforated  as  if  for  suspension.  Other  hatchets  arc 
not  polished,  but  are  well  chipped  ;  the  cutting  edge  seems  by  use  or  art 
slightly  polished.  I  met  with  several  beautiful  specimens  of  black  chert  in 
excavating  at  the  Etowah  mounds,  Ga.  As  diorite  and  serpentine  were  nut 
present  in  many  parts  of  Georgia,  other  materials  were  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  hatchets,  as  they  could  be  chipped  in  a  way  to  enable  them  to  be 
easily  handled  or  hafted.  Unpolished,  chipped  hatchets  supplemented  the 
want  of  polished  hatchets. 

Chisels,  though  frequently  found,  are  by  no  means  common  and  differ 
from  polished  hatchets  only  in  the  matter  of  size,  some  being  i  inch  long 
and  },  inch  wide,  the  extremest  'eugth  rarely  exceeding  4  inches.  They  are 
manufactured  from  every  variety  of  'Material  from  diorite  to  (]uart/. 


I  Fig,  ()()!  is  a  curved  celt  of  brown    tlint  from  a 

,i,^rave  in  Alexander  County,  111. 


Fij>.  fiDi.     S    1-2. 


I'ig.  6o2   is  a  beautiful  Hint  celt  from    Benton 
County.  Tenn.     Very  highly  polished. 


Fig  fio2.     S.  I  2. 


^ 


The  Si >  nth. 


3H3 


;ire 


Pottery. 

In  the  ceramic  art  the  aboriginies  ai  Georf,Ma  were  skilled.  The  pots 
varied  in  capacity  from  half  a  pint  to  five  j.jalioiiS,  though  the  inner  surface 
was  always  plain  the  exterior  was  covered  with  various  fanciful  designs.  In 
many  there  were  holes  for  suspension,  others  had  handles  representing  hu- 
man, bird  or  animal  figures.  The  exterior  ornamentation  was  the  result  of 
impressions  made  while  the  clay  was  in  a  plastic  state  with  matting,  cords, 
or  sharp  pointed  implements.  Many  had  the  shape  of  our  iron  pots  to-day, 
while  others  resembled  dishes.  Those  having  what  is  known  as  the  geomet- 
ric markings,  or  lines,  are  usually  found  in  mounds.  Under  the  head  of  pots 
we  find  a  vessel  known  as  the  burial  urn.  Mr.  Clarence  Moore  illustrates 
many  forms  from  the  mounds  of  the  Sea  Coast  Islands  of  Georgia.*  But 
they  are  by  no  means  confined  to  the  Sea  Islands  but  are  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  state. 

Prof.   VV.  H.  Holmes's  paper  on   American    Pottery  of  the   Mississippi  Valley  was  pub" 
lished  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  ('82-83).     Some  of  the 
specimens  figured  in  his  able  report  are  different  from  those  presented  in  the  Middle  South 
section. 


Fig.  603.     S.  1-3.     Arkansas  Mound. 

Prof.  Holmes  says  of  this  specimen  (on  page  38S) :  "  The  vessel  shown  in  Fig.  603  is  one 
of  the  most  unique  yet  brought  to  light.  It  is  a  heavy,  rather  rudely  finished  bowl,  to  the 
rim  of  which  two  grotesque  heads,  apparently  of  nondescript  character,  have  been  attached. 
One  resembles  the  oft-occurring  plumed  serpent  of  aboriginal  American  art  in  a  number  of 
its  characters.  The  other  has  a  double  comb  resembling  somewhat  that  of  a  domestic  fowl. 
No  description  can  convey  as  clear  a  conception  of  these  monstrosities  as  the  accompanying 
illustration." 


♦Georgia  Explorations.     Clarence  B.  Moore,  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences,  '<jq. 


f 


m. 


: 

It 


■  t 

i  \ 

>.  ■ .' 

nil  t 


394 


I'rchis  i  or  if  Implements. 


"  The  vessel  depicted  in  Fig.  550  has 
a  number  of  noteworthy  features.  In 
shape  it  resembles  the  preceding  with 
the  exception  of  the  legs,  which  are  flat 
and  have  stejiped  or  terraced  margins. 
The  whole  surface  of  the  vessel  is  decor- 
ated with  characteristic  designs  in  red 
and  white  upon  a  warm  gray  ground.  A 
stepped  figure,  resembling  the  Pueblo  em- 
blematic 'rim  of  the  sky,'  encircles  the 
neck,  and  semi  circular  figures  in  white 
appear  on  opiiosite  sides  at  the  top  and 
base.  The  bodv  is  covered  with  scroll 
work  in  l)road  red  lines,  the  spaces  being 
filled  in  with  white  in  the  form  of  a  thick 
earthy  paste.  Kach  of  the  legs  has  one- 
lialf  red  and  ilie  other  white." 


Fig.  O05.     S.  1-3.     Arkansas  burial  i)lace. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Bureau  of  American  lithnology  for  permission  to  make  some 
twenty  five  or  thirty  electrotypes  from  government  plates.  This  permission  was  secured 
through  the  courtesy  of  Professor  W.  J.  McGee,  Ethnologist  in  Charge.  Professor  Holmes 
says  of  Fig.  605,  that  itj'esembles  a  "female  deer  or  fawn."  The  tail  is  pendant,  as  in  nature 
and  not  curled  as  on  mostof  the  effigy  jiottery.  The  legs  terminate  beneath  the  body  in 
cloven  hoofs. 


iu^'"^- 


APPENDIX. 


Information  on  Various  Subjects. 

A  comparison  of  Califoi"ia  and  Southwest  artifacts,  and,  again,  a  further  comparison 
as  between  them  and  those  of  i!ie  Mississippi  Valley  is  interesting. 

That  Southern  Californ'ri  culture  was  influenced  to  any  extent  by  trade  with  the  Cliff 
Dweller  and  Pueblo  country,  I  am  not  prepared  to  admit.  That  the  shell  objects  bear  more 
or  less  resemblance  to  each  other,  we  will  at  once  grant.  Mortars,  metates,  mano  stones, 
long  pestles  (rollers)  must  needs  be  the  same  everywhere,  just  as  triangular  or  "war  "  arrow- 
heads must  of  necessity  be  alike.  But  note  the  disimilarities.  In  the  Southwest  the  pro- 
jectile points  and  knives  are  small.  They  are  neither  as  numerous  nor  as  large  as  on  the 
Coast.  The  Coast  is  peculiar  because  it  lacks  pottery.  The  Southwest  is  famous  for  its 
ceramic  art.  Grooved  axes  are  common  in  the  land  of  the  Pueblo  ;  they  are  wanting  in  Cal- 
ifornia.    And  so,  o"»^  miehf  50  on  giving  differences. 

Now,  as  to  the  Southwest  and  the  East,  California  and  the  South,  Greater  variations 
in  types  could  scarcely  be  imagined.  After  stating  that  axes,  hammer-stones,  rollers,  etc., 
are  as  types  in  other  localities,  what  have  the  four  regions  in  common  ?  Very  little.  One 
might  be  safe  in  stating  as  a  general  proposition  that  California  and  the  Southwest  stand 
apart,  separate,  unique  from  the  rest  of  the  country. 

It  is  certain  that  the  arid  region  in  which  these  tribes  lived  greatly  altered  and  modified 
their  modes  of  life.  Doubtless  any  of  the  Eastein  or  Southern  tribes  living  under  similar 
conditions  would  exhibit  the  same  peculiarities.  There  is  less  similarity  between  California 
and  Arieona  forms  than  between  Ohio  and  Georgia  artifacts.  Yet  the  climates  of  the  South- 
west and  Southern  California  are  identical.  The  differences  in  specimens  are  not  easily 
explained  unless  one  takes  this  view  : 

Being  near  the  Coast,  with  a  greater  rainfall,  and  also  nearer  mountains  the  California 
tribes  were  not  so  dependent  upon  irrigation.  They  procured  food  more  easily.  Game  was 
more  abundant,  also  roots,  herbs,  nuts,  etc.  The  desert  folk  of  the  Colorado  Valley  were  compell- 
ed to  struggle  for  an  existence.  As  it  happens  in  all  ages  and  among  all  tribes  of  men,  their 
continual  strife  with  averse  conditions  developed  the  mind,  stimulated  invention  and  culmi- 
nated in  a  culture,  which  was,  just  prior  to  the  Spanish  discovery,  higher  thanthat  found  else- 
where north  of  Mexico.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  place  the  Cliff  and  Pueblo  peoples  above  all 
others.  The  first  rude  wall  built,  the  primitive,  irrigating  ditch,  the  coarse  cloth  of  the  ex- 
perimental  weaver— all  these  were  beginnings  of  what  later  came  to  be  arts.  And  we  can 
trace  the  evolution  of  ideas  in  many  places  in  the  Southwest.  It  is  through  hardship  and 
failure  that  man  progresses.     Had  the  Pueblo  and  Cliff  people  been  surrounded  by  herds  of 


39rt 


Prehistoric  Im/tlcnwnts 


i':! 


bison,  wert   fruits  and  nuts   in   iibundance,    wl-    would   to-dav  iuive  no  grout  compartment 
houses,  of  'loo  rooms  no  towers  no  ruin-groups  for  study. 

The  objects  from  the  Southwest,  except  tiie  otVi^ics  and  unknown  stones,  are  mostly 
practical.  The  ornamental  and  ceremonial  class  is  not  so  numerous  as  in  the  Hast.  Kub 
bingor  grinilinji;  stones  predominate  above  all  others  and  these,  taken  with  the  long  irrigating 
ditches  and  otlier  evidences,  lead  us  to  conclude  that  the  desert  people  were  serious,  indus- 
trious folk.  They  might  have  set  the  roving  Indian  bands  of  200  years  ago  a  worthy 
example. 

While  the  tribes,  taken  altogether,  were  above  the  Mound  building  folk  in  cultuie 
status;  yet  an  archa-ologist  who  guaged  a  peojjle  solely  by  their  wea|)ons,  ornaments  or 
utensils  might  dispute  the  position  accorded  the  Southwest  tribes.  Ignoring  the  jioints, 
agriculture,  architecture,  textile  fabrics,  etc,  two  tables  might  be  prepared  which  present 
the  relative  excellence  in  stone  and  clay,  bone  and  shell  objects. 


ri'Kiii  I)  rkiiiKs. 
Pottery, 
Mortars, 
Shell  work, 
Turc,uoise  objects. 
Unknown  objects. 
Effigies  (stone). 


M(Jl'Nl)  DUII.DINi;    I'KIIIKS. 

Grooved  Axes, 
Pestles, 

Slate  Ornaments, 
do    ceremonials, 
Pipes, 

Copper  objects. 
Hematite  objects. 

Bone  objects, 
Flint  objects. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  art  forms  alone,  the  Mound  building  tribes  excelled. 


Slate  Tablets  and  Arrows  of  Primitive  Indians. 


"  Of  the  tablets  you  speak  of,  I  have  seen  several,  but  the  holes  were  much  larger  than 
those  you  describe.  Those  that  I  have  seen  were  used  by  the  Indians  for  grooving  the  shafts 
of  their  arrows.  All  arrows  of  the  primitive  Indians  are  found  with  three  grooves  from  the 
arrow's  shoulder,  at  the  fluke,  extending  to  and  conducting  the  air  between  the  feathers  to 
give  them  steadiness.  Tiiese  grooves,  on  close  examination,  are  found  to  be  indented  by 
pressure,  and  not  in  any  way  cut  out ;  and  this  pressure  is  produced,  while  forcing  the  arrow, 
softened  by  steam,  through  a  hole  in  the  tablet,  with  the  incisor  of  a  bear  set  firmly  in  a  han- 
dle and  i)rojecting  over  the  rim  of  the  hole  as  the  arrow-shaft  is  forced  downward  through 
the  tablet,  getting  compactness,  and  on  the  surface  and  in  the  groove  a  smoothness,  which 
no  cutting,  filing  or  scrajiing  can  produce.  It  would  be  useless  to  pass  the  bow-string  through 
the  tablet,  for  the  evenness  and  hardness  of  the  strings  are  produced  more  easily  and  effec- 
tually by  rolling  them,  as  they  do,  between  two  flat  stones  while  saturated  with  heated 
glue."* 

♦From  a  letter  to  Charles  Rau  from  Mr.  George  Catlin,  an  extract  of  which  was  repro- 
duced in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  of  1S72, 
page  363-4.     Date  of  letter  December  24th,  1S71. 


liilhriimthni  on   Wurioiis  Snhjccts. 

FiKE  MaKINC.  Al'PAKAIL'S.* 


;ii>< 


"Thu  bow  is  used  by  individuals  in  borinj?  holes.  It  is  presiiniod  tliat  its  use  as  u  f\re- 
making  tool  is  seciindary,  the  cord  and  handles  l)einn  the  older.  The  dillieulty  of  makirii; 
fire  is  greatly  increased  when  one  man  attemiits  ic.  nuike  it  with  the  compound  drill  at  the 
critical  moment  the  dust  will  fail  to  ignite  ;  besides,  there  is  no  need  of  one  man  making 
fire:  a  thing  that  is  for  the  common  good  will  be  shared  by  all.  Hence,  the  cord  with  the 
handles,  which  usually  requires  that  two  men  should  work  at  the  drill  is  as  a  rule  used  by 
the  Ivskimo. 

"Though  the  Sioux,  and  some  other  North  American  tribes,  made  use  of  the  bow  to  in- 
crease the  speed  of  the  drill,  they  did  not  use  the  thong  with  handles,  nor  was  the  bow  com- 
mon even  in  the  tribes  of  the  Sionan  stock  that  had  attained  to  its  use  (see  remarks  p.  5411). 
The  bow  may  be  termed  a  more  advanced  invention,  allowing  one  man  with  ease  to  bore 
holes." 


The  Methods  ok  Fikk-making.I 

"  All  mechanical  methods  of  generating  fire  take  advantage  of  the  law  that  motion,  ap- 
parently destroyed  by  friction,  is  converted  into  heat.  These  methods  can  be  grouped 
under  three  classes,  namely:  (i)  Wood  friction;  (2)  percussion  of  minerals;  and  (3)  com- 
pression of  air. 

"  Three  other  methods  exhaust  the  entire  range  of  usages  in  fire-making,  and  they  are 
with  one  exception,  perhaps,  recent.  These  may  be  arranged  in  the  following  classes  :  (4) 
chemical;  (5)  optical ;  (6)  electrical ;  but  these  are  also  the  exhibition  of  friction  in  its  higher 
manifestations. 


Friction  on  Wood. 


"  There  are  three  well-defined  variations  in  the  method  of  making  fire  artificially  by 
friction  0:1  wood,  namely:  (1)  Hy  twirling  or  reciprocating  motion  ;  (2)  by  sawing;  (3)  by 
plowing. 

"A  shallow  depression  is  first  made  near  the  edge  of  the  hearth  in  order  to  give  the  spindle 
'bite.'  From  this  depression  a  slot  is  cut  down  the  side  of  the  hearth  as  a  duct  for  the 
wood  debris  which  has  been  ground  off.  The  operator  then  takes  the  spindle  by  its  upper 
end  between  the  palms  of  his  hands  and  inserts  the  lower  end  in  the  shallow  depression. 
In  twirling,  a  strong  downward  pressure  is  given  to' the  spindle.  The  hands,  which  neces- 
sarily move  down  through  the  combined  pressure  and  the  back  and  forward  motion,  must  be 
returned  quickly  to  the  top  of  the  spindle  without  allowing  the  air  to  get  under  the  lower  end 
of  the  latter.     After  continued  friction,  evidences  of  combustion  are  seen  in  the  ground  off 


•Walter  Hough,  Miscellaneous  Reports  on  Anthropological  subjects,  p.  556, 
tUnited  States  National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Report  for  iSgo,  page  395. 
Walter  Hough,  Department  of  Ethnology,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


398 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


\    \ 


wood  meal.  In  shaping  the  lower  end  of  the  spindle,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  its  point 
should  be  in  contact  with  the  bottom  of  the  shallow  depression,  otherwise  it  will  "  bind  " 
against  the  edges  of  the  depression  and  defeat  the  object. 


"CoRH  AND  Bow  Four-hart  Drills. 

"  Several  improvements  of  the  simple  drill  have  been  made  by  savage  inventors.  These 
improvements  are  shown  in  the  cord  drill,  the  bow,  or  moulh-dr  11,  and  the  pump-drill.  The 
first  is  used  by  tfie  Eskimo,  by  some  tribes  of  North  American  Indians,  and  by  Dyak  tribes. 
It  adds  to  the  spindle  of  the  simple  drill  an  upper  bearing,  called  a  hand-rest,  and  it  revolves 
the  spindle  by  a  cord  with  handles  alternately  pulled.  Two  men  are  required  to  work  this 
drill  " 


Notes  on  the  Manufactire  and  Decoration  of  Pottery. 


i|     9' 


Readers  are  doubtless  familiar  with  some  of  the  several  articles  dealing  with  the  manu- 
facture of  pottery.  They  know  that  the  clay  is  carefully  selected,  made  plastic  by  kneauiuj; 
and  rolling  ;  that  it  is  mixed  with  pounded  granite  or  musseil  shells  to  temper  it  and  give  it 
sufficient  consistency;  that  it  is  moulded  about  a  gourd,  boulder,  basket  or  otner  object,  or 
that  it  may  be  moulded  within  a  basket  or  open  receptacle,  etc.    Then  it  is  burned. 

Professor  V.  H.  Gushing  made  frequent  experiments  in  his  efforts  to  understa^  d  how 
the  laiger  vessels  and  bowls  were  made.  His  observations  are  interesting  and  worthy  of  re- 
production here. 


The  Germ  of  Shore-land  Pottery.* 

"  With  the  latter  I  made  a  pot  shaped  pit  like  those  I  had  discovered  the  faint  remains 
of,  rubbing  thick  clay-water  around  its  perimeter  to  make  the  bottom  and  sides  firmer,  and 
keep  the  vertical  portions  from  caving  in.  I  allowed  this  form  to  dry.  In  the  course  of 
only  two  or  three  hours  it  had  become  comparatively  hard.  I  then  mixed  clay-paste  with 
which  to  form,  inside  of  the  pit,  the  walls  of  a  vessel.  Whilst  the  bottom  and  the  lowermost 
portion  of  the  sides  of  an  incipient  vessel  could  thus  be  formed  with  great  ease,  I  soon  found 
that  it  was  nearly  impossible  to  cause  the  thin  wall  of  clay  to  adhere  and  thus  retain  its 
position  higher  up.  It  then  first  occurred  to  me  that  strips  of  bark,  or  fiber,  or  netting, 
might  be  pressed  into  the  pit  and  used  not  only  to  hold  the  clay  in  place  around  its  sides 
whilst  being  built  up,  but  also  to  aid  in  lifting  the  green  vessel  out  when  fashioned,  for  dry- 
ing. I  therefore  roughly  netted  together  some  coarse  cordage  iu  the  form  of  a  bag  of  suit- 
able size  and  introduced  this  into  the  pit.  The  first  experiment  made  proved  a  failure. 
When  I  had  built  up  the  clay  near  v  to  the  margin  of  the  form,  its  sides  collapsed  inward, 
netted  cordage  and  all.  Again  I  proceeded  as  before,  this  time,  however,  weighting  the 
edge  strings  of  the  bag  down  to  the  surrounding  surface  with  rocks.      I  succeeded  peifectly 

*The  Inter-National  Congress  of  Anthropology,  page  220.     Frank  Hamilton  Ciishing. 


Editi 


Information  on  Various  Siihjccts. 


399 


in  fashioning  the  vessel ;  but,  on  endeavoring  to  draw  it  out,  found,  of  course,  that  it  would 
be  necessary  to  lift  evenly  on  all  the  edge-strings,  else  the  still  soft  vessel  would  give  way  or 
at  best  be  utterly  distorted  when  taken  out  of  its  mould,  by  the  unequal  strain  of  the  strings. 
It  very  quickly  occurred  to  me  that  these  difficulties  could  be  overcome  by  attaching  the 
strings  to  a  hoop,  then  lifting  rhe  vessel  out  by  means  of  that.  Following  this  plan,  I  suc- 
ceeded completely. 

"Thus  exposed,  it  set  within  an  hour  or  two,  becoming  so  firm  that  I  successfully  re- 
moved, by  a  sort  of  gradual  peeling-off  process,  as  one  takes  oft"  a  tight  glove,  the  netted 
bag  in  which  it  had  been  suspended.  After  it  had  been  slightly  dressed  down  and  welded 
where  necessary  by  more  scraping  inside  and  out,  with  clam-shells,  I  was  surprised  and  de- 
lighted to  find  that  its  general  surface  presented  almost  the  exact  appearance  of  the  outer 
surfaces  of  the  shreds  I  had  been  finding,  save  that  the  textile  impressions  were  coarser  in 
my  specimen  than  in  the  ancient  ones." 

Professor  Holmes  in  "Studies  in  Aboriginal  Decorative  Art,"  describes  what  he  con- 
sidirs  some  of  the  finest  pottery  of  American  aboriginal  make. 


Stami>ki)  Okna.ment  or  Sonn  Ai'PAlaciii.w  1'^akthi;n\vake."''' 

"One  of  the  most  marked  and  interesting  varieties  of  earthenware  found  within  the 
limits  of  the  Atlantic  drainage  is  distributed  very  generally  over  contiguous  portions  ot 
Georgia,  North  and  South  Carolina.  Alabama  and  Tennessee.  It  is  found  also,  to  some  ex- 
tent, in  Florida.  For  convenience  of  designation  I  have  called  it  the  South  Appalachian 
group  of  ware.  The  finest  specimens  ccmie  from  the  valley  of  the  Savannah.  Along  the 
(rulf  and  Atlantic  coasts  these  wares  are  intermingled  with  other  forms  ot  iiottery.  which,  as 
a  rule,  are  of  inferior  quality 


Decoration. 


"  As  already  mentioned,  the  remarkable  style  of  decoration,  more  than  any  other  feature, 
characterizes  this  pottery.  Figured  stamps  were  rarely  used  elsewhere,  save  in  Central  and 
.South  America,  and  the  stamps  employed  in  this  instance  do  not  appear  to  have  possessed 
much  diversity  of  design.  The  exact  form  of  the  stamp  or  die  is  of  course  not  easily  deter- 
mined, as  the  imprint  upon  the  rounded  surface  of  the  vases  represents  usually  only  the  mid- 
dle portion  of  the  figured  surface  of  the  implement.  There  can  be  but  I'Me  doubt,  however, 
that  the  stamp  had  a  handle,  and  therefore  assumed  the  shape  of  a  i)addle,  as  do  the  stamps 
used  by  the  Cherokees  at  the  present  time. 

"  The  lines  vary  from  3  to  10  to  an  inch,  and  when  covering  the  surface  of  a  vessel  give 
a  hatched  or  checkered  effect,  closely  resembling  that  made  by  imprinting  a  coarse  open 
fabric.  These  figures  are  often  attributed  to  the  modeling  of  the  vessel  in  a  basket,  but  close 
examination  shows  that  the  figures  are  arranged  in  small  groups  which  do  not  coincide  upon 
the  edges  where  the  impressions  overlap,  and  that  the  arrangement  of  parts  is  not  that  of 
woven  strands. 


♦The  American  Anthropologist :   Vol.  \'.    Jan.,  i8i)2.     Page  67, 


I 


'■■  li 


I 


400  Prehistoric  Implements. 

The  Rocking  Stamp  or  Roulette  in  Pottery  Decorations.* 

"The  use  of  the  stamper  figured  paddle  in  pottery  decoration,  reviewed  at  some  lengtli 
in  the  January  number  of  The  Anthropologist,  was  not  confined  exclusively  to  the  South 
Appalachian  region.  A  somewhat  poorly  defined  group  of  ware,  not  differing  greatly  in  any 
respect  from  the  Appalachian  pottery,  and  decorated  like  that  ware  with  stamps,  is  found  in 
a  few  limited  districts  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  the  best  and  most  numerous  examples 
coming  from  the  vicinity  of  Naples,  Scott  county,  Illinois. 

' '  The  stamps  or  dies  were  not  applied  to  the  entire  surface  of  the  vessel,  as  were  the 
paddle  stamps  of  the  south,  the  impressions  being  independent  of  each  other  and  separated 
by  short  intervals,  producing  a  diaper  effect  within  certain  spaces  or  encircling  the  vase  in 
zones. 

"These  stamped  specimens  are  referred  to  in  this  place,  rather  than  in  connection  with 
the  Appalachian  stamped  ware  in  the  preceding  paper,  on  account  of  their  close  relations 
with  another  group  of  pottery  ornamented  with  a  roulette  or  rocking  stamp,  illustrations  of 
which  are  given  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  This  interesting 
relationship,  heretofore  unobserved,  may  readily  be  made  apparent." 

Earthenware  Vessels  with  Bottom  Knocked  Out.* 

"  For  the  benefit  of  those  not  familiar  with  our  previous  Reports  on  the  Florida  mounds, 
we  may  say  that  it  was  the  custom  in  that  State  often  to  knock  out  the  bottom,  or  to  make  a 
hole  through  the  bottom,  of  earthenware  vessels,  previous  to  inhumation  with  the  dead  and 
that  this  custom  is  believed  to  have  been  practised  with  the  idea  that  the  mutilation 
•  killed  '  the  vessel,  freeing  its  soul  to  accompany  that  of  its  owner  into  the  next  world.  Ap- 
parently, however,  it  entered  the  minds  of  the  more  thrifty  among  the  aborigines  that  vessels 
of  value  might  serve  a  better  purpose,  and  hence  there  arose  a  class  of  ceremonial  ware, 
usually  small  in  size,  often  of  fantastic  design  and  always  of  flimsy  material,  with  bases  per- 
forated during  the  process  of  manufacture.  This  cheap  ware  wa.s  probably  kept  on  hand 
and  did  duty  for  vessels  more  valuable  and  less  readily  spared. 

Additional  Information  Concernin(;  Fu;.  619, 

Mr.  W.  C.  Herriman,  of  Hamilton,  Ontario,  sends  me  3  new  photographs  of  Fig.  619 
(see  page  4i|).  He  thinks  the  head-dress  is  particularly  interesting;  "  it  being  very  much 
like  the  French  capot,  and  suggests  the  period  of  early  racial  contact  (?) ." 

It  was  found  in  Victoria  County,  Ontario,  and  is  made  of  "the  ordinary  clay  material." 
The  head  is  hollow — whether  by  accident  or  iutent  Mr.  Herriman  does  not  know— as  it  rat- 
tles distinctly  on  being  shaken,  there  being,  apparently,  2  or  more  loose  particles  inside. 
Height,  5  3-16  ;  from  front  to  back,  2  7-S  inches. 

In  the  South  pottery  heads  containing  pebbles  or  balls  of  clay  are  common.  They  were 
used  both  by  children  and  adults,  though  in  the  former  case  they  served  merely  as  toys. 

*The  American  Anthropologist,  Vol.  V,  April,  189 J.     Pages  149  150. 

+Mound  Investigation  on  the  East  Coast  of  Florida.     Clarence  B.  Aloore,  1S96.     Page  8. 


SECTION  XIII. 
The  Manufacture  of  Flint  and  Chert  Implements. 

"The  discussion  of  flaked  implements  comprehends  a  study  of  all  that 
pertains  to  the  procurinjj;  of  flakable  stone  by  means  of  search,  collection, 
and  (juarryin^,  and  of  everything  pertaining  to  the  manufacture  ot  imple- 
ments by  fracture,  as  in  breaking  and  in  flaking  or  chipping  l)y  jjcrcussion 
or  pressure;  it  includes  also  a  classification  and  descriptive  presentation  of 
the  finished  ])r()duct  and  a  reference  to  their  respective  imjjlemcnts."* 

The  above  initial  proposition  by  Professor  Holmes  is  ap])licable  to  the 
manufacture  of  flint  implements  either  localh'  or  generally.  It  is  fortunate 
that  the  sites  described  in  his  paper  were  all  near  \v  ashington,  otherwise  it 
would  not  have  been  possible  for  them  to  have  received  such  detailed  .-md 
personal  study  and  investigation.  In  this  brief  section  I  shall  (juote  Pro- 
fessor Holmes,  and  from  Mr.  Fowke's  various  papers,  notal)ly  his  observa- 
tions on  I'^'lint  Ridge;  also  Mr.  J.  I).  McOuire's  articles  in  the  American  An- 
thropologist; Observations  on  Stone  Chipi)ing,  Oeorge  E.  Sellers,  and 
various  remarks  by  Catlin,  Cushiiig,  Snyder,  Wilson,  Kau,  etc. 

Material  for  knives,  scrapers,  drills,  projectile  jjoints  and  what-not  was 
obtained  from  two  sources.  I'irst,  quarries;  second,  from  bowlders  or 
nodules. 

As  is  naturally  inferred,  different  methods  were  followed.  It  is  vastly 
more  diflicult  to  ojjen  shafts  in  ledges  of  chert,  flint,  etc.,  than  to  dig  out 
argillite,  (piartzite  or  other  bowlders  numerous  in  gravel,  sand  or  clay 
deposits  of  the  North  Atlantic  region,  the  South,  and  sections  of  Tennessee, 
etc. 

In  argillite,  cjuartzite  and  other  bowlder  materials  the  first  step,  after 
their  removal  from  the  bed  by  the  quarrymen,  was  to  test  them  for  c|uality 
of  material.!"  The  removal  of  one  or  two  flakes  enabled  the  ex])ert  work- 
man to  determine  whether  or  not  the  stone  was  rcasonal)ly  tractable.:!:  The 
.selected  material  was  removed  to  the  shop  sites,  where  the  flaker  took  up 
the  work. 

"The  i)roccss  employed  in  flaking  a])])ears  to  have  been  exclusively  frac- 
ture by  free  hand  i)ercussion,  the  act  licing  a  (|uick,  firm  stroke,  regulated 
in  force  by  the  nature  of  the  resistance  to  be  overcome  and  by  the  result 
desired."     The  stones  being  of  all  sizes  and  varying  degrees  of  toughness  no 

*Stoiie  imiik'iiiciits  otllif  Potoiiiac-Cliesa])eakcTitic-\vater  I'lnviiicf,  I'rof.  W.  H.  Holiiifs. 
Bureau  of  lUlinology  Kep.  '5)3-+;    Page  29. 

TAd()]nc(l  from  I'rof.  Holmes'  paper  with  slight  alterations. 

Jhi  ()l)servatioiis  ou  Stoue  Chipiiiiig,  \)y  deo.  V..  Scllars.  (Siuitli^^ouiau  Kip.  'H.'>)  he  nuii- 
tious  au  interview  with  Calliu.  "Me,  (Catlin)  eonsidered  makiuj^  tlake>  nuieh  more  of  .ui 
art  than  the  shaping  of  them  into  .arrow  or  spear-points,  lor  ;i  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
nature  of  the  stone  to  he  flaked  was  essential,  as  a  slight  ditlercnee  in  its  (|uality  nceessitatcd 
a  totally  different  mode  of  treatment." 


402 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


t!    I 


1    i.    ' 


1,    'i 


uniform  method  of  rcducticm  could  be  employed.  The  workman  suited  his 
blows  .'IS  to  diicetion  or  intensity  to  the  nature  of  the  pebble. 

"Grasping  a  bowlder  in  either  hand  (supposing.?  bowlder  hammers  to 
have  been  used),  the  first  movement  was  to  strike  the  edjjje  of  one  aj»^ainst 
that  of  the  other,  at  the  proper  angle  to  detach  a  flake.  The  second  move- 
ment and  the  third  were  similar  and  so  on  until  the  circuit  was  comiileted. 
If  no  false  stroke  was  made  and  the  stone  had  the  right  fracture,  few  blows, 
occuju'ing  but  as  many  seconds,  gave  as  a  result  a  typical  turtleback — a 
bowlder  with  one  side  faceted  by  artificial  flaking,  the  other  side,  save 
through  Jiccident,  remaining  smooth.  If  the  removal  of  a  single  row  of 
flake .  \\  a^  not  sufficient,  the  work  was  continued  until  the  one  side  was  re- 
duced to  the  proper  degree  of  convexity,  and  the  availability  of  the  stone  for 
further  elaboration  was  made  apparent." 

The  stone  was  then  turned  and  the  opposite,  or  smooth  side,  flaked 
away,  leaving  a  two-faced  turtleback  of  common  form.  In  Figs.  (}0G-7  two 
tyi)ical  turtlebacks  from  Massachusetts  arc  shown. 


Two  untinislu'd  injiillitc  iiiiiilcnifiUs  called 
l)\-  some  arch  U'olnnist,  "I'alfolitlis".  IVoiii  lU'ar 
Millhiiiy,  Mass.  (.'olk-clioii  of  .Mr.  C.  A.  Cicer,  to 
wliotii  i  am  iiidchtcd  for  dcsfriplioiis  and  draw- 
in  jrs. 


1-ij;.  cod.     S.    2-~. 

I  have  purposely  avoided  a  discussion  of  ])aleoliths  and  glacial  man. 
This  book  is  confined  to  a  descri]}ti(m  of  undis])ute(l  artifacts,  etc.  No  cme 
is  more  ready  to  welcome  discoveries  tending  to  ])rove  the  verv  givat  anti- 
(juity  of  man  than  1  am,  l)ut  the  field  experience  of  those  who  have  been 
longest  out  and  who  arc  rcully  working  archaeologists  is,  I  think,  fairlv 
against  the  jjroposition.  If  Fowke,  Holmes,  Smith,  Dorsey,  Thruston, 
Lewis,  Mercer,  Moore,  Seever,  all  the  field  assistants,  and  others 
have  not  found,  or  cannot  find  them  in  their  extensive  travels 
and  diggings,  and  if  the  burden  of  proof  is  to  rest  upon  one  implement 
found  by  workmen  in  a  cellar  and  another  pulled  out  of  a  railroad  gravel 
bank  by  a  strolling  collector,  it  seems  to  me  that  we  have  been  hastv  in 
heraldingthe  "discovery."  Mr.  Ernest  Volk,  at  Trenton,  has  done  the  most 
and  l)cst  work  of  those  who  are  "strong  in  jialeolithic  faith."  He  finds 
scores  of  rude  implements.     Rut  Holmes,  Salisbury,  Chamberlain,  Mc(k'e 


Manufiicture  of  Implements 


4.().'i 


and  (juitc  a  few  ^colo^ists  and  archacolos^ists  of  rei)ntati()n  contend  that 
the  deposit  is  not  ^l.'ieial— or  rather  that  part  in  which  the  ini])lenients  are 
found  is  not  of  glacial  antic|uity.     Moreover,  they  are  near  the  surface. 

I  know  nothing  of  geology  and  depend  solely  upon  the  testimony  of 
those  who  are  skilled  in  that  science.  But  I  am  able  to  recognize  chip])e(l 
objects  when  I  see  them  inearth,  gravel  or  elsewhere.  In  all  my  travels 
I  have  never  found  one  imbedded  in  strata  of  any  kind,  and  I  have  trami)e(l, 
or  driven  along  the  foot  of  terrace  bluffs  where  gravel  was  cx])ose(l,  and 
rowed  by  gravel  banks  of  the  larger  streams  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  in  a  vain 
search  for  them.  On  those  occasions  I  determined,  in  case  of  a  find,  to  ])lace 
a  guai'd  over  the  spot  and  leave  the  sjx-cimens  //;  situ  until  compe  jnt  geo- 
logists and  archaeologists  arrived.  The  linders  of  the  several  j)aleolilhs 
under  disjjutc  made  serious  errors  when  they  removed  them.  At  the  Hope- 
well Grou]),  when  our  survey  made  those  remarkable  copjjcr,  jjcarl  and 
obsidian  discoveries  we  took  no  chances  but  sent  telegrams  to  prominent 
persons  in  archaeologic  circk-s,  guarded  the  finds  over  night  and  removed 
the  copper  ])lates,  eihgies,  l)la(les  and  what-not  in  the  iircsence  of  ni;iny  wit- 
nesses. There  was  never  i\  (piestion  as  to  the  authenticity  of  the  Hopewe! 
collection.  All  arguments  would  be  forestalled  if  jjaleoliths  were  left 
in  situ  until  examined  by  others  than  the  finders.  While  I  do  not  say  that 
glacial  man  uid  not  exist  in  .Vmcrica,  yet  I  am  convinced  that  the  prepon- 
derance of  evidence  to  date  is  nej^ntive. 

Larger  blades,  the  final  ([urirrv-site  stage,  are  of  sujh  sh<a])cs  as  are 
shown  in  Fig.  91,  the  large  ol)sidian  blade  in  I-'ig.  55  and  the  outlines 
around  points  in  Fig.  (JOS. 

It  is  thought  that  the  final  work  was  not  done  on  the  c|uarry-sitc. 
This  is  cs]3ecially  true  of  bowlder  deposit  (luarries,  but  at  Flint  Ridge 
(Ohio)  (|uarries  there  is  some  evidence  that  jjoints,  knives,  drills,  etc., 
were  completed  there.  1  do  not  think  that  the  "finishing"  was 
extensive.  It  must  be  remembered  that  Prof.  Holmes  writes 
of  the  Potomac  region  when  he  says:  "Now,  although  the  blades 
produced  in  die  quarry-shops  ma^-,  without  modification,  have  been 
used  for  cutting,  scraping,  perforating  and  other  purjjoscs,  I  am  de- 
cidedly of  the  opinion  that  as  a  rule  they  were  intended  for  further  elab- 
oration; this  is  rendered  almost  certain,  first,  by  the  fact  that  tiie  most 
fully  shaped  broken  pieces  found  on  the  (juarry-shop  sites  ar  but  rudely 
trimmed  on  points  and  edges,  specimens  of  like  grade  being  li'.tle  fitted  for 
use  in  cutting  and  scraping;  and,  second,  that  all  the  tens  of  thousands  of 
specialized  forms — spear-heads,  arrow-points,  and  perforators — are  neces- 
sarily specialized  from  such  blades,  as  shown  in  a  subse(|uent  section.  The 
quarry  workshop  was  naturally  not  a  jjlace  for  finishing  tools,  l)ut  one  for 
roughing-out  the  material  and  selecting  that  fitted  to  be  carrird  away  for 
final  shai)ing.  A  laborer  engaged  in  such  work  in  a  jnt  in  the  forest  would 
not  be  likely  to  throw  aside  the  rough  hammer  used  in  fnieturing  cobble 
stones  to  take  up  and  operate  an  entirely  different  kind  of  machinery,  in- 
volving a  distinct  and  delicate  process.  Being  a  reasoning  and  practical 
creature,  he  would  carry  away  the  roughed-out  tools  the  long,  thin  blades, 
to  1k'  disposed  of  or  to  be  finished  at  his  leisure  and  by  whatsoever  method 
experience  jjlaced  at  his  dis])osal." 


I 


M 


■!?i 


\'i< 


I  '  ^! 


t  ;! 


d 


pu 


it   , 


404. 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


/'^. 


'"^ 


■\ 


;i-      I 


Fig.  608.    S.  1-1. 
Vri lions  foniis  of  Cdiiiplclc  siieciniclis,  the  dotted  outline  re]ireFeiitiiij;  tlie  jiriiii.'iiy  sta>|i' 
in  tile  process  of  ni;miif;iettirc.     He  siivs  (page  W3)     "Tiicir  most  inii)ortaiit  cli;iractcristie  v.^* 
tiieir  general  siiape,  nearly  all  l)eiiig  referahie  to  f)rigin  through  the  leat-shape  blade.     Fill  om 
the  outline  of  almost  anv  specimen,  large  or  small,  and  the  blade  form  is  restored." 


1?^! 


Miimifiicturc  of  Implements 


40f 


The  hammcr-stonc's  with  which  this  first  work  was  done,  arc  not  to  l)c 
counted.  They  exist  on  nearly  every  village  and  cani])  site  of  America 
and  exhibit  varied  surfficcs,  from  ones  little  used  to  old  scarred  and  pitted 
veterans  no  longer  useful.  In  the  series  presented  (Figs. 009-1 0-11),  I  show 
those  illustrated  by  I'rof.  Holmes  in  his  plate,  LXIX. 


ImK-    <)<>'.).     S.    ;?-+.    Tin-    siirlace 
is  i)artly  i)attere(l  into  roiiiuliicss. 


Fig.  610.     S.  3-4.     This  one  lias  a  well   defined  nit  and  is 
more  highly  specialized  than   Fig.  00!). 


Fig.  <ill,  S.  S-t.  ueli  reduced  Ijv  peeking  and  perhaps,  in 
part.  l)y  aliraidiiig,  and  exeiiijilifies  the  jiitted  haninier-stones 
eliaraeterislie  of  the  eastern  I'nited  States. 


Side  View. 

"We  are  not  able  to  say  at  just  what  point  in  the  shajjing  of  the  blade 
or  implement  from  tiuartzite  and  each  of  the  other  stones  (for  the  point 
would  not  be  uniform  with  all  varieties)  the  perci.ssion  i)rocesses  ceased 
and  the  pressure  processes  took  up  the  work.     It  was  certainly  later  in  the 


40G 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


i  I' 


IMI' 


'? !  I 


I 


(|uartzitc  than  in  any  of  the  others,  because  of  its  coarse  ^rain  and  exceed- 
injj^  touffhness  and  the  conse(|ucnt  lack  of  thin  .and  sharj)  ed^jes  on  whicli 
the  pressure  tool  must  take  hold.  The  pressure  methods  were  applied  some- 
what as  indicated  in  the  following  paraji;ra])hs. 

"In  the  method  most  readily  available  for  the  final  steps  a  l)lank  form 
or  a  Hake  havinj^  the  a])])roximate  shaj)c  was  iieid  (irmly  between  the 
linj^^ers  and  thumb  of  tr.e  left  hand.  A  firm  piece  of  bone  havinj;  a  ratiier 
thin  edire  or  anj^le  like  that  of  a  three-cornered  fde  was  taken  in  the  rl;.jht 
hand  and  set  u])on  the  sh,arp  edj^e  of  the  stone  and  at  rij^ht  an;nles  to  it  so 
firmly  that  a  sli<jjht  cut  or  notch  was  made  in  the  bone,  then,  with  a  (juick, 
firm  movement  of  the  ri^ht  hand,  met  I)y  a  similar  movement  of  the  left, 
the  bone  was  made  to  nitve  across  the  ed<j^e  of  the  stone,  in  doiuLj  which  it 
took  witli  it  a  fiake,  varyinjj^  in  lenj^th,  width,  and  depth,  with  the  skill  and 
power  of  the  workman,  the  nature  of  the  stone,  etc.  A  rajjid  re])etition  of 
this  operation,  accomi)anie(l  by  a  ])ropcr  resetting'  of  the  tool,  (piickly  re- 
duced the  ])iccc,  if  it  worked  readilv,  to  almost  any  desired  outline.  The 
same  result  was  obtained  in  various  other  ways,  but  always  In-  means  of 
suddenly  applied  or  spasmodic  pressure.  The  l)lank  form  may  have  been 
held  down  by  the  fingers  on  the  edge  of  a  stone,  and  the  point  of  the  bone 
held  in  the  other  set  so  as  to  catch  the  edge  of  the  stone  to  a  width  corres- 
ponding to  that  caught  by  the  notched  Ijone  in  the  other  position,  when  a 
(piick  downward  pressure  upon  the  fiaking  tool  would  remove  the  Hake. 
.\gain,  in  larger  work,  where  greater  force  was  recpiircd  t<»  remove  the 
fiakes,  a  tool  long  enough  to  i)lace  against  the  arm  or  chest  of  the  operator 
may  have  been  used.  In  this  way  much  addition.al  force  could  be  thrown 
into  the  spasmodic  movement,  .\nother  device,  practised  by  some  tribes, 
consisted  of  a  notched  or  forked  bone  or  pincers,  which  was  set  upon  the 
sharp  edge  of  the  blank  and  given  a  sudden  twist,  thus  removing  the  fiake. 

"These  operations  <'i])])ly  exclusively  to  implements  of  leaf-blade  type 
and  to  minute  forms  of  other  origin.  The  various  ruder  and  heavier 
varieties  of  tools  were  shaped  by  percussion  exclusively." 

I  cannot  refrain  from(|uoting  Professor  McOuireas  he  has  experimented 
extensively  with  aboriginal  tools.  In  one  of  his  ])a])crs  he  tells  how  he 
made  a  stone  axe,  using  stone  tools:* 

"The  axe  was  then  rul)bed  with  wood  and  with  buckskin  to  further 
polish  it,  but  apparently  without  effect.  The  pecking  occupied  55  hours 
and  10  minutes,  which  period,  estimating  the  number  of  blows  jjcr  minute 
as  14-(),  would  give  ovef  4(>0,000  blows  rc([uired  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
implement.  This  stone  weighed  when  first  received  7,625  Troy  grains;  the 
present  weight  is  5,14-;5  grains;  the  loss  therefore  is  2,4-82  grains.  This 
specimen,  however,  can  hardly  be  taken  as  a  fair  standard  of  aboriginal 
work,  for  in  selecting  the  material  a  workman  would  naturally  choose  a 
pebble  as  nearly  the  desired  shape  as  could  be  procurred,  and  thus  avoid  a 
large  part  of  the  Labor.  ThL-  savage,  if  we  can  believe  the  accounts  given  ol 
him  bv  earlv  travelers,  was  not  likelv  to  make  unneeessarv  exertion." 


The  .\mericaii  .■Anthropologist.    Vol.  V.  April,  189U.     Hg.  107. 


Miitntfacture  of  Implements 


40 1 


"In  chippin^r  soinethinjr  more  is  necessary  than  merelv  strikin^r  one- 
stone  against  another.*  All  ehipj)e(I  inipletnents  show  a  special  fracture; 
the  weijiht  of  the  hammer,  its  material,  and  its  shape  are  all  important 
elements  to  be  considered:  the  intended  implement  must  be  struck  with  a 
certain  wei^dit  and  force  and  at  a  particular  anj,de  to  acc()mi)lish  the  de- 
sired result.  The  c|uarry  hammer  of  jrreat  weif^ht  must  be  used  if  it  is 
desired  to  crush  a  lar^re  block  of  stone;  the  hand  hammer,  to  reduce  it  still 
further.  Often  possibly,  a  set,  or  punch  and  hammer,  or  pressure  alone  mav 
be  used  to  accomplish  the  same  purpose;  then  a;rain  a  li;rht  1)one  hammer 
may  be  used  to  ^^ivc  uniformity  to  edges  left  rough  by  the  hand  hammer  or 
to  detach  flakes  from  a  brittle  material." 


Fi.!^,  nili.  S.  1-1.  Kiule  nok-licd  axe,  not  iiolisluil 
but  rliippcd  into  t.ha|ic  liy  a  few  blows.  Sucliwtii 
doubtless  used  about  the  (|iiarries  lor  (lij;^iiij>,  jjrtiir 
bint;  up  bnslics,  etc.    Kroni  the  I'otoniac  Valkv. 


One  of  the  best  articles  from  a  i)oi)ular  point  of  view  on  ehip])ing.  etc., 
was  written  by  Mr.  Sellars,   a   man   of  wide  experience,-!-     I   sav   popular, 

"Aniencaii  Anthropoloj,Mst,  Vol.  VI,  Paj^c  'Ml.    J.  I).  McC.tiiie. 

ft)l)servations  OH  Stone  Chipping,   Cicor^e  K.  Sellars,  of  Illinois.     Smithsonian.     Report, 

.S5,  pg.  87. 


i 


408 


Prehistoric  Implements, 


m  ■ 


hcc.'iusc  thcavcra^c student  or  collector  cannot  read  all  that  the  authorities 
have  written.  Mr.  Sellars  does  not  write  technically  and  one  may  follow 
without  l)econiinjj^  weaned.  He  had  a  tViendshij)  for  the  famous  Catlin,  and 
if  any  jjcrson  could  shed  li^ht  on  "how  arrows  were  made,"  Catlin  could. 

Mr.  Sellars,  in  referin^  to  Catlin's  observations,  says:  ''Most  of  the 
tribes  had  men  who  were  expert  at  flaking,  and  who  could  decide  at  si^ht 
the  best  mode  of  working.;.  Some  of  these  pebbles  would  si)lit  into  tolcrablv 
jj;ood  llakes  l)y  (juick  and  sharp  blows  strikinff  on  the  same  jjoint;  otliers 
would  l)reak  by  a  cross  fracture  into  two  or  more  .)icces;  these  were  pre- 
ferred, as  jj^ood  tlakcs  could  be  split  from  their  clem  fractured  surface  bv 
what  Mr.  Catlin  called  imi)iilsivc  pressure,  the  tool  used  bein^i  ji  shaft  or 
stick  of  between  2  and  3  inches  diameter,  varyinjj:  in  Icnj^th  from  .'{()  inches 
to  4  feet,  according  to  the  manner  of  usinj;them.  These  shafts  were  ])()inleil 
with  bone  or  buck-horn,  inserted  in  the  working  end  bound  with  sinews, 
or  rawhide  tlion^s,  to  prevent  splittin;^'.  I'or  some  kinds  of  work  the  bone 
or  horn  tij)s  were  scraped  to  a  rather  blunt  point,  others  with  a  slij^htly 
rounded  end  of  about  one-half  inch  in  diameter.  He  described  various  ways 
of  holdin<.r  the  st(me  while  the  ])ressure  was  l)ein<::  a])plied.  .\  water-worn 
peb1)le  broken  traversely  was  commonly  held  l)y  l)ein^  stilHeiently  imbedded 
in  hard  earth  to  ])revent  its  slijjpinji^  when  held  by  the  foot  as  the  ])rcssure 
was  applied.  Lnrj^^c  blocks  of  obsidian  or  any  easily  flaked  stones  were 
held  l)etween  the  feet  of  the  o])erator  while  sittin<^  on  the  j,n-ound,  the 
iiiii)iilsive  pressure  being  ^ji'ivcn  to  the  tool  j^rasped  in  both  hands,  a  cross- 
piece  on  the  up])er  end  restiny;  ajj^ainst  the  chest,  the  bone  end  aj^ainst  the 
stone  in  a  sli;j;ht  indentation,  previously  j)repared,  to  jiive  the  proper  angle 
and  to  prevent  slip])ing. 

"In  some  eases  the  stone  operated  on  was  sectired  l)etween  two  i)icces 
or  strijjs  of  wood  like  the  jaws  of  a  vise,  bound  together  by  cords  or  thongs 
of  rawhide;  on  these  stri])s  the  ojierator  would  stand  as  he  a])plic(l  the 
pressure  of  his  weight  by  impulse.  The  best  flakes,  outside  of  the  home- 
made, were  a  suliject  of  commerce,  and  came  from  certain  localities  where 
the  chert  of  the  best  quality  was  (|uarried  in  sheets  or  blocks,  as  it  occurs 
in  almost  continuous  seams  in  the  intercalated  limestones  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures. These  seams  are  mostly  cracked  or  broken  into  blocks,  that  show 
the  nature  of  the  cross  fracture,  which  is  t.'iken  advantage  of  by  the 
operators,  who  seem  to  have  reduced  the  art  of  flaking  to  almost  an  abso- 
lute science,  with  division  of  labor;  one  set  of  men  being  expert  in  (piarry- 
ing  and  selecting  the  stone,  others  in  prei)aring  the  blocks  for  the  flrd<er. 
This  was  done  when  the  blocks  were  nearly  right  angled  at  the  corners,  by 
striking  off  the  corner  where  the  flaking  was  to  commence,  and,  with  a 
pro]K'rl\'Slirectedblow  with  a  hard  pebble  stone,  knock  off  of  the  upper  edge 
a  small  tlakc,  making  a  seat  for  the  point  of  the  flaking  tool.  Sometimes 
these  blows  were  carried  entirely  across  the  front  upper  edge  of  the  block, 
making  a  groove  entirely  across  the  edge,  when  the  front  row  of  flakes  had 
been  thrown  oft'.  It  is  the  work  of  this  operator  to  prc])are  seats  for  a 
second  row,  and  so  on.  What  was  meant  by  almost  absolute  science  was 
a  knowledge  and  skill  that  would  give  the  proper  direction  to  the  pressure 


Mnnuthcturc  of  Implvmcnts 


4()l) 


to  throw  off  the  kind  of  Hake  rc(|uire(l.  The  staffs  of  those  flakiii;j;  tools 
were  selected  from  younjf  hfird  wood  sa|)Hii;^s  of  vij^orous  j^rowth.  A  h)wer 
branch  w.'is  utiH/ed  to  form  the  crotch  in  which  the  l)h)w  was  struck. 
Another  branch  on  the  opjjosite  side  was  used  to  secure  n  heavy  stone  to 
ix,\\c  weight  and  increase  the  pressure.  When  the  stone  to  be  flaked  was 
firmly  held,  the  point  adjusted  to  ;five  the  pressure  in  the  re(|uired  direction, 
the  staff' firmly  jjrasjjed,  the  upjier  end  ajjainst  the  chest  of  the  oi)erator, 
he  would  throw  his  weight  on  it  in  successive  thrusts,  and  if  the  flake  did 
not  fly  off,  a  man  standinjj:  opposite  would  simultaneously  with  the  thrust 
j;ive  a  sharp  blow  with  ,'i  club,  it  bein^  soshapedthat  its  torce  is  downward 
close  in  the  crotch.  It  has  been  rejjresented  to  me  that  a  sinj.rle  blow  rarely 
failed  to  throw  oft' the  flake,  fre{|uently  the  entire  depth  of  the  block  of  stone, 
sometimes  as  much  as  10  or  12  inches.  The  tooth  or  tusk  of  the  walrus 
was  hifj^hly  ])rized  for  tips  of  the  flakers. 

"What  I  have  thus  far  written  is  at  second  hand,  bein;;  merely  recollec- 
tions of  conversations  at  various  times  with  the  i)arties  I  have  referred  to, 
.and  more  recently  with  a  man  who  for  over  thirty  years  had  been  con- 
nected with  a  fur  company,  and  who  had  lived  most  of  that  time  among 
the  Indians,  and  much  of  it  as  a  trapper. 

"What  I  now  propose  is  to  ijive  sonrj  of  my  experimental  practice  in 
flaking  and  workinj;  flint  (chert),  and,  (from  a  jjurely  mechanical  stand- 
l)oint)  some  conclusions  drawn  *"rom  a  pretty  extensive  examination  of  the 
waste  and  refuse  as  well  as  finished  and  ])artly  finished  work  left  in  the 
.aborij^inal  flint  workshoj). 

"There  are  many  placesalong  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries that  are  not  siibjeet  to  the  annual  overflow,  but  are  still  below  the 
occasional  great  floods,  where  the  flaking  jjrocess  has  been  extensively 
carried  on,  and  whi-rc  cores  and  waste  chi])s  are  a))un(lant.  At  one  of 
these  places,  on  the  Kentucky  side  of  the  river,  I  found  a  numl)er  of  chert 
blocks,  as  when  first  brought  from  the  i,iiarry,  from  which  no  regular  flakes 
had  been  split;  some  had  a  single  corner  liroken  off  as  a  starting  ])oint.  On 
the  sharp,  right-angled  edge  of  several,  I  found  the  indentations  left  by 
small  fl.akes,  having  been  knocked  oft'  evidently  by  blows  as  described  by 
C.'itlin,  as  a  preparation  for  seating  the  flaking-tool.  Most  of  the  localities 
referred  to  .are  now  under  cultiv.ation,  but  before  being  cleared  of  timber 
and  subjected  to  the  plow,  no  surface  relies  were  found;  but  on  the  caving 
and  wearing  away  of  the  river  l)<anks  as  the  light  e.arth  w.ashed  away, 
many  spjar  .and  arrow-he.ads  and  other  stone  relics  were  left  on  shore. 
After  the  land  had  been  cleared  and  the  plow  had  loosened  the  soil,  one  of 
the  great  floods  that  oc^ur  .at  intervals  of  some  fifteen  or  twentv  years, 
would  wash  away  the  loose  soil  leaving  the  great  flint  workshops  exposed. 
It  is  from  the  stores  of  material  left,  the  cores  or  nuclei  thrown  aside, 
caches  of  finished  .and  unfinished  implements  .and  fl.akes,  the  tools  and  w.ast- 
age,  vast  accumulations  of  splints,  etc.,  that  we  can,  on  critical  examination, 
draw  tolerably  correct  ideas  of  the  mode  of  working  pursued. 


"Experience  has  taught  the  oper.ator  the  best  shape  of  edge  to  api)ly 


410 


I'rcliistoric  Itupknictits. 


)' ■! 


tlir  pressure  to  aeeotiijilisli  his  ohjeet,  .'iiid  it  has  also  t.'iujilit  liim  how  to 
reaeh  it  in  liie  siinplesl  possible  way.  A  spoon-shajjed  hoUow  on  liie  lop 
ol'a  llatteiied  loj^,  or  even  a  j^utter  or  j^roove  eiit  in  it,  i'nriiislies  the  means 
ofhohlinj,'  tlie  tlake  (innly,  the  raised  or  hi;j:h  side  plaeed  in  the  liollow,  tiu- 
flat  side  up;  witii  the  ends  of  the  linj,'ers  of  his  left  liaiid  pressed  on  it  he 
hohls  it  lirinly,  while  with  his  ri;^ht  hand  a  downward  pressure  is  ;;iveii  l»y 
the  llakin;^  tool  wiiieh  breaks  off  ehips  with  a  fraeture  of  about  4")  dej^rees 
from  the  Hat  surfaee,  le/ivinj;  the  edj^je  in  the  best  possil)le  shape  for  future 
work,  and  that  is  the  eondition  of  these  eaehe  Hakes  as  they  are  found. 

"In  old  times,  before  the  invention  and  introduetion  of  ])lanin;4^  and 
shapin;^  maehines  to  work  metals,  the  first  find  most  im])ortant  lesson 
tau;.(ht  lo  the  maehinist's  api)rentiee  w.'is  the  use  of  the  h.ind-hamnier  and 
eold-ehisel.  When  an  outer  shell  was  to  be  removed  from  a  metal  eastinj^, 
and  its  surfaee  left  in  eondition  to  be  fmished  by  fde  or  semper,  the  smooth- 
ness and  rej.fularity  of  that  surtaee  was  essential,  not  only  for  eeonomy  in 
working;,  l)ut  aeeuraey  of  the  file  finish.  The  apprentiee  was  tau;^ht  to 
hold  his  eold-ehisel  and  so  direet  the  strokes  of  his  hammer  that  when  a 
chip  was  started  the  ehisel  should  hold  to  it,  and  not  be  allowed  to  eut  too 
deej)  or  slij)  and  fly  out,  leaving  a  sha])e  that  is  diflieult  to  start  a  fresh  eut 
without  leavin;^' ridj^es  or  euttinj.^  deeper,  in  either  ease  eausin.u  additional 
labor  for  the  finisher. 

"To  a  practical  mechanic  the  examinition  of  such  a  Hint  workshoj)  as  I 
have  described — its  waste  ehips  to  the  jjartly  worked  flakes,  the  rou.yhed 
out  blocks,  and  the  flnished  imjjlements — reveals  a  line  of  workmanship  so 
clear  that  it  e;in  be  followed  to  the  ])ro(lueti()n  of  the  same  results. 

"The  handlin<i-  of  the  t<*ol  and  flake  to  form  an  arrow-point  is  as  much 
an  act  recjuirin^  exactness  and  jjrecision  as  the  iiandlinj,^  of  the  eold-ehisel 
and  hammer  is  to  the  ma'-hinist.  The  first  chip  thrown  off  is  analoj;<)us  to 
the  first  startinir  work  of  the  cold-chisel;  it  is  the  text  that  must  bi'  adiiercd 
to  to  the  end  of  the  eha])ter.  Holdiiij,''  the  flrd<e  in  such  position  that  eoni- 
inencinji  at  what  is  intended  for  the  point  of  the  intended  work,  the  jjressnre 
with  the  fl.'ikin;^  point  is  broui^ht  to  bear  close  to  the  (■dj:;c  of  the  -k")  de^^rees 
anj^lc  and  at  rijj^ht  anules  to  it;  the  result  is  a  flake  thrown  ofii  inclinin.u 
towards  the  stem  of  the  .arrow-point.  The  seat  left  by  this  chip  when 
thrown  ofl'is  concave  on  the  edt^c  :'f  the  flake,  the  advance  corner  of  which 
is  the  seatiii.n'  ])oint  for  the  tool  to  thtr  w  off  the  next  chip,  which  does  not 
entirely  obliterate  the  concavity  of  the  flrst,  and  the  followin,t>-  chi])  leaves  a 


serrated   ediic,   th 


:h 


le   elni)S   or  iliikiS  ncnig  generally  pa 


ralb 


iralk 


w 


hich 


IS 


thi 


object  of  a  good  workman  to  make  them.  When  the  flat  side  by  chipjjing 
has  beenred  need  to  nearly  the  re(|uired  form,  itsedgesare  in  the  l)est  possible 
shape  for  ehip])ing  the  oj)])osite  or  high  side,  then  by  alternate  working 
from  side  to  side,  the  point  is  flnished,  either  leaving  it  with  serrated  edges 
or  by  after  delicate  work  throwing  off  the  ])oints,  leaving  a  smooth,  sharj) 
edge.  The  indentations  at  the  base  either  for  b.-irbs  or  for  thongs  to  sccin'c 
the  point  to  its  shaft  are  made  by  direct  down  jjressure  of  a  sharj)  ])()int 
working  alternately  from  side  to  side,  the  arrow-])oint  being  held  iinnly  on 
its  flat  lace.     I-h'oni  the  narrowness  of  the  cuts   in  some  of  the   specimens. 


Mnnnl'iivlurc  of  linplc/nciits. 


411 


.'111(1  llii'  lIiiikiK'ss  ol' tlic  sloiK-  wIkiv  iIk'v  li'niiiii.'iU',  1  li.'ivi'  imliiK'd  to  llic 
holiv't"  lli.'ii  .It  ilk'  pnidd  llu'v  Wfiv  iii.'Kk',  llif  .ilxirij^iiii-'S  Ii.hI  somctliiuji 
slr()iij4.r  ilian  Iioir-  Lo  opcraU*  willi,  as  I  liavc  in-vir  luni  al)k'  in  iiiiilati' 
soiiK'  of  llKir  (kcp,  licivy  (.-uls  with  it;  hul  I  liavi-  siuriTik'd  hy  iisiiii;  a 
c()])|)c'r  pniiiL,  \vlii(."!i  possesses  all  tin.'  propL-rtics  of  tin.-  lioue,  in  liildiii;^  to 
its  work  willioiil  slippiiij,' and  lias  iIk'  sliviijb^th  for  dinvl  thrust  iV(|iiii\'d. 
A  soft  iron  or  a  tlio.'ouj;lily  aiinrak'd  stcil  point  answers  even  a  hetler  pur- 
pose. As  ,^t  no  eojjper  has  been  found  on  this  tlakin;,'  ,i;roiin(l,  tliou.Lih  a 
few  eo|)|)er  heads  and  renuiants  of  what  appear  to  have  been  ornaments 
liave  lieeii  taken  iVoni  liie  mounds  on  the  rid,L;es  of  tiie  Saline,  \\  hieii  I  liiink 
is  evideiiee  thai  thev  had  that  metal  at  the  earliest  lime  work  was  done  on 
this  llakinu  iiank. 

"Itrvee  \Vri;^lit.  in  his  deseriptio:i  of  tiieSeandiiiavian  knives  or  dai^uers 
rel'ers  to  them  as  l)ein;.j  most  heatilifully  dentiled  with  parallel  tlakin^  and 
serrati'd  ed^^'s.  lie  says;  "These  knives  or  lanees  are  true  marvels  of  |)re- 
hislorie  art,  and  show  an  amount  of  skill  and  workmanship  wliieli  eaniiot 
he  imiiiled  in  the  present  ayi',  the  art  of  fashionin,!^  them  iiavin,!^  been 
entirely  lost."  Sir  John  Lub'ooek,  on  paj;e  lOl-  of  "I'rehistorie  Times," 
says:  "The  erimpinn' .'don,!,;  the  ed.LTe  of  the  handle  is  very  eiirlons."  ,\s.to 
p;ir;dlel,  il.ikin,i;s  with  serrr.ited  ed^^e,  1  h.ave  ende.'ivored  to  show  (from  :\ 
nKehaiiie.'d  view-point)  th.at  the  rehise  of  tla  j,;re.il  llinl  (pharries  i)()int  to 
a  mode  of  workin.u  th.'it  must  leave  the  dentiled  m<arkin;4S  p.andlel,  .and  the 
edjjjes  worked  I'rom,  serrated.  Wh.-it  Lubboek  spe.akes  of  as  eurious  erimp- 
inu  on  the  ed,:,v  i/fthe  h.'indle.^  is  but  the  natnnil  residt  of  the  mode  of  work- 
in,^'.  I  have  examined  these  Se;m(lin;ivi;in  danger  h.andles,  .and  fmd  the 
same  appj.aranee  on  the  blades  of  l.'irye-si/.e  broken  |)iereers,  mimbers  ol' 
wnieli  I  have  foun.l  .'itnonLT  nd)l)lsh,  pieke;!  uj),  ex.amined,  .'ind  thrown 
aw  ly  .a-;  inr).'ri"ejt  spjcinuas.  Sduu  of  th.-m  Irive  ,a  spre.ad,  Hat  enil  or 
handljofover  I'o  ineh,  with  nearly  s(pi;ire  bk'ides,  evidently  h.avin;;  been 
w  )rlvJ.l  by  d!)w.i  p;'j-;-;iirj  from  th.'  e  Il^js  eorresp;);idim;'  to  the  S])read  end, 
these  -t;")  dj,i,M'ee  Hakes  meetin.u'  form  angles  .'ind  ])roduee  the  sipi.are.  The 
InL.'i'l  )-"kin.;' o!' th.' Il  ikjs  ,'1  thi'ir  nij.'timi'  eiu-^^s  th.-  eriin])jd  .'ip|)L'.ir.aiiee, 
in  sonu' eases  not  unlike  .'i  row  of  bj-'uls,  very  beautiful,  but  not  with  .any 
sueli  view,  but  sim])ly  the  n.atur.d  result  of  the  mode  of  working;. 

"IL're.'d>()  .'ire  fnund  ni  issive  Hakes  or  ehips  of  line-;,MMined  (|!i;irLzite, 
that  le.'ieh  another  lesson  to  a  seeking'  pr.aetie.'d  meeiianie,  nosiiin'  ,'il)out 
anion,!.;'  other  .'leeumul.'ited  reluso.  These  liakes  are  often  ronuh  on  one  laee, 
showing  them  to  be  .'in  outside  seale  from  the  stone;  oeeasion.'illy,  fni^- 
nunts  of  l.ir^j^e  tlat  imi)lenients  that  have  been  cl.'issed  .as  .'ij;rieultur.'d  (hoes 
orsp.ades).  The.se  fraj;inents  h.'ive  not  l)een  broken  by  want  of  skill  in  the 
workmen,  but  irom  the  undiseovered  se.'ims  in  the  stone  that  did  not  show 
until  the  outer  surfaee  was  thrown  otV.  None  of  these  fragments  show  ;iny 
si};;n  of  use;  in  fact  some  of  them  h.'ive  not  been  wrou>;ht  to  an  edge.  I  h.-ive 
.sever.'d  s])eeinions  of  hoes  from  the  same  ridge  beyond  the  settlement  where 
it  would  natur.dly  be  eultiv.'ited,  th.'it  from  their  highly  jiolished  working 
ends,  show  long  use.  The  lesson  is  that  they  are  not  m.'ule  from  gre.at 
U.'ikes  but  rather  represent  the  core  from  whieh  ihdies  have  been    thrown 


1 


Iri: 


412 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


HI      I 


off.  Finished  hoes  and  spades  frequcnth-  have  portions  of  natural  stone 
partings  that  ha\e  not  been  worked  off,  and  show  them  to  have  been 
worked  from  thin  sh;bs.  These  slabs  are  a  metamorphie  thin  bedded 
sandstone,  belonja:in^  to  what  our  state  geologist.  Prof.  A.  H.  Worthen, 
ealls  the  Chester  group.  They  oeeur  near  the  Saline,  about  8  miles  above 
the  flaking  ground,  in  an  ujjheaval  that  has  brought  them  to  the  surfaee 
with  the  u])turned  edges  of  the  earboniferous  limestone  through  whieh  the 
salt  springs  How.  This  is  jirobably  the  souree  whence  this  cpiartzite  was 
obtained,  as  slabs  from  1  inch  to  2  inches  thick  are  foinid  there;  but  there 
are  many  other  locations  stretching  across  Southern  Illinois  to  the  Missis- 
si])pi  River  where  they  also  occur. 

"It  is  the  large  agricultund  implements  that  I  refer  to  as  having  bjen 
made  from  (puirtzite  slabs,  some  of  which  are  as  much  as  1(5  inches  long  by 
0  inches  and  7  inches  wide  at  the  s])ade-blade  end.  There  are  many  smaller 
specimens  of  the  same  form  and  character  that  have  been  regularly  flaked 
from  chert,  white  waxy  (piartz,  yellow  and  brown  jasper,  that  do  not 
exceed  (5  or  7  inches  in  length,  their  working  ends  highly  polished  by  long 
use  in  digging.  It  is  the  large  hoes  £ind  spades  flaked  from  quartzitc  sl,'d)s 
that  to  me  arc  evidence  of  a  much  higher  degree  of  intelligence  and  skill 
than  the  most  highly-finished  spear  and  arrow-])oints  evince.  Take  an  edge 
view  of  one  of  these  large  spades,  and  observe  how  accurately  straight  and 
free  from  wind,  the  edge  has  been  carried  entirely  around  the  imi)!cment, 
the  flattening  of  one  side  and  rounding  the  other;  then  observe  that  the 
long  flat  very  slightly  depressed  Hakes  have  l)ccn  thrown  off  at  right  angles 
to  the  edge,  even  to  those  curving  around  its  digging  or  cutting  end,  which 
ap])car  to  have  radiated  from  a  common  Cv.'ntcr.  If  these  fl.akes  have  been 
thrown  off  by  blows  so  struck  and  directed  as  to  jireserve  the  cleanly  lined 
edges,  as  the  operator  has  carried  them  in  his  mind,  a  skill  must  have  been 
accpiired  that  we  cannot  apjjroach. 

"In  all  the  experiments  that  I  have  tried  with  a  hammer,  whether  of 
stone,  steel,  soft  iron,  or  copper,  they  have  failed  to  jjroduce  the  desired 
result;  the  se,';t  of  the  flake  is  more  conchiodal,  shorter  and  dee])cr  de- 
pressed, whereas  the  direct  [)crciissive  pressure  throws  off  the  sha])e  of  flake 
that  we  And  has  been  done  in  making  these  spades.  If  this  mode  has  l)een 
resorted  to,  it  necessarily  recpiircd  considerable  ingenuity  in  devices  for 
'•  )lding  the  stone  slab  firmly,  while  the  pressure  \\-ns  being  ajjjjlied  in  the 
light  direction.  The  wooden  clamp  described  by  Catlin  may  have  been 
used.  The  sim])lest  device  that  occurs  to  me  that  will  answer  the  purjjose 
is  a  block  of  wook  ])lanted  in  the  groimd,  with  its  end  graii;  up,  cut  on  toi> 
into  steps,  the  lower  steps  having  grooves  jjarallel  with  the  rise  of  the 
u])])erstep;  in  oneof  these  grooves  the  edge  of  the  implement  is  placed,  its  back 
resting  against  the  edge  of  tlie  higher  stc]).  When  in  this  ])osition,  jjresent- 
ing  the  jjroper  angle  to  the  o])erator,  a  man  holds  it  firmly  while  another 
ap])lies  the  i)ressurc.  A  lower  stej),  with  the  edge  of  top  are  hollowed  out 
lo  receive  the  work,  while  its  lower  end  rests  in  an  indentatitm  in  the  lower 
step.  In  this  manner  a  spade  can  be  firmly  held  while  its  cutting  end  is 
l)eing  flaked.     I    do  not  present  this  as  a  mode  that  was  practiced,  but  as  a 


:lll^ 


Manufacture  of  Impk-mcnts 


41  a 


device  that  answers  the  purpose,  and  I  jud^e  to  be  within  the  cai^acity  of 
the  ancient  flint-workers,  ot  whom  there  is  nothin^^  left  hut  their  clii])s  and 
finished  work. 

"Let  any  one  experiment  with  a  bone  point  in  chijjjjing  flint;  he  will 
soon  discover  the  value  of  a  dry  bone,  a  bone  free  from  <;rease  that  will 
hold  to  its  work  without  slipping,  a  bone  with  sufiicient  hardness  to  resist 
abrasion,  a  bone  of  strength  to  bear  the  pressure,  and  he  will  value  such  a 
pointed  bone,  and  will  understand  why,  with  such  a  bone.  John  Smith's 
ancient  arrow-point  maker 'ra/ue^/ /?/s  above  price  and  would  not  part 
with  it.''  I  have  been  informed  that  the  modern  Indians  free  their  flaking- 
bones  from  grease  by  burying  them  in  moistened  clay  and  wood  ashes,  not 
unlike  the  common  practice  of  our  housewives  to  remove  grease  from  their 
kitchen  floors. 

"The  hunter  or  trapper  described  to  me  the  mode  still  in  practice  among 
the  remote  Indians  of  making  flakes  by  lever  pressure  combined  with  per- 
cussion, that  is  more  philos()])hical  and  a  better  mechanical  arrangement 
than  by  the  use  of  the  flaking  staff",  as  describedljy  Catlin.  Thev  might 
utilize  a  standing  tree  with  spreading  roots  for  this  jniqjosc;  a  flattened 
root  makes  a  firm  seat  for  the  stone,  a  notch  cut  into  the  body  of  a  tree  the 
fulcrum  for  the  lever,  either  a  ])ointed  stick  is  placed  on  the  j)()int  of  the 
stone  where  the  flake  is  to  be  split  from  it,  its  upper  end  resting  against  the 
under  side  of  the  lever,  or  a  bone  or  horn  ])oint  let  into  and  secured  to  the 
lever  takes  the  i)lace  of  this  stick.  When  the  pressure  is  brought  to  bear, 
by  the  weight  of  the  operation,  on  the  long  end  of  the  lever,  a  second  man 
with  a  stone  mall,  or  heavy  club  strikes  a  blow  on  the  up])er  side  of  the 
lever,  directly  over  the  pointed  stick  or  horn-point,  and  the  flake  is  thrown 
oflF." 

Fl.vki.nc,  nv  Hkat  Tiikokv. 
This  is  held  by  some  collectors.  l)ut  it  is  entirely  erroneous.  Heat  cracks 
and   destroys   flint,   ([uartz,   etc..   and   by    no   ])ossil)ility    could    flakes   be 
detached  by  the  a])j)lication  of  fire. 

Fl.I.NT   RiDCK   OlARKIKS. 
1  have  referred  to  the  innnensc  deposits  (pg.  .'U"))  at  this  ])lace.     The 
chert  lies  from  a  to  10  feet    l)elow  the   surface   and    the    middle  and   lower 
parts  of  the  bed  aie  much  purer.     I»rof.  Fowke  has  thoroughly  c.\i)lored  the 
Kidge.     As  to  the  method  of  (|uarrying.  he  says:* 

"Digging  away  theearth  with  such  tools  as  he  could  improvise— jjointed 
sticks  hardened  by  fire,  antler,  bone,  or  stone,— he  came  to  the  surface  of 
thj  flint.  This  resisted  all  his  efl'orts  until  he  thought  of  the  efl'eets  of  heat, 
riacing  wood  upcm  it,  he  set  fire  to  the  pile.  When  the  stone  had  reached  a 
high  teni])erature  he  threw  cold  water  on  it;  this  caused  it  to  shatter  and 
crack  in  all  directions.  Casting  aside  the  fragments,  he  repeated  the  opera- 
t'um,  until  he  had  finally  burned  his  way  to  the  limestone  beneath.  Remov- 
ing all  burned  porticms  of  the  flint,  he  next  procured  a  (piantity  of  fine  clav 
and  spread  a  thick  coating  <m  the  top  and  sides  of  the  stone,  to  |)reveut 
*rriiiiitive  .Mini  in  Oliio,  p^,  4-\i. 


''!!|f 


114. 


I'rcliisLoric  finplcnwnts. 


Ii-i;  ' 


li :.    r 


injury  to  it.  Tlu'ii  huildiii.y  a  fire  at  the  bottom  ol'thc  liolc.  lie  soon  l)nnic(l 
away  tlic  limestone  and  the  lower  ])art  of  the  tlint  stratum.  leavin.Li'  the  toj* 
projeetin.u.  Tiiis  he  broke  loose  with  larye  bowlders  ofcjuaitzor  .granite: 
1      '  ' 


lammers  ol  this  sort,  wei,iihinii-  from  twenty  to  one  liundred  and  litty 
pounds,  have  been  found  in  the  bottoms  olpits  that  have  l)een  eleared  out. 
Knoekinji  loose  the  el.ay,  whieh  had  burned  almost  as  hard  as  the  stone, 
he  found  iiimself  in  possession  of  a  bloek  of  elear,  pure  tlint.  Hy  means  ol 
the  same  hammers  he  broke  this  into  pieees  of  a  eonvenient  size  lor  hand- 
lin;^-.  These  were  earned  to  a  si)ot  near  by,  whieh  may  be  termed  a  "bloek- 
inii  out"  sho]).  Here  they  were  further  broken  by  smaller  hammers,  .and 
brou.n'ht   somewhat   into   the   shape  of  the  implements  whieh  were   to   be 


made  from  them 


Th 


e  work  wa 


IS  never,   or   verv   seldom,   earried   bevond 


tills  staj^e  at  the  spot  where  it  w.is  Ijegun;  the  subse(iuent  manipulation 
was  .at  some  other  pl.aee,  best  (lesi<.jnated  as  a  "fmishin.y  shop."  These  .are 
eii.araeterized  l)y  (ptantities  ot'  small  ehips,  iLakes  and  spalls,  broken  im])le- 


ments,  and  unfmis 


hed 


])ieees,  whieii  were   un.avaUable    l)y   reason    ol    some 


thaw  or  defeet  not  diseernibie  until  the  fmal  work  was  lie.ijun.  The  tinish- 
in,<;  touehes  were  always  made  by  means  of  pressure  with  a  bone,  aniler,  oi 
some  other  ton^^h  substanee.  Many  fmishin,^  shojjs  are  loeated  near  the 
(|uarries,    others   at   a    distanee,  sonic   of  them  several    miles   ;  •.     The 

l)iiiieipal  one  was  near  the  eross-ro.ad;    here   a   pile   of  tine  ehips  .erin,u 

one  t'ourth  of  .in  .aere.  and  tally  si.\  I'eet  indepth  .at  the  eentral  ])orti.  \isted 
when  the  eountiv  w.as  tlrst  settled  bv  the  whiles,  but  tVom  various  e.iuses 


it  has  bjjn  reduccil  until  it  now  is  <al 


one  level.     This,'  while  the  l.ar<.>est. 


IS  onlv  one  o|  sever.al   lumdred  sueli  pl.aees. 

To  eolleetors  who  are  eontiised  by  the  iiomenelature  emphned    in    des- 
eribini;  dit'fereiit  i);irts  of  the  arrowdie.ad  the  lollowin,^;'  plan  and  deseription 


prep; 


ireu 


.Mr.  I'owke  will  be  of  value.' 


^n 


I-iLT.  <>1,M     S.  1-1. 


(■  tart-. 

(/  lifvcl.i 

c  l)la(k'. 

/'  I. 111!,'. 


k   m 


liarh.  111  slioiililcr. 


"The  onlv  diflerenee  between  barb  and  shouldt'r  is  that  the  b.arb  is  jn'o- 
lonne<l  toward  the  ba.se.     The  shoulder  is  e.alled  sipiared  or  rounded  aeeord 

■•  Kunaiiol  l'.lliiiiilii;.'v  IvVporl.     ''.tl-'_'.     |i.l'.  It:!. 
ri'JK'  su  litin  liclow  >lin\v!-  tiii^  iiiuir  |ilainl\-. 


Mnnufiicturc  of  Implements  415 

ing  to  whether  the  ed.yc  olthe  hii])lemeiit  nifikes  an  aiiule  or  a  curve  wliere 
(h'awn  in  to  form  the  stem. 

"In  the  steniless  spL'chnens  the  l)asc  is  the  end  op|)()site  the  ])oint. 

"A  tajjerinj^  stem  means  one  narrowin};  toward  tlie  base;  straij^jlit,  one 
whose  sides  are  parallel;  and  cxpandini^,  one  whieh  is  widest   at  the  base." 


I'i.i;.  (>1  4-.     S,  riiidiit  1-1(1.     iii(li;iii  baskets.  MdiK' niort.'ns,  pest  li-s  ami  lit  licT   oliict'ts    titim 
Calitunila  and  llic  I'aiitii' luast.     Cdlkrtidii  nl   .\li-.  l-^anl<  J.  I.anil n>i  r,  (^  liii  ayo, 


'fl 


SECTION    XIV. 
Additional  Information,  Conclluino  Remarks,  Etc. 


!i   !f 


pRADl'LENT    SPECIMENS. 

These  are  sotnctimes  made  and  sold  1)3'  unscrupulous  persons.  The 
various  archaelogical  publications  have  frequently  exposed  the  "dealers" 
who  {ire  dishonest.  I  have  received  man}'  specimens  from  time  to  time 
from  collectors  with  rec|uests  to  pass  upon  ttteir  authenticity. 

The  traffic  in  bogus  material  is  not  extensive  and  the  persons  swindled 
are  mostW  beginners  in  archaeology  or  wealthy  persons  who  have  not 
exercised  care  in  their  purchases.  All  persons  interested  in  the  welfare  of 
this  science  will  agree  that  a  law  is  needed  to  prevent  fraud,  protect  ancient 
remains,  etc.  At  present  there  is  no  way  to  bring  counterfeiters  in 
archaeology  to  justice. 

To  avoid  fraud,  buy  of  farmers,  country  collectors  of  reputation  or  the 
long  established  and  honest  dealers. 

Detection  of  Frai'ds. 

Genuine  specimens,  in  most  cases,  fire  covered  with  a  coating  or  deposit 
kaow.i  as  patina.  This  is  du^  to  long  exp  xsurj  on  the  surface,  or  in  ruins, 
to  atmospheric  agencies.  Sometimes,  where  specimens  have  been  carefully 
buried  and  are  protected,  or  in  cases  (bone  awls  etc.)  where  the 
objects  are  impregnated  with  oil  or  grease,  there  is  no  jjatina.  But  such 
cases  are  excejjtional.  This  patina  can  be  seen  with  a  magnifying  glass 
and  often  l)y  the  naked  eye 

One  of  the  best  tests  of  genuineness  (second  to  the  presence  of  jiatina) 
is  the  looks  of  the  object.  Old  collectors  will  agree  with  me  that  one  si)eei- 
mcn  looks  old  and  genuine,  whereas  another  does  not.  This  difference  can- 
not be  made  ])lain  in  words,  and  ability  to  detect  comes  with  ])ractice.  The 
experienced  collector  is  seldom  "fooled."  .\s  a  final  resort,  si)eeimens  may 
be  sent  to  any  large  museum  for  opinion. 

If  students  will  select  a  bit  of  slate  or  sandstone  or  granite  and  scratch 
with  a  sharj)  bit  of  Hint,  then  make  a  jiarallel  cut  with  a  steel  blade  and 
examine  both  of  tiie  cuts  under  a  magnifying  glass,  they  will  at  once  recog- 
nice  the  difference  b^'tween  the  Hint  and  the  steel  groove.  This  experiment 
will  aid  them  in  determining  the  genuine  from  the  modern  make. 

Again,  avoid  all  new,  fresh,  shiny  objects.  Some  slate  ceremonials  will 
have  a  fresh  or  glossy  appearance,  yet  they  may  be  (and  doubtless  are) 
genuine.  Pipes  and  discoidals,  of  the  highly  finished  forms,  are  sometimes 
hard  to  prove.  Hut  usually  they  are  genuine.  At  least,  the  museums  can 
tell  you  in  case  of  a  (lisi)ute  or  an  uncertainty. 


Conchisions. 


4-17 


Very  few  frauds  that  I  have  seen  were  well  made.  Most  of  them  are 
elumsy  and  awkward  and  earry  their  own  eondemnation. 

Travel  in  the  eountry,  do  your  own  field  searehin^',  buy  of  farmers' 
boys,  buy  out  country  collections  and  there  will  lew  (if  any)  frauds  conic 
into  your  possession. 


Fiji;.  615.     S.    1-2.     Found   iitar    Trciuon,    OnUirio. 
Collection  ot   <;.  J.  tliacd.     Mjitiritil,  i£i;(M<i.e. 


A  few  rare  or  neglected  types  will  be  presented.  Fig.  615  is  a  ty])ical 
pipe  of  the  Iroquois  country.  Some  of  these  curved  and  "  V-shapcd  "  pijjcs 
are  found  in  the  South,  in  Illinois,  etc. 

The  pipe  is  almost  trumpet-shaped.  Such  are  common  in  the  Iro(|uois 
country.  Doubtless,  it  is  modern.  Mr.  McC^uire  thinks  that  this  form  was 
introduced  liy  early  French  traders,  etc. 

Mr.  Willard   H.    Davis,   of  Lowell,  Washington  Co.,  Ohio,  has  a  vcrv 


Fij;.  01(5.  S,  a.-l-.  I);\ik.  hluisii  giev  flint.  Foimd 
on  the  hanks  of  the  .Muskiiiiiiiin  river,  near  M;uietla, 
Ohio,  in  1.SH7. 


A 


i: 


h  !! 


418 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


larj^c  collection  from  the  lower  Muskinj^uni  valley.  The  specimens  found 
there  do  not  vary  greatly  from  els.whcre  in  the  Ohio  valley.  Several  of 
Mr.  Davis'  rarest  thinj^^s  arc  shown  in  Fi^s.  G1G-7-S. 

The  notched  flint  axe  is  rare  in  the  upper  Ohio  Valley.  This  specimen 
shows  fair  workmanship  on  the  ed^es  and  is  not  so  roughly  ni.'idc  as  most 
specimens  of  notched  axes.  It  is  as  well  chipped  as  the  smaller  hoes  or 
s])ades  of  the  Missouri-Illinois-Arkansas  region. 


Fig.  C:7.  S.  1-1.  Hluisli  gray  Hint.  Fomul 
at  Sarclis,  Oliio.  Mr.  Davis  thinks  it  represents 
moose  antlers,  and  I  am  inclined  to  agree  with 
him. 


Fig.  (US.  S  1-1.  Fonnd  on  a  village  site 
!^  mile  from  Lowell,  OTio.  Material,  greenish- 
gray,  banded  slate. 


This  ceremonial  (  Fig.  01 S  )  is  very  rare.  It  has  a  slight  groove  at  the 
top  and  c'l  transverse  groove  about  an  inch  below.  The  perpendiculfir 
groove  intersects  the  horizontal  one. 

The  edge  is  sharp  and  gracefully  rounded.  The  stone  is  beautifully 
banded  or  seamed  and  shows  various  shades  ot  green  and  gray.  It  is 
brought  to  the  highest  perfection  of  finish  or  polish. 

Why  was  such  an  object  made?  For  what  purpose  was  it  used  ?  The 
word  "ceremcmial"  carries  no  significance  and  does  not  explain  away  the 
mystery.  Here  is  anothir  opportunity  f(»r  the  archaeologicjil  wisemen  of 
our  great  museums ! 


Conclusions. 


419 


ua.  (/£fc^  iM.<c  Co . 

Fig.  619.    S.    1-1.    Foniul  lumr.  niimiHait,   On- 
tario.     Collection   of  Mr     II.   tl.    Herriinaii.      Pipes     Wt  ^ , 
nior,-  or  less  like  this  are   figurefl  in  Dr.  Heaiielianiiis'  /'jf  m^ 
and  Mr.  Bovles  re|)orts.    Tliey  seem  to  lie  contineil       £/fcyicij6.') 
to   the   Iroquois  coiintry.     The  forms,  features   and  J 

concepts  of  the  effigies  are   i|uite    different   from    the 
Mound-ijuilderscidptures  of  the  Mi.ssissippi  \'allev. 


^/XC     /?. 


9-0. 


;r, 


I 


\ijr^0^  Fig.    ()1.'0.      S.    1-1.       Drills 

l^'^  5.5^1       or  perforators.     Missouri    His- 
torical Society  collection. 


Drills  or  jjertorators  (some  of  them  may  be  ornaments  as  suixfijested  on 
pages  14G  and  352)  might  have  been  more  fully  re])resente(l.  In  Fig.  (>2() 
I  show  several  from  the  Missoiu'i  Histoiieal  Soeiety  collection.  No.  4-  in 
the  group  would  be  considered  by  some  observers  to  be  a  slender  s])ear-hca(l 
instead  of  a  drill. 


4.20 


Prehistoric  Implements. 


II 


Professor  T.  H.  Lewis  sends  :ne  a  photograph  of  a  notched  s])ear  or 
lance-head,  a  fraction  less  than  16  inches  long,  3  inches  wide  and  very  thin. 
It  was  found  near  Carpentersvillc,  Ills.,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  exanijjlcs  of 
flint  chijjping  art  that  I  have  seen.  I  regret  that  the  photograph  came  too 
late  to  be  engraved  for  insertion. 

Valuable  metals  are  not  found  in  mounds  north  of  Florida.*  That  is, 
there  are  3  exceptions  to  be  noted.  But  in  the  3  instances  mentioned,  the 
value  of  the  metal  was  insignificant,  and  its  presence  is  accounted  by  arch- 
aeologists to  be  accidental,  or  that  the  ancients  did  not  understand  the 
properties  of  the  nuggets,  etc.  Professor  Putnam  found  a  few  silver-coated 
copper  buttons  and   we  also  took  one  ovit  of  the  Hopewell  Effigy  Mound 


Fig.  621  The  silver  an!  "hox"  -/{\  size.  The  nuggets  and  other  ol).jects  round  in  the 
Snake  Den  nioumis  are  on  e.xhibttion  in  the  Ohio  State  .\rehaiologicai  and  Historical 
Society  museum  at  Columbus,  U. 

altar.  A  small  gold  onirmicnt  was  foiuid  in  Tennessee,  I  have  heard.  In 
searching  for  copper,  le;in.,  etc.,  it  is  but  natural  that  the  natives  might 
have  run  across  a  bit  of  gold  or  silver  and  treated  it  (cold  hamn?ering  it)  as 
they  would  treat  the  copper. 

My  museum  assistant  in  the  Spring  of  '97  explored  the  Snake  Den 
Group  of  mounds  in  northern  Pickaway  county,  Ohio.  From  one  ot 
them  he  took  out  5  nuggets  of  silver.  Three  of  them  were  coated  with 
black  i)aint  and  two  with  pink  ochre.  The  five  weighed  6*4  ounces.  The 
largest  ntiggct,  two  ounces.  They  were  in  a  smjill  hollowed  concretion, 
representing  a  rude  stone  box.  This  find  caused  great  excitement  among 
the  farmers  and  the  survey  was  compelled  to  cease  its  labors.  All  sorts  of 
stories  were  in  cir''ul.'ition  as  to  the  "buried  treasure"  and  the  museum  was 
compelled  to  pay  the  owner  of  the  mounds  some  eight  times  the  value  of 
the  silver. 

*.\nd  tliere  thev  are  not  numerous.  Pee  an  article  on  ('.old  and  Silver  Objects  from 
Mounds  in  Florida.     Oeo.  F.  Kunz.  Am.  .\nti(|uarian.      «'ol.  IX,  I'g.  21',>. 


I 


i 


Cnncliisiotis. 


421 


(iKNKKAL  OhSERYATIONS. 

The  several  editors  and  myself  have  endeavored,  in  thcpreceeding  pages, 
to  give  an  idea  of  prevailing  types  of  ])rehistorie  implements,  ornaments, 
etc.  The  comparisons  which  have  been  omitted,  or  such  distinctions  as 
might  well  be  emphasized,  I  shall  now  make.  Because  of  limited  space 
these  observations  must  be  presented  in  the  form  of  terse  observations. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  the  Southwest  there  are  more  "unknown" 
objects  than  elsewhere.     The  region  has  been  sadly  neglected. 

Western  Canada,  save  on  the  Coast,  is  also  practicalh'  unknown 
archaeologically. 

Great  areas  in  Texas  and  the  Carolinas  are  doubtless  of  interest  to 
students,  though  they  ma\'  not  be  "rich"  in  specimens.  Yet  it  is  unfortunate 
that  they  have  not  been  examined. 

The  distribution  of  slate  ornaments,  ceremonials  and  pendants  (charms 
or  whatever  they  arc)  is  to  me  most  interesting.  As  few  are  found  west  of 
a  line  drawn  north  and  south  through  the  center  of  the  (ireat  Plains,  we 
may  say  that  they  are  confined  to  the  Central  and  Eastern  United  States. 
We  may  further  reduce  the  territory  by  adding  that  they  are  nire  south 
of  a  line  drawn  east  from  Little  Rock  to  Newport  News.  They  arc  not  very 
common  in  New  England  but  are  most  numerous  in  the  Middle  Mississippi 
Valley.  They  furnish  material  for  speculation  to  scientists  as  well  as  col- 
lectors and  laymen.  There  are  some  7  or  8  distinct  tyi)es  and  .'iO  or  IJo 
subdivisions.  .\  careful  study  of  their  distribution  and  the  prevailing  forms 
might  shed  some  light  upon  their  pur])ose,  etc.  In  the  near  future  1  hope 
to  publish  a  series  of  Bulletins  treating  of  the  various  forms. 

It  will  l)e  observed  that  several  classes  of  ornaments  and  ceremonials 
.'irc  confined  to  the  Irocpiois  country,  or,  at  least,  are  more  numerous  there. 
This  fact  is  interesting  and  it  may  indicate  that  some  forms  are  modern. 
But  I  am  persuaded  that  few  of  the  slate  objects  are  modern.  My  reasons 
are  as  follows: — 

First.  There  are  few  positive  references  in  the  narratives  of  travelers 
and  explorers  ns  to  this  or  that  form  of  stone  ornament  or  charm.  Wc 
have  little  upon  the  Bird-stone,  Crescent,  Banner  or  Butterfiy,  the  Bar 
Amidet,  the  Tablet,  etc.  A  reference  such  as:  "he  wore  a  stone  about  his 
neck,"  or  "stone  ear  ring"  is  not  sufficiently  sjjecific  to  warrant  us  in  say- 
ing with  assurance,  "this  was  the  form  worn."  The  early  travelers  have 
described  the  pijies,  games,  fabrics,  manners,  etc.  but  they  have  given  us 
little  cm  the  ornamental  and  ceremonial  (stone)  class. 

Second.  If  modern,  wh}-  do  we  not  find  them  in  the  gnlves  of  undoulit- 
edly  modern  burials,  along  with  kettles,  gun  barrels,  glass  beads,  etc.? 

Third.  If  Inxpiois,  (some  of  them)  wh}'  arc  they  most  numerous  in  the 
great  mound  area  of  the  Central  Mississijjpi  Valley  where  the  confessedly 
Iroquois  types  of  artifacts  are  exceedingly  rare? 

Mound  explorers  of  experience  recognize  distinctions  which  are  difficult 
to  imjiart  to  casual  observers.  I  know  that  some  of  the  authorities  who 
have  never  opened  mounds  or  graves  will  smile  when  I  say  that  some 
mounds  .seem  old  and  others  do  not.     Waiving  the  question  of  two  forest 


i 


4-22 


Prehistoric  Itnplcmcnts. 


IN 


j^rowths  there  are  eertain  mounds  in  every  valley  v.hieh  are  unciuestionahly 
old.  If  positive  proof  is  demanded  it  eannot  he  j^iven.  The  explorer  ean 
only  retort,  "prove  the  eontrary."  Let  us  base  the  arj^ument  on  the  Oiiio 
Valley  where  most  work  has  l)een  done.  There  are  eertain  hard  elay 
mounds,  also  hijj[h  mounds  of  loam,  in  whieh  the  baseor  bottom  is  perfeetly 
dry.  These  that  I  seleet  are  on  hills.  It  is  10,  20  or  30  feet  from  the  center 
of  the  base  to  the  exterior  in  any  direction.  No  moisture  can  penetrate  to 
the  skeletons.  Lo^s  have  been  interred  so  lon^  that  they  are  as  dry 
as  powder — they  arc  resolved  into  a  brown  dust,  or  they  are  shriveled  and 
shrunken  to  half  or  a  third  of  the  original  diameter. 

The  explorer  nt  once  pronounces  a  mound  of  this  sort  as  one  of  the  oldest. 
He  finds  the  bones  surrounded  by  dentritic  formations.  They  have  decayed 
not  from  moisture  but  because  of  ajj:e.  Freciuently  he  finds  only  the  teeth, 
or  a  part  of  the  femur  shaft,  portions  of  the  tibiae,  etc.  Only  the  hardest 
and  stronji^est  ])ortions  of  the  human  bodj-  have  endured. 

The  earth  digs  differently  from  that  of  the  average  mound.  The  work- 
men notice  it — workmen  of  experience.  It  is  not  because  the  elay  is  so 
much  more  compact  than  in  other  tumuli  but  because  of  the  age  of  the 
structure.  I  have  found  a  skeleton  under  a  high  mound,  protected  from 
all  atmospheric  influences,  and  only  the  crowns  of  the  teeth  remained. 

With  these  ancient  burials  we  have  found  the  crescent,  the  bar,  the 
short  bar  (or  foundation  of  Bird-stone),  the  pierced  tablet  and  the  com- 
mon slate  ornament  with  one  ])erforation.* 

We  have  found  the  unexjjlained  forms — the  most  neglected  in  archaeo- 
logical circles,  as  the  galena  Ijoat-shaped  (unhollowed),  etc.  Copper  beads, 
btme  and  shell  beads,  tubular  pipes,  etc.  What  the  other  surve3's  have 
found  in  such  mounds,  I  have  not  determined  ;it  this  writing. 

In  addition  to  this  testiuKMU',  there  is  that  of  the  gravel  knoll  burials. 
Strange  and  interesting  things  are  found  in  them.  I  have  thought  them  to 
1  e])resent  a  very  ancient  culture. 

What  is  the  sum  and  substance  of  this  testimony?  .\re  all  these  peculiar, 
I)er'iaps  venerated,  slate  and  granite  ornaments-ceremonials  to  be  set 
down  as  the  work  of  I-'rench-Dutch-English-Spanish  traders?  Must  wc  say 
that  the  mounds  are  post-Columbian? 

To  me  one  of  the  greatest  indications  of  the  aboriginal  eh:iraeter 
of  the  ornament-ceremonial  class  is  this:  They  do  not  resjinble,  on  th j 
whoL',  similar  oljjcjts  found  els..'wherc  in  the  world.  They  are  char- 
acteristically American.  They  do  not  look  EuropL'an;  there  is  no  savor 
of  the  white  man  about  them.  Now,  if  a  trader  wished  to  please  the  savage, 
why  should  he  conceive  some  form  of  ornament  which  he  had  never  seen 
before?  Would  an  ignorant  trader  invent  these  forms?  I  think  not.  Why 
should  the  trader  select  the  lianded  slates  and  shales  usually  not  found 
in  the  localitr  where  the  specimen  is  picked  up?  And,  with  all  our  field 
searching,  whv  have    we    not  found   the  sites  where  traders— there  must 

*I  am  aware  thai  the  coiiinion  slate  oniaiiicnt  was  worn  in  modern  times  and  1  do 
not  consider  it  in  my  argument.     It  is  a  survival  ofantiqutiy. 


Conclusions. 


42a 


have  been  more  than  one  site— made  these  thinj^s?  Why  (h)  so  few  of  them 
bear  traees  of  steel  enttinjjf  tools? 

In  eonelusion  I  would  add  that  the  study  of  prchistorie  arehaeolojjy 
has  bL'en,  to  mj,  a  pleasurable  pursuit  for  many  years.  The  writin;;  of 
re[)orts  and  the  museum  work  scmietimes  beeomes  a  little  monotonous,  but 
there  is  always  that  refuge  left,  where  one  may  not  only  learn  mueh  l)ut 
reeeive  jjhysical  benefits— the  field.  iMeld  testimony  does  not  lie.  Some- 
times labels  do.  Reports  may  be  wrong,  theories  fail  and  eonelusions  are 
dispr. .-en.  Our  pet  notions  are  advaneed  with  presumjjtion,  but  the  ex- 
perientv  of  later  arehaeologists  upsets  them.  In  the  field  the  faets  are  ever 
present— silent,  but  powerful.  They,  in  themselves,  are  undisputable.  The 
fault  lies  with  us  if  we  misinterpret.  We  have  a  responsibility  to  bear,  and 
it  is  shared,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  by  the  most  humble  eoUeetor. 

The  speeimens  are  gradually  drifting  to  the  permanent  musems.  Uvery 
year  sees  new  museums  founded.  Kaeh  seascm  an  inereasing  projiortion 
of  arehaeologieal  eabinets  finds  its  way  into  permanent  quarters  in  fire 
proof  buildings,  and  there  these  things  ean  be  studied  and  [)roteete(l.  The 
eoUeetor,  who  faithfully  preserves  witheorreet  data  the  material  diseovered 
in  his  neighborhood,  enjoys  through  many  years  his  arehaeologic  pursuits, 
and  when  he  is  through  with  his  eolleetion  presents  it  to  a  worthy  institu- 
tion, renders  seienee  a  serviee  and  perpetuates  his  own  name. 


f 


il 


INDEX. 


American    Association    Advancement    of 

Science  Rep 8(),  125,  203 

Abbott,  Dr   C..93,  188,  192  4,  200  4  1 1  46,  294 
Aboriginal    Chipped    Stone    Implements, 

185-7.  205 

Aboriginal  Man,  Migration  of 230 

Aboriginal  Trade  in  Noith  America ig2 

Aboriginal   Remains  in  Kentucky 126 

Aboriginal  Weapons  of  California 234 

Arrow-Points,  Spear- 1  leads  and    Knives 

A  classification  of 73,  195,  205 

Adair 164-5 

Adzes 103-5,  212 

Age  of  Stone,  Bronze,  Iron 230 

Alaska 235,  272 

Allentown,  Pa 185 

Alhambra,  Arizona 36 

American  Antiquarian, 

53.  65.  126.  160,  305-20-30-31.  420 

American  Archaeologist. 

43,  89,  90  9,  188,  131,  294 

American  Journal  of  Archseology 294 

American  Naturalist, 

91.  119.  '25.  213-27,  2S0-94,  331 

American  Race 126 

Amityville.  N.  Y 225 

Ancient  Monuments    of    the    Mississippi 

Valley 192 

Ancient     Stone     Implements    of    Great 

Britain 197,  204 

Animas  River 29 

Antelope  Creek 74 

American  Anthropologist, 

42-8,  53.  t>S,  85,  144-7.  188.  291-4.  33' 

American   Folk  Lore  Journal 85 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History, . . .  253 
Antiquities  of  Tennessee, 

135-7.  144.  J5'.  185.  204 

Antelope 51 

Antiquities  of  Southern  Indians,    126,  199,  224 

Anvil  Shaped  Stones 209 

Armadillo 42 

Archseo  ogy  of  Lytton,  B,  C 225 

Archaiological  Reports  of  the  Minister  of 

Education 395-29 

Archives  of  Aboriginal  Know'edge. , 104 

Arizona 35.  142 

Arkansas 69.  126,  175 

Arkansas  River 66,  82 

Arrow-Points,  barbed 196 

Arrow-Points,  beveled 197 

Arrow-Points,  Division  of 195-6-7 

Arrow-Points, 

41-4-9,    5'.    71-6-7,    85-7.    121-2  3-8-9.    130. 

145-6,    168,    170-r,    181,    191-2-4-5-6-7-8-9. 

2no-5,  241  54,  263-5  7  8,   383. 

Arrow- Points,  Iron 51 

Arrow  Points,  Nomenclature  of 414 

Arrow-Points,  serrated. 169,  196,  307 

Arrow-Points  (triangular) 77,  121,  195,  200 


'  Arrow-Points.  Slate-  see  Slate  Points, 

I  Arrow-Points  (unity metric) 191)' 

Arrow  Straighteners  or  Smoothers 250 

Art  in  Shell  of  Ancient  Americans 142 

At  water,  Caleb 130 

Axes  (double  Grooved) ;i6i 

Axes.  Grooved. 

38,    40  I,    51,    62  9,    70,    io7-(),     1 3 1-2,  144, 
172-8  9,    180  2-4,     225-7-8,     275,   3'7-i'''   '9, 
360-1-2-7-8, 
Axes,  Ungrooved.  see   celts. 

Axes,  Manufacture  of 406' 

Axes,   Notched 317,  378 

Axes,  Striated 319' 

Bandilier,  A,  K 28 

Bancroft,  H.  H 28,  257,  294 

i  Banner  Stones 119.  220,  3o8-52-:6' 

Barr,  Prof.  J   A 2634  6,  2824  5-8 

Bartram's  Travel? 382 

Basketry 248 

Basket  Mortars 248 

Barber,  Dr,  E.  A 153,  229 

Barnes,  Geo.  D 21-2-5 

Beads  (bone) 21-4.  72,  91,  128,  142  224  41 

Beads  (brass) 53,  128 

Beads  (clay) 377 

Beads  (copper) 89 

Beads  (shell) 21,  24,  72,  90,  142,  224,  24t 

Beads  (stone) 128,  224,  241,  377 

Beads  (tur(iuoise) 46- 

Bicaves  (discoidals) 33,  118,  367-75 

Bidwell,  General 275 

Bone  Implements 271 

Bone  Objects 91,  183,  228,  342  3- 

Bone  Spoon 92 

Bowls  (s'one) . .' 232 

Boyle,  David 305-8; 

Booth,  Nat.  E 2iO' 

Boas,   Dr.  Franz 253 

Bracelets  (shell) 43 

Brinton,  Dr.  Daniel  G 126,  185 

British  Columbia 342 

Brobst.  John 223 

Bronze  Period 197 

Bronks,  Dr.  J.  M 127 

Brous,  Dr 72 

Brown,  Charles  E 309 

Brown,  Jasper 168 

Bush.  Austin  E njg,  223 

Brower,  Hon.  J.  V 24-6.  50-1-9,  6i-4-''-S 

Bureau  of  Ethnology  Rep  , 

85,  144.  179.  294.  329-31-91.  40'-'4 

Buffalo 51.  64-5,  168-71 

Bulletin  Essex  Institute 125 

New  Mexico 28.  31-7 

Cabrillo 213 

Cache  of  Implements 26 

California 36,  194,  206,  369,  84 


426 


Index. 


W 


Canada 17,  305  (1-7-6  J3- 17-34 

■Canoes,  Stone 237 

Canon  de  Chelley 27 

Carved  She'ls 135-43.  343-4 

Carver's  Travels 19  ? 

Carr.  A.  V 203 

Catlinite 63.  67.  15S 

Catlin,   George 165,4018 

Caves 231 

Cavey,  Dr 333 

Celts, 

18   40,  87,  91,  104  5-6,  131,  143  4,  219,  275.  2S9 

360  I . 
Celts.  Flint....   75-9,  80,  106,  128,  145-6   36063 

Central  America 230 

Ceremonials, 

41,  118  ig,  127,    15S.    160-1,   173-4  5.  187,  219- 

20  50,  30S-911  52,  418. 
Ceremonial  (butterfly), 

119,  160  I,  174,  220,  309-52  53 

Ceremonials  (Crescent). 59.  308-11-52  56-8,  367 

Ceremonial  (unfinished) 355 

Chaco  Group 2i> 

Chadd.  G.  J 329,  4'7 

Champlain  Valley 86,9267 

Ch  tpin,  Mr 28 

Charleston,  Mo 137 

Chaiin  Stones 249-50-51,  280-1-2-3 

Cherokees 227 

Chesapeake  Bay 185-6 

Child  buried  in  Olla 232 

Chillicothe,  Ohio 159,  160 

Chisels 101-2,  212 

Chriqui 197 

Chungke 165 

Cincinnati  Art  Museum 175 

Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History 3m 

Clavigero 193 

Clarke  Co.,  Rob't 126-37 

Clarke,   Capt 116 

Clermont.  County,  Ohio 18 

Club-head 215 

Coatesville,  Pa 208 

Cocke  County,  Tennessee 142 

Col.  hester,  Vermont 97 

Collins,  E.  H 168 

Colorado 27 

Colorado  State  Museum 3S 

Cones  (stone) 162 

Cooking,  Aborigiual 232 

Cuover,  A.  B 336 

Copper  Arrow  heads 324 

Copper  beads 88-9 

Copper  bracelets 59 

Copper  celts 63,94,  18-',  212.  324  25- 28 

Copper  Crescents 326 

Copper  Drill 321 

Copper  Fish  Hooks 323 

Copper  Gouge 94 

Copper  Hairpins •^23-26 

Copper  Knives 95.  321-22 

Copper  Needles 323 

Copper  Object.s, 

51,  102,  212,  320-21,  22,  23,  24,  2S,  26,  27,  28- 

76. 

Copper  Ornament 53.  f'2 

Copper  Spear  Heads.  . . .  59,  63,  16S,  321-27  28 

Copper  Spud 62,124 

■Copper  Sword 324 


Copper  Weapon 233 

Cores  and  Flakes >S9   190-' 

Cortes,  Hernando,  Life  of '93 

Crawfordsville,  Ind '43 

Crescents 2()i 

Culin.  Stewart 229 

Cumberland  County,  Kentucky '57.  '77 

Cup  Stones i'>8.  363-82 

Cushing,  Prof.  F.  H 31-7.  42,  329 

Custer,  General '94 

Cylinders 278 

Dagger '72 

Dakotas S'-S 

Dale,  Rev.  Langham 48 

Davenport,  Iowa 128 

Davis,  W.  H 4>7-i8 

De  Chelley.  Canon '9 

Deisher,  H.  K  .  194-9,  aoo-3-5-6-7-14-18-24-28 

Denmark 383 

DeSoto •■    ■ '5'.   "93 

Detection  of  Frauds 4 '6 

Dice 255 

Digger  Indians 273 

Discovery  of  Prehistoric  Man 230 

Discovery  of  the  Yosemite 294 

Discoidals,  (see  Bicaves.) 

Disks 235 

District  of  Columbia 'So 

Dominion  Museum 305 

Dress  and  Ornaments  of  Certain  Ameri- 
can Indians 320 

Drew,  L.  S 329 

Drills. 
39,  72,  123-4,  128-46,  206-7-40-41,  267,  307-8, 
348-72.  419- 

Diill  Disc 277 

Diilling  in  Stone  without  the  use  of  Metal,   146 

Drinking  Cups,  Stone 232 

Dodge,  Col.  R.  1 64 

Dorsey,  Rev.  J.  O 65 

Dorsey,  Dr.  George  A 144    402 

Double  Bitted  Axe 4'    3'8 

Doyleston,  Pa 2t>3 

Dulutb 53 

P;.  Pratz 164 

Earth  Mounds '9-53 

East  Allegheny 377 

Edgemere,  Pa' '93 

Effigies 3'-2 

Effigy  Pottery 1378  9.  140 

Effigy  Stones 29'-» 

Elliot  Village 7i-5 

Emeiy,  Prof.  E.  0 352-3.  3^" 

England 383 

Engraved  Bones 272 

Eskimo 244 

Etowah  Group 376-80 

Evans,  Sir  John '97 

Evolution  of  Fish-Hooks 244 

Farmington,  New  Mexico 28-30 

Kewkes,  Dr.  J.  W 28.  37.  42-3 

Field  Columbian  Museum 157.  33' 

Finger  Rings  (shell) 43-7 

Fire  Flints 378 

Fish,  Effigy '20 

Fish  Hooks 16S-9.  244-5 

Fishing  Spears 201-2,  234 


i 


Index. 


m 


Fish,  of  Store 237 

Flaked  Implements, 
4i-2-<),  51,  61,   71,   84,    122-5-8,    131,   145-52, 
170-1,  l8i-S4-8<),  207-33-35-4S-53-54,   306-S- 

45-5'.  401-14- 

Flaking  Tools 406-7-8-9-10-11-12-13 

Fletcher.  Miss  A 65 

Flint  Celts,  see  Celt^i. 

Flint  Ceremonials 149  50-5 1-52 

Flint  Effigy 418 

Flint  Axe 417-18,  420 

Flint  Implements 345 

Flint  Implements,  manufacture  of 401 

Flint  Ridge 145.  315,  413 

Food  of  Aborigines 232 

Florida j  26  : 

Fort  Ancient 331-63  j 

Foot  Prints  of  Vanished  Races  in  the  Mis-         j 

sissippi  Valley 168  j 

Fowke,  Gerard, 

84,    126,  134.  33'-54.  401-2-13-14  I 

Fraudulent  Specimens 416  ; 

Fridensburg,  Berks  Co.,  Pa 213  i 

Frierson.  Messrs ,>7J-72,  381  \ 

Game  Bones 270  : 

Geary  County,  Kansas 78-9  | 

Geer,  C.  A 403  1 

Georgia 126.  175 

Gernerd,  J.  M.  M 210-11-15  1 

Germ  of  Shoreland  Pottery 329  ' 

Gilberton.  Iowa 130  , 

Gila  River 29  j 

Gila  Monster 32  1 

Golden  City,  Mo 127 

Gold  and  Siver  Objects ._ 430  , 

Goliad  County,  Kansas .' 84 1 

Gordon,  Robert  W 177  | 

GorgetF 118.  221 

Gouges 91-2,  100-3-13  ! 

Graves 87-8.  103-1 1  i 

Grooved  Objects 275-6 

Great  Plains 64-<j,  73i  •4,  137,  130,  168 

Greer,  C.  A 99 

Griffing  Collection 73 

Grinnell,  George  Bird 85 

Gruhlke,  A.  C 33Q 

Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 198 

Guthrie,  E.  L 313 

Habitations 363,  377 

Hairpins 146,  205,  370,  344-73-73-75 

Hammers,  Grooved, 

40-1.  57,  63-5-6-9,   225,  363-77 

Hammer  Stones 56.  128,  403-5-6-7 

Hamilton,  H.  P 309-14-22-23-24-25-26-27 

Harahey 346 

Harris,    J.  A 346 

Harpoons 234  5-6,  271  3 

Heads  tr  War  Clubs 51 

Heart  of  the  Sierras 294 

Henderson,  J.  G 28  • 

Henderson  County,  II 206 

Henshaw,  Henry  W 46,  280 

Hematites 1 13-4,  337 

Hematite  Celts 128,  132-4-5 

Hematite  Cone 1 34-5 

Hematite  Paint  Stone 134-5 

Hematite  Plummet 134-5 


Hematite  Objects 182 

Hematite  Ornament 134-5 

Hennepin  Co.,  Minn 182 

Henntuin 203 

Hess,  0 293 

Hills,  L.  VV 350  5 

History  of  Alabama 151 

History  of  the  American  Indian 227 

Histoire  de  la  Louisiana 226 

Hist  ry  of  the  Mission  of  the  United  breth- 
ren aniongthe  Indians  in  North  America, 

211,  226- 

History  of  Nirginia 212 

Hodges,  Prof.  F.  W 28,  68 

Holmes.  Prof  W.  H., 
28,    126,    143,    168-79-86-87,    209-42,    289-91 
401-2-3-5. 

Hopewell  Group 332-35-36-46-50,  403 

Horn  Objects 183; 

Hopkins,  A.  L 85 

Homady.  \V.  T 65 

Howien,  W.   D 84 

Hudson,  Dr.  J.  W 285,  91-4 

Hudson  Valley 181 

Humphreys  Co.,  Tenn 150 

Hurlbutt,  H.  S 334,  356 

Hutchins,  ).  M J04 

Idols 17.  175-6,  379-fo-i 

Illig.  H    L 213 

Illinois 175 

Indiana 70 

Indians, 
5«-5.  M.  72.  85-9,  90-3-9.  108,  125,   153.   1^4- 
5-6,  177-8,   184-5-9,   191-2-3-4,  200-2-3-6-7- 
H-12-13-14-20-24-27-56,  259  63-3  70.  365. 

Indian  Tribes  of  United  States 85 

Inscribed  Stones 222,  336 

Isle  Royale 320 

Introduction  to  the   Study  of   American 

Archaeology  1 26.  331 

Iowa 53.  68 

Iroquois if  5.   i()2,  418  20 

Itasca  Lake 53 

JtfTerson  and  Clear  Creek  Counties,  Col..     85 

Jesuit  Relations 320 

Jessup  North  Pacific  Exj)edition 255 

Jones,  Col.  C.  C...   126,  154,  194-9,  202-4.  3S3 
Journal  of   the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences,  Philadelphia 320 

Kanawha 177 

Kanawha  Valley 374 

Kansas  City 53 

Kansas  Historical  Society 24 

Kansas  River 71,  82 

Katzenberger,  George 25,  355,  363 

Keagy,  Judge  Jolin  G 68 

Kentucky 126,  169.  170  1  2-j 

Kern,  D.  S .■ 193 

Killer,  Whale 237 

Knives.  Flint. 

39.  40,  53.  61,  72  4,  Si-2-3-.;-5,  91  4.  in,  123  n, 

172,  1S3  4-7.  203.  145 -6  7  S. 

Knivt  s.  Ceremonial 293 

Knives,  Copper 233 

Knives  (Semilunar^. .   1135,  198,345,  3(970-72 
Knives,  Slate 198 


42» 


Index. 


M 


Knives,  Steel 5S 

Knife,  razor  blade 369 

Knives  of  Stones 231-5 

Kunz,  Geo.  F 420 

Kutztown   Pa iqg,  207,  225 

Labrets 23= 

Laidlaw,  G.  E 305 

Lake  Champlain 93 

"Lake  County,  Cal 833 

Lamberson,  Frank  J 41b 

Lancaster  County,  Pa 209 

Lance  Heads 60,  88,  90-2 

Land  of  Sunshine 264-94 

La  Plata  River 29 

Lapham's  Antiquities  of  Wisconsin 329 

Laubach.    Charles 187,  210 

Laury's  Station,  Pa 223 

La  Veea 15' 

Large  Flint  Imp'ement,  see  Spades. 

'Leaf  Shaped  Implements 125,  163.  183,  307 

Leech  Lake 33 

Lehigh  Inland,  Allentown,  Pa 205 

(Lenaps  Stone,  The 223 

Lewis,  Capt 1 16 

Lewis,  Prof.  T.  H 53.  "82.  43o 

Lick  Creek,  Tenn 142 

Lillard,  B 145 

Lock,  Pa 202 

Lock  Haven,  Pa 1S7 

Loskiel.  George  Henry 211,  ;'26 

Lower  Missouri  River 64 

Los  Angeles  Co 233 

Louisiana iJ6 

Lower  Colorado 29 

Lummis.  C.  B ■  262 

Lynn,  Mass 142 

Madisonville  Explorations 331 

Madison ville,   Ohio 3W 

Hallery,   Garrick 85 

Manhattan,  Kan 54.  7i 

Mano-stone .     30.  65 

Marietta,  Ohio 4' 7 

Maryland '42-77 

Medicine  Men 246 

Medicine  Tubes 247 

McGuire,  J.  D. 

84,  146,  153-5,  idS,  186.  3^1,  4'ii  6  7 

MacLean,  J.  P ;i3i 

McPherson  County 66 

ilemoirs  of  Explorations  in  the  Basin  of 

the  Mississippi 66 

Memphis,  Tenn 170 

Mercer,  H.  C 91,  126,  187  S,  203  10,  402 

Merkel.  Prof.  J.   R 191.  229 

Mesa,  Arizona 32-57-42 

Metate 30-3.  ^S-') 

Metz,   Dr.  C.  L 33' 

Mexico 193,  337 

Michigan 23 

Middlebury,  Vermont 97 

Millbach,  t^ebanon  Co,,  Pa 212 

Millbury,   Mass 99 

Mills,  W.  C 353 

Min<VeletT,  Messrs. 28 

Minnesota 51  9.  68,   182 

Mississippi  Valley.  .69.  126,  172,  183,  330,  419  20 
Alissouri 6S-(),   126,  133,   175 


Mis?onri  Historical  Society 419 

Missouii  River  and  its  Utmost  Source.  .51,   184 

Mitchell,  Rev.  E .  C 23  6,  84 

Mihvaukte  Public  Museum 309-11-12 

Moccasin   Bend 169,  171 

Moeurs  des  Sauvages  Ameriquains 227 

Money,  Aboriginal 241-a 

Monong.ihela,  Pa 217 

Montgomery  Co.,  Tenn 159 

Mooney.  James 68 

Moore,  C.  B 336,  376 

Mound  Buildtrs,  The 331 

i  Mounds,  Earth 259 

!  Mounds — how  dug 18 

Moselem,   Pa 206 

i  Montana 49 

:  Mortars 33-6,  69,  286-7-8.  36S-76 

1  Mullers 221,  369 

'  Mumford.  Colonel  Robert 173 

Muncey,  Penu 215,  224 

Muscatine.  Iowa 173 

Museum  of  Antiqu  ties,  Copenhagen 197 

Musical  Instruments 168 

;  Muskingum  Valley 417  18 

Myths  of  the  New  World 185 

Nadaillac,  Marquis  de 229,  241,  331 

Nagle,  Irwin  E 216  19 

'National  Museum,  see  Smithsonian. 

i  Hative  Races  of  the  Pacific  Coast 294 

Nebraska ■.  53-85 

Needles,  Bone 236 

.Net  Sinkers 210-11  12,  276 

Nevada 27 

New  England 377 

New  Mexico 37-8 

Nilis,  Justin  V 193 

Nordenskiold,  Baron  G 27-8,  38,  40 

Nodule,  Flint 145 

North  American  Indians 85 

North  Carolina 126,  180-1 

Northern  Colorado 60 

Northern  Indian  Territory 144 

Northern  Race  of  Indians 231 

Northwest  Coast 117,  142 

Norristown,  Pa 198 

North  Pacifio  Coast 44 

North  and  South  Dakota 49 

Northwest  Tribes  of  Canada 255 

Niites  on  Ohio  Archteology 134,  331 

Now  and  Then 211 

Oakdale,   Nebraska 85 

Obsidian 346-47 

Ot  sidian,   Brown 249 

Obsidian  Flakes 191 

Obsidian  Imi)lements.  50  2  2601  2-3-4-5-6-7  8-g 

Obsidian  Spears 58 

Observations  on  Stone  Chipping 401-7 

Ohio 22,  70,  133,  330 

Ohio  State  Archtuological  and  Historical 

Society 331  35,  360,  420 

Ohio  State  University 1 30.  335  59-60 

Ohio  Valley 155.  33o,  381 

Ollas 25,  232 

Ontario 3(6-10-12-13  14  15  17,417 

Ontario  Archieological  Rejjort 317 

Oregon 44 


i- 


f 


t 


Index. 


429 


'Ornaments, 

68,   158,  160-1,    172-74,   22J-2-3,    309-10-12, 

352-3-4  9.  362. 
•Ojibeway 192 

Pacific  Coast 36,  142.  iS7,  330 

Packard,  R.  L 320 

Pah  Utes 281 

Paint 178,  289 

Paint  Cups iii 

Paleoliths 188-9,  402-3 

Parker  W.  F 157 

Park  Museum,  San  Francisco 276-84-93 

Park  Rapids,  Minn 63 

Pawnees 85 

Peabody  Museum 87,  126,  213-29-53,331 

Peck,  J .  W 85 

Pecos  River 29 

Peet.  Rev.  S.  D 28,  126 

Pendants 92,  iii,  221-3-4,  242,  310-13 

Pepper,  G.  H 28 

Perforated  Stones 46-8,  235.  278 

Perkins,  Prof.  G.  H 86,  125-27,  179,  204 

Pestles. 
63,  10S9-11-12,  128,  131.  221,   54,   55,  286-7-9, 

342  77. 

Phoenix,  Arizona 25,  34-5-68,  40-1-2-5-6 

Pictoglyphs 231 

Picture  Writing  of  the  American  Indians.     85 

Pillars,  James 344,  359 

Pilling,  James  C 85 

Pipes, 
67,72,84    ii4-«6  27.   I53-54-55-56-57-58,    168, 
173-78-79,  184,   224  15  <6  17-18,  238-40,  284-5, 
314  15  31-32-33-35-62  79.  380  1-2,  417. 

Pipes,  Clay 328 

Pipes,  Effigy, 

135,  153-54  55-56  58,  173,  216-17-18,  332-33  34, 
67,  380-81,  419. 

Pipes  (tubular) 117 

Pipes,  Monitor 218 

Pipestone  County,  Minnesota 55 

Pipesand  Smoking  Customs  of  the  Ameri 
can  Aborigines, 

ia6>28,   153.  168,  2l4-l6-l?-34 

Pitted  Stones 112-28.  224 

Plummets 175-7.  2S0-81 

Pogue  &  Pogue,  Messrs '75-77 

Point  Concepcion 230 

Polished  Stone  Articles  used  by  New  York 

Aborigines 198,  214-20-21 

Polished   Stone    Implements,   see   Axes, 
Celts  etc. 

Popular  Science  Monthly 125,  145,331 

Pottawattomie  County,  Kansas 70.  80 

Potomac  River 185S6 

Potomac  Valley i77  9.  «8o 

Pottery, 
29,  31-6-8,  51  4-5,64.91-4-7,117,  135-f)  7-8,  168, 
175-7-9,  iSs.  226,  248,  283,  306  63  07. 

Pottery  Disc 46 

Pottery  Tools 1 37 

Powers.  A.  J 380 

Powers,    Stephen 261  73  7-889  1)4 

Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis 142 

Prehistoric  America 241.  331 

Prehistoric  Anthropology,  Study  of . . . . ,.   161 

Prehistoric  Art 1 68 

Prehistoric  Pishing 196,  210 


Prehistoric  Textile  Art 126 

Prehistoric  Man  at  the  Headwaters  of  the 

Mississippi 51 

Primitive  Industry 91-3,  121,  211,  294 

Primitive  Man  in  Ontario 308 

Primitive  Man  in  Ohio 1S9,  331,  415 

Prince,  Governor 37 

Proceedings  of  the  American  Antiquarian 

Society 320 

Provincial  Museum.  Victoria.  B.  C 254,  314 

Proudfit,  S.  V 85 

Pueblo  People 135 

Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,. .  .87,  213  53,  331-62,  420 

euarries 99,  loi,  144 
uartzite 39.  66-7 

Quivira 66-68,  77,  82-34 

Rau,  Dr.  Charles 198,  203-26,  401 

Reading,  Pa 223 

Red  Ochre 88 

Reeder.  J.  G 315-19-21 

Relic  Dealers  175 

Remsburg,  George  1 85 

Report  of  Congress  of  Anthropology 329 

Rice  County.  Kan 66 

Ried,  Hugo 233 

Riegelsville,  Penn 187 

Riggs,  Rev.  S 65 

Riley  County,  Kansas 65 

Rio  Grande 27-29 

Rio  Verde  Canon,  Arizona 30 

Rio  Verde,  Arizona 28 

Rollers 128 

Rocky  Mountains 53,  61 

Roller  Pestle 179 

Romaines,  Captain  Bernard 164 

Romney,  W.  Va 157 

Ross  County,  Ohio 1 57.  334 

Rubbing  Stones 250,  291 

Sacred  Pole  of  Omaha  Tribe 85 

Salem,  Mass 93 

Salt  River,  Ariz.  (Salado) 29,  41 

Sandal  Lasts 43 

Sandstone  Spools 35S  9 

Sandy  Lake,  Minn 6a 

Santa  Barbara  Channel 231 

Santa  Barbara  County,  Cal 239 

San  Nicholas  Is'and 234 

S  mta  Catalina  Island 232 

Santa  Cruz  Island,  Cal 142 

San  Juan  River 29 

Savage,  Rev.  James 318-19 

Saws,  Bone J36,  376 

Scalping  Knives 53 

Scandinavia,  Prehistoric   Period 230 

Schoolcraft,  H.  R 85 

Schuylkill  County,  Pu 198 

Schuylkill  Valley 187 

Science 331 

Scott  County,  Iowa 128-9,  130-1 

Scanficato.s 247 

Scrapers. 53,  85, 113,  123-4-8,  204-5-35,269,349-78 

.Seabrook,  N.  H 121 

.Seever,  W.    } 147,  349 

Sellers,  E.  j'. 199 

Sellars,  George  E 401-7 

Sevierville,  Tenn 142 


430 


Index. 


i^'' 


\i 


J  ! 


li  '' 


If- 


I:  !' 


.„,,| 


hiPl 


Shawnees  in  pre-Columbian  Times 126 

Shell  Beads 46.  90-3,  14T-2,  242,  367 

Shell  Bracelet 46 

Shell  Discs 179 

Shell  Hairpins 344 

Shell  Heaps 91 

Shell  Money 241 

Shell  Objects 183,  213,  342-43-44-76 

Shell  Ornaments,  Phoenix,  Ariz 47 

Shell  Ornaments 426,  238,  273-4-5 

Shell  Pendant 46 

Shell  Trinkets 45 

Stone  Mounds 53 

Shuswap  Indians 255 

Sinker 130 

Silver 420 

Simmons,  Dr.  J.  C 3S3 

Skeletons 18,  19,  88-9 

Skull  pierced  by  arrow ao6 

Slate  Objects 183 

Slate  Points 88,  90,  1 14 

Slate  Tubes 357-8 

Slungf  Shots 51 

Smith,  Prof.  H.  1 253-55-56 

Smith,  R.  T 286 

Smithsonian  Reports. . .  42,  53,  6$,  «5,  153,  294 
Smithsonian  Institution, 

139.  168,  173,  302-6-26-33,278,  331 

Snake  Den  Group 420 

Snodgrass.  Dr.  Jesse 344 

Snyder,  Dr.  J.  F 43,  163,  331-5 

Soapstone  (see  Steatite) 

Souris  River 55 

Southern  Arizona 44 

South  Carolina 126 

Southern  California 31,  230 

Southern  Illinois 142 

Southwest  Colorado 39,  40 

Spades 73,  147-8,  150 

Spades,  Manufacture  of 412 

Spang,  Norman i6o 

Spear- Heads, 
53,  67,  72,  85,  92,  94,  122-3-8  9,   130,   168.  171, 
181-3,    196-7-8,     200-1-2-5-34,  263-5-6-7,307-47- 

48-49, 7.  483.  420. 

Spear-Heads,  Rotary 131,  351 

Spear-Head,  serrated 131 

Spear-Heads,  Slate 198 

Spencer,  Mrs.  R.  H 329 

Spindle-Whorls 37-8,  277 

Splinters  of  Flint 246 

Squire  and  Davis 192,  331 

Starr,  Prof.  Fred 126,  143 

Steatite  Objects 284 

Steatite  Vessels 100,  183,  207-S  9 

Steiner,  Dr   R 345-64-67-73-85 

St.  Onge,  Rev.  L.  N 329 

Stemmed  Points 129,  196 

Stewart,  Dr.  T.  B...    187,200-12-3729 

Stewartsville,  Minnesota 63 

Stockton  Curves 261  2-3-4 

Stone  Balls 37,  53    377 

St.  Paul 51 

Stone  Age  in  New  Jersey 192,  221 

Stone  Art 126,  220,  331,  368 

Stone  Implem''~ts 209 

Stone   Implements  of  the    Potomac  and 
Chesapeake  Tide  Water  Province, 

179,   1 86,  209,  404 


Stone  Maul 51,  319' 

Stone  War  Club 60 

Studies  in  Aboriginal  Decorative  Art 168 

St.  Lawrence  Basin 53.155,  305 

Susquehanna  River 185,  201 

Swastika,  The 336 

Swords,  Stone 233- 

Swords,  Wooden 233 

Tait,  Mr 37 

Tandy,  M 361 

Tempe,    Arizona 33 

Tennessee 126,  142  9,  172-5 

Terry,  James 154 

Teshoaf 53,  203 

Texas 84 

Thacker,  W.  H 157 

The  Lenape  and  their  Legends 185 

Thomas,  Dr  Cyrus 55,  85,  126,  331  81 

Thomas,  J .  Preston 222 

Throwing  Sticks 233 

Thruston,  General  Gates  P., 

126,  135-7,  143-9.  152  3  4.  369 

Tipton,  Thomas  H 334 

Tomahawk.  Effigy 292 

Tomahawk  of  Wood 234. 

Tonti  de 193 

Tool  Sharpeners 67,  338 

Trails,  Ancient 230 

Treatment  of  Disease 246 

Tribes  of  California,  The 259-73-8-89  94. 

Tubes 158-9,   168,  247,  306-77 

Turtle  Backs 188,  258,  306,  402 

Turquoise  Beads 46 

Tuscarora i8y 

Tweed,  J.  W 358- 

Unfinished  Implements,  see  Flint  Imple- 
ments, manufacturers  of. 
University  of  Pennsylvania  Reports, 

91.  188,  193- 

University  of  Vermont 97 

Upper  Colorado 29. 

Upper  Missouri 49 

Upper  Mississippi  Valley 49,  56,  63 

Utensils 231 

U.  S.  Geographical  Survey 294. 

Valley  City,  Iowa 131 

Vermont 86,90-3-6-7,  102-11-14-16-17,  125. 

Village  Sites 231-33 

Virginia 133,  177 

Virginia,  Illinois 163- 

Virginsville,  Pa 223 

Wabaunsee  Co. ,  Kansa? C9 

Wainright.  Capt.  Richard 381 

Wampum 90,  244 

Wands  or  Charm  Sticks 236 

War  Clubs 234-5.  27S 

War  Points,  see  Arrow-Points,  Triangular. 

Waychoif,  Prof  A.  J 213  16 

Weatherly,  Pa 1S7 

Western  Reserve  Historical  Society 331 

West  Virginia 126.  177 

Whelplev,  Dr.  H.  M 147,  171 

Wertf,  Chas : 338.  359. 

Wetherill.  R 43 

Whale  Effigy 237. 

Whistles,  see  Tubes. 


il 


Index. 


481 


Wier,  Jas.  M 153,  173-4 

Wilcomb.  C.  P 262-83-7-90  92-3 

Wilder.  Gen.  J.  T 154 

Wilson,  Dr.  Thomas, 

is,  73,  84.  161,  194,  229-41-52,  331-36-45-73. 

401. 

Wilkinson.  Mac 305 

Williams,  Dr 89.  98  9,  108-9-11-12-13 

Williamson  Co.,  Tenn 159 

Willoughby,  C.  C 88,  in 

Williams  Island 143 

Williamson,  George 366 

VVindle,  Thomas  H 208 

Winship,  Dr.  P.  D 63 


Wintembei'g,  W.  J 314 

Wolverton    306 

Woman's  Knife 225 

Wyman,  Prof 92 

Wyoming 49 

Yates,  Dr.  L.  G 206,  252 

Yellowstone  VaJey •  ■ 55 

York  River,  Maine 91 

Young,  Col.  Bennett 155-7-8,  169  173 

Young,  Joe  G i63 

Zimmerman,  E.  D 225 

Zee 294 


I 


m 


^■.: 


e]!i 


I! 


r  li 


1 


SECOND  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED. 


1 


The  Antiquities  of  Tennessee. 

AND  THE  ADJACENT  STATES. 
And  the  State  of  Aborij^inal  Society  in  the  Seale  of  Civilization  re])ieseiite(l 
by  them.     A  series  of  Historical  and  Ethnoloj^ical  Studies.     Illustrated 
with  21  full-i)a^e  photo-tyjje  plates  and   252   wood-cuts  of  Pottery, 
Idols,    Pipes,  I'Mints,  etc.    Second  edition  with  new  chajjters,   illustra- 
tions and  notes.     By  ("iATHS  P.  Thki'STon,  Vice-President  of  the  Tennes- 
see Historical  Socit-ty.     Royal  8vo.  Cloth  Net.     $4-.()(). 
This  work  is  a  most  valuable  contribution  to  American   archaeology. 
Recent  excavations  amonjj;  the  mounds  and  stone  j^rave  cemeteries  of  Ten- 
nessee have  broujjht  to  lij^ht  a  larjje  nund)cr  of  new  objects,  illustratinj^  the 
arts  and  industries  of  the  Mound  lUiilders  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.     Many 
of  them  have  been  discovered  bv  the  author,  or  under  hissujjervisioti.    More 
than  five  hundred  of  these  objects  are  illustrated  in  the  engravinj.js  in  this 
work — a  number  of  them  uni(|uc  <'ind  of  ji^re.'it  interest. 

Imaj.res  of  stone  and  terra  cotta,  {idv.'inced  types  of  pottery,  inscril)ed 
stones,  pictograi)hs,  engraved  gorgets  representing  the  human  form  and 
the  dress  of  the  jjcriod,  copper-plated  objects  of  stone  and  terra  cotta, 
plastering  trowels,  setsof  fine  implements  of  stone  and  bone,  rare  pipe  forms, 
and  many  other  new  and  interesting  objects  will  be  found  among  the  illus- 
trations. Many  of  the  full-page  plates  have  been  prepared  by  the  finest 
processes  of  modern  art  engraving. 

Tilt  work  is  highly  cre(lital)le  to  the  piiblishers,  heiiig  m-iitly  iirititcdaiid  tasttfiilly  IjoiiiuI. 
(iciR'ial  Tliniston  has  added  a  stil)staiitial  coiitribtitioii  to  tin-  arcbaiohyiial  lilt  i  aliiic  ot 
America.  It  is  not  ;i  hasty  compilation,  to  be  issued  and  shelved  without  comment,  but  ihc 
result  of  years  ot  patient  investijiation,  and  ])rf)longed  and  well-matured  thought.  In  ad- 
dition to  this  it  is  written  in  a  style  well  calculated  to  make  a  serious  suhj.it  readable  and 
attractive. —  I'rof.  \V.  H.  Holmes,  Hthnolofjical  Hin'eau. 

This  is  .'in  excellent  book,  and  is  written  ill  excellent  style.  The  author  is  not  routined  to 
technicalities,  but  takes  a  bro;id  view  ot  his  subject,  and  throws  a  lifihl  ol  historical  learuiii;^' 
into  theentire  archacoloj^ical  field.  In  doinj;  so,  however,  he  does  not  ;iliow  iiimself  to  be 
carried  aw;iy  by  any  theory,  and  kee|)s  himself  free  from  the  char}»e  of  speci.'d  pleading.  In 
this  resi)ect  it  is  the  most  satisfactory  trei.tiseyet  issue  1  tipon  tlu  .\I(Himi  Huilriers.  and  conus 
nearer  to  a  solution  of  the  Mound  Muilders  ])roblem  th;m  anythinj;  heretofore  written.  The 
special  value  of  the  work,  however,  is  to  be  found  in  the  descrijition  of  the  relics  which  h;ive 
been  gathered,  many  of  which  are  new  finds,  and  so  have  never  betn  deseril  ed  1  iloie. — Au.eri- 
can  .\nti(piarian. 

The  leader  will  find  the  volume  a  rich  treat  in  ethnological  study.  The  descri]itions  are 
concise,  and  yet  clear  and  exact,  and  with  et-mments  marking  the  wide  iiivtstigaticiiis  of  the 
author,  and  his  wide  knowledge  of  the  subject  under  discussion.  What  he  has  to  say  briefly 
of  the  Mound  Muilders  and  the  jire-historic  races  is  both  interesting  ;nid  valuable.  He  believes 
they  were  .\iiierican  Indians,  and  at  a  ])»riod  when  there  was  larger  intelligence  than  noitli 
and  south,  founded  u)ioii  historic  facts  of  four  centuries  and  more  ag<i.  I'roiii  the  relics  he 
traces  a  direct  connection  i  I  the  Cumberland  V.-illey  with  the  peojile  of  New  .Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  further  sont'i,  and  marks  them  as  a  ])eople  of  greater  intelligence,  vet  pointedly  typical 
of  the  Indian  i  ace.  We  can  do  no  justice  to  the  handsome  and  iiistriictixc  v<duiiie.  and  can 
only  coinniend  it  as  of  great  valueto  all  interested  in  arcliaeologicil  and  ethnological  study.— 
Chicago  InterOcean. 

THE  ROBERT  CLARKE  COMPANY,  Publishers,    CINCINNATL 


i  i? 


To  be  Published  by  The  Robert  Clarke  Company,  Cincinnati,  O. 


Archaeological  Bulletins. 


By  WARREN  K.   MOOREHEAD. 


!i! 


I 


r  If 

l! 


till    'I 
!i 


No.  I.  The  Bird'Stone  Ceremonial,  32  pajjes;  frontispiece;  W  lllustratlcns ; 
10x12  inches  ;  price  50c.     A  second  edition  will  shortly  be  issued. 

These  Bulletins  will  be  issued  from  time  to  time.  Each  one  is  eomplete 
and  eontains  a  vefv  detailed  deseri])tion  of  eertain  classes  of  hitherto  un- 
known ceremonials  or  ornaments,  hematite,  Ijicavc  stones,  pipes,  etc. 

They  weiv  proposed  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  students  and  collectors 
for  somethin^,^  reliable  and  "u])-to-date"  which  should  j^^ive  all  the  facts  and 
observations  obtainable  reji:ardin/jr  types  of  specimens. 

Xo.  1.,  The  Bird-stone,  was  (|uite  successful,  all  the  copies  havinjf  been 
sold,  and  No.  2  may  be  issued  in  Sept.  or  Oct.,  1900.  The  subject  will  be 
the  "Ijuttertly  ceremonial,"  or  hematites,  or  some  ecjually  intcrcstinjjj  and 
important  theme. 


In  .-iddition  to  brin^inj^  into  convenient  form  all  that  has  been  said  bv 
others,  the  author  ^ives  his  own  observations  and  conclusions  an<l  bv 
reason  of  his  extended  researches,  is  able  to  solve  many  of  the  jiroblenis 
concerninj;  the  use  and  object  of  these  stranjje  forms. 

Future  l)ulletins  will  contain  nearly  double  the  nundier  of  ])a^es  occu- 
pied by  1. 

L'tnlcrst.'itHl,  jjlease,  that  the  Bulletins  do  not  conflict  with  the  Reference 
Book.  That  volume  ])resents  all  that  can  be  said  in  a  condensed  form  of 
some  .'{,000  dilTcicnt  imi)lcments,  etc.  But  each  Bulletin  is  confined  to  one 
type  or  form. 

For  instance,  the  one  treatinjj;  of  "butterfly  ceretrionials"  will  have 
illustrations  of  some  4-0  or  .")()  shapes  of  that  object;  the  unfinished  and  the 
complete;  will  .Ljive  their  ran^e;  a  discussion  of  m.aterials;  the  use  attributed 
to  them  by  others,  etc. 

With  the  cxcejjtions  of  McGuire's  "Pipes  and  Smoking  Customs,"  and 
Wilson's  ".\rrow-points.  Spear-heads  and  Knives,"  there  are  no  publica- 
tions devoted  to  single  types — nothing  so  thorough  as  it  is  proposed  to 
make  these  Bulletins. 

The  future  Bulletins  will  have  numerous  oeiv  illustrations  from  museums 
as  well  as  ])rivate  collections.    No  "rehash,"  .and  no  old  cuts. 


1- 


t. 


w 


The  price  is  uniform — 50c.  each.  The  jnihlishers,  Robt.  Clarke  Co.,  will 
be  pleased  to  add  your  subscription  to  the  long  list  of  persons  who  took 
No.  1,  and  were  jjleased  with  it. 

The  author  is  a  well-known  arehaeoloj^ist,  and  the  publication  of  a 
monograph  of  this*  kind  is  a  definite  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the 
science.  The  subject  is  an  interesting  one  and  is  admirably  treated. — Scivti- 
titic  Amcriciiii,  Fch.  TJOO. 

Your  classification  of  the  material  views  and  illustrations  are  most 
valuable.— Pro/:  //.  C.  Mercer,  Doylestowti,  Pn.,Jnii.  .V/,  1900. 

Only  yesterday  did  I  find  time  to  look  over  your  pamphlet  on  "The  Hird- 
stone  Ceremonials."  It  is  really  beautiful,  and  I  have  no  doubt  the  collec- 
tion of  opinions  you  have  made,  thus  brought  into  reasonable  compass, 
mav  incite  in(|uirv. — Duvid  Bovlc,  Cunitor  Ciitnidiiiti  Miisctim,  Toronto, 
J  mi  22,  1 !}()(). 

I  am  pleased  with  ytmr  scheme  of  issuing  bulletins  of  various  ornaments. 
It  serves  to  call  s])ecial  attention  to  them  and  will  result  in  l)ringing  to 
notice  a  great  many  rare  specimens  that  are  now  hidden  in  private  collec- 
tions. Your  idea  of  illustrating  as  many  tyi)es  as  can  l)e  ])r()curcd  is  also  a 
good  one.    Gernrd  Fowkc,  Chillicothc,   Ohio,  Jiuuinry  J'J,  lU(H). 


The  book  is  })rinted  on  heavy  ])latc  paper,  well  illusLratcd  willi  llgiires 
rei)rescnting  .")'{  different  forms  of  bird  or  saddle-stones.     .     .  rrol'essor 

Moorehead  is  cautious  in  iiis  conclusions,  and  wiiile  he  advances  sevcnil 
theories,  he  is  not  ])()sitive  in  his  opinions.  He  (juotes  all  the  .-lutliorities. 
The  i)ami)hlet  is  lU  x  10  inches  in  size,  ',V2  i)ages,  and  a  colored  i)lntc.  The 
])rice,  ")()  cents,  is  reasonable.  Such  ])ublicati(ins  should  be  encour.iged, 
and  it  is  to  l)e  hoped  that  other  Bulletins  mav  be  issued. — Popii/.-ir  Science, 
\.   v..  April  1  !>(}(>. 

We  have  received  a  copy  of  a  very  interesting  publication  enibodving  the 
results  of  the  author's  study  of  bird  stones,  relics  of  a  ])rehisloric  age  in 
.\meriea.  Mr.  Moorehead  has  collected  the  (.onjcctures  of  manv  persons 
who  have  essayed  to  solve  the  mystery  of  the  origin.al  ])urpose  of  the  relics, 
and  calls  u])on  his  lellow  investigators  for  a  greater  effort  to  ])enetrate 
this  secret  of  the  \y,\sl.—Pnl.>Iie  Opinion,  .V.  Y.,  Feb.  IDDO. 

Men  who  have  tramped  over  newly  ploughed  ground  in  search  of  Indian 
arrow-heads,  will  be  interested  in  Warren  King  Moorehead's  ])aniplilet  on 
"The  Hird-stone  Ceremonial."  Mr.  Moorehead  lives  at  Saranac  L.ake, 
New  York,  .and  has  not  only  jjicked  up  a  good  many  fine  specimens  of  his 
own,  but  has  conducted  an  elaborate  nivestigation  nito  the  sources  from 
which  the  bird-stones  have  been  obtained.  He  h.as  ascert.-iined  the  views 
of  other  authorities  on  the  subject,  and  has  indulged  in  some  independent 
interpretation  of  his  own.  The  Indian  relics  here  discussed  .are  verv  rare, 
.and  h.avc  received  comi).ar<ativelv  little  attention.— .Vcu-  York  Trihnne,  I-'eh. 
U)(>i). 


;<;; 


Primitive  Man  In  Ohio. 

()2  Illustnitioiis  (mostly  full  p.'iKt').     2K>  pa^^as  toxt,  S  vo.,  hy  mail,  $2. 

Wliik"  the  work  is  larj^^cly  confined  to  a  description  of  Mounil  Huildinji; 
Tril)es  of  the  Oliio  Valley,  collectors  will  tind  in  it  trustworthy  and  posi- 
tive information  as  to  the  character  of  burials,  etc. 

The  recent  larj^e  fmds  of  copj)er  in  the  famous  Lower  Scioto  Mounds 
(Hopewell  and  Porter  ;,f roups)  are  fully  described.  Symbolic  carvin.ys  upon 
bone  are  illustrated,  also  a  cache  of  72H2  Hint  implements  (the  lar;.iest 
deposit  of  relics  in  the  world)  fnuls  in  altars,  pearl  beads,  ocean  shells, 
(|uantities  of  mica,  ceremonials,  etc. 

It  covers  the  exploration  of  more  than  100  mounds,  many  jjraves  and 
villaj^e  sites.  Tells  all  al)out  various  relics  and  their  uses.  Seventeen  lonjf 
chapters. 


"Till'  work  is  sciiDtis  in  its  c'li;ir;u'tcT  ami 
jjivcs  fvi  Ifiu'i'  nl'  l)fiiiH^  c'lrflully  prfpureil. 
The  l)i)()k  is  well  prinU'd,  l';iit-lv  well  itiilcxcil, 
spli'iiiliilly  r<  Icn'iK'i'd  as  lo  !Uitliontii!<,  aiifl 
i<  I'liiiii  ~1k' I  Willi  til  ) -it  I'xccllfiu  ciUs  .•iiid 
illnstralioiis." — Boston  Advcrlisi-r,  Sc))t. 
Jath,  ''.)2. 

"Professor  Moorelifad's  work  is  .'in  cx- 
lian-ilive  cllinoloyio.-il  trcalise.  richly 
worthy  of  the  close  attention  ot  jiersoiis 
interested  in  tliat  branch  ol'  science.  The 
l)oo  <  is  jii  liciiiusly  and  lilier.illy  idii-^t rated." 
—New  York  World,  .\itjj;   aoih.  '1)2 


"Ir.  Moorelie.-td  has  been  a  conspicnotis 
lijime  in  the  ranks  (d  workiiiji  .\nieriean 
.•irchaeoliifiists.  This  is  ;i  nioniiinent  ol 
conscientious  Labor  in  the  ('.isciiialinjf  lield 
of  American  etiinolojfy  and  arcli;ieolo};y." 
—  riiiladel))hia  Public  Led^fr,  Anjj.  lOtli, 
'UJ. 

".\lr.  Moorelie.ail  and  his  colle.''j;nes,  by 
conscientions  spade-work,  iiosi-essed  ti.>iiii- 
sclves  of  every  fragment  of  the  in'imitive 
rac.'s.'ind  their  Ii;indiwork  which  the  ;incieiit 
cemeteries,  fortifications  and  vill.'ij;e  sites 
com.-nneil." — Scotsman.  I:dinbnr>;  (Scot 
land).  Oct.  1.'4-,  '91!. 


C.  P.  Pl'T.NA.MS  SO.NS,  27  W.  2^1)  St.  .\'i:\v  Yokk  Citv.  .\.  Y. 


Fort  Ancient. 


The  (ireatest  Prehistoric  Earthwork  of  the  United  States.  vi7  full  \y-\iii; 
illustrations  and  180paj^es  text.  Lnri^e  foldin<.j  map  from  careful  survev. 
By  mail.  $2.00. 

This  book  represents  continuous  work  of  n  larj^e  force  of  men  for  seven 
months  .at  I-'ort  .\ncient.  The  map  drawn  l)y  Messrs.  Powke  and  Cowen, 
is  considered  ,'is  comi)lete  in  detail  of  any  archt'ieolo^ic  maj)  in  America.  As 
a  result  of  the  ex})lorations  at  Fort  Ancient,  the  Ohio  Legislature  voted  to 
])urchase  and  preserve  as  a  state  park  the  wonderful  enclosure. 

The  survey  was  divided  into  two  sections,  the  one  measurintj  and  niap- 
jjinji  the  eml)anknients,  bastions,  terraces,  mounds,  parallel  walls,  etc.,  and 
the  other  openinj^  the  villa<^e  sites  and  jj^raves,  mounds  and  moats.  In  the 
book  the  entire  work  accomplished  is  faithfidly  described;  character  of  the 
embankments  and  their  composition,  nature  of  stone  work  in  the  eml)ank- 
ments,  extent  of  village  life  at  Fort  Ancient  and  the  kind  of  im])lements, 
utensils  and  weapons  used  by  the  villagers,  i)avements  on  which  they 
danced,  stone  heajis  and  graves  in  which  they  buried,  how  they  built  the 
fort,  into  wh.at  section  they  divided  it,  how  it  eomp.ires  with  other  hill  top 
works  on  the  Ohio  Valley,  their  ])hysical  characteristics,  etc.  The  survey 
ascertained  that  two  trii)cs  contended  for  supremacy  at  Fort  .\ncient. 

thirty-five  lidl-page  phott,gra|)lis.  re))rcsent- 
ing  the  results  of  the  summer's  work." — 
Louisville  Cour  ier-joiirnal.  Keb.  1st,  '90. 

"The  book  iiroves  to  be  the  result  of  a 
very  careful  and  detailed  investigation  for 
which  ethnologists  will  be  thankful  to  the 
luthor.  even  should    his  theories  not   liiid 


Anti(|u;iri;in  literature  has  received  in 
this  volume  of  Mr.  Moorehead's  a  valuable 
contribution  In  the  completeness  of  its 
typographical  work,  its  fine  illustr.itions. 
its  thorough  excavations  made  most  in- 
telligently, the  work  is  one  fully  deserving 
large  pr..ise.'' — Chicago  Inter-Ocean,  Feb. 
1st,  '90. 

The  mounds  and  giaves  were  carefully 
examined,  and  the  book  is  illustrated  with 


general  acceptance." — Science,  March  29th 
'90. 


'1 


The  American  Archaeologist. 


This  niontlily  ])ul)licatic)n  was  hcj^uii  in  Jami.'irv,  'ItT,  and  ran  until 
I"\'l)niir\', '!)!).  TIilto  woiv  LV")  nn:ul)jrs  of  Ml)  p  iv^^-s  cafli  jjrintod, — al)(>nl 
TOO  in  all.     The  subscription  pricv  was  $l.r»()  a  year. 

The  leadintf  arohaeolo.ijjists  and  cthnoloij^ists  contrihnteil  arlick-s.  Thr 
|)ubli(.'ati()n  contains  some  400  illustrations  of  discoveries,  nniscuin  ex- 
hibitions, rare  tonus  of  lelies,  etc. 

The  famous  Hopewell  (Iroup  (Scioto  Valley,  Southern  Ohio)  was  des 
cribed  in  an  article  running  throuj^h  10  nuinl)ers  and  lillini,'  SO  pajj^es.  All 
the  eo])])er,  obsidian,  mica,  ])earl,  Hint,  lead  shell  and  other  remarkable  ol)- 
jeets  taken  from  the  altars  or  found  with  skeletons  are  illustrated.  The  ex- 
ploration of  the  Ho])ewcll  (Iroup  sheds  much  lij^ht  ui)on  the  life  of  Mound 
Builders,  and  as  the  ])ai)er  has  not  been  rei)ublislicd  it  can  only  be  obtained 
throuLfh  the  Archaeoloj^ist  fdes.    Some  other  titles  are:— 


.\  (iniiip  of  Illinois  MoiiikIs,    Stivi'tr. 

Siilidals,  M.'isou. 

Aticiciil  Stoiif  ImaKt's  in  Tennessee,  Thrns- 
ton 

I'rchistoiie  Remains  in  Conncetieiil,  Wil- 
liams. 

The  ni.uiffer  Iiuliati,  Meredith,  I-eeiier,  ete. 

.Notes  on  Delaware  Yillajje  Sites,   Laubaeh. 

.\rehaeolo>;y  of  Cnha,  Hrinton. 

Remains  ol  an  Ancient  City  I-oiind  in 
Mexico,  Saville. 

.-\rt  in  Prehistoric  Times,  Wilson. 

Researches  in  I'loa  Valley,  Honduras, 
Thomas. 

Cist  Mtirials  in  Missouri.  Seever. 


Olacial  .Man,  \Viij,'ht. 

.Vrchaeoloj^ical  Notes,  Read. 

The    Wooden    Pestle    and    .Mortar.    Heau- 

champ. 
Pottery  of  the  .Mound  lUiilders.  (iates. 
Papers  by    Holmes,   Mercer,  Carr,    Powelh 

etc. 
Comparative   .\merican   Civilization,    Maii- 

crot't. 
Inhumation   and    Incineration    in   Ivmope, 
Mar(|nis  N'adadlac. 
Food  of  the  .\mcrican  Indians,  Carr. 
Shell  (lorget  from  .Mexico,  Starr. 
Articles  on  Hematites,  Pipes,  Ceremonials, 

etc. 


Send  $1.50  for  a  Set,  25  Numbers. — 2  years    I  Pay  Kxpress. 

ALLEX   I.   VOSRURCUI,  Saranac  Lake,  N.  V. 


Popular  Science. 


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Natikai.  History  and  all  the  Sciences;  ]>ublishe(l  monthly. 
Contains  illustrated  articles  upon  popular  scientific  subjects 
by  writers  of  authority. 

Prof.  W.  K.  Moorkiikad  contributes  a   paper  upon   areh- 
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ii>rebi3torlc  Hmcrica.     Hy  the 

MAR^iis  i)E    Nadaillac.     Ed- 
ited, with  notes,  by  W.  H.  Dall. 
With  219  illustrations.      $3.00 
"The  best  book  on  this  subject    that    has 
yet  been  published,  it  is  unusually  lull,  and 
it  is  the    first   comprehensive    work   of  its 
kind."— 77je  Xation 


U\K  (lustonis  aiiD  /IDcnuments 
of  prebistoric  peoples.    Hy 

the    MARyris    dk    Nadaii.i.ac. 
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G.  P.  PtTNA.\rs  Sons,  27  W.  23i)  St.  Nkw  Yokk  City,  and  Lonhon. 


Introduction  to 

The    Study    of    North    American    Archaeology. 

By  PROF.  CYRUS  THOMAS. 

Octavo.    408  pages.    (OS  illustrations.    Printed  in  clear  type,  on  superior  quality  of  p^per,  neatly 

bound  in  buckram.    Price  $2.00>  delivered. 

The  Jii'tlior,  who  lor  a  long  tinii'  has  hocn  and  still  is  connected  with  the 
Hureau  oi  American  Ivthnology,  has  enjoyed  unusual  advantaj^es  in  the 
prei)aration  of  such  a  volume.  As  the  work  is  an  introduction  to  the  study 
of  North  American  archaeolo;;y,  or  in  other  words  of  prehistoric  North 
America,  adapted  to  the  use  of  students  Jind  j^^eneral  readers,  and  idso  as  a 
text-hook  in  academies  and  hij^jh  schools,  the  author  has,  .as  a  jijcneral  rule, 
followed  the  conservative  views  of  the  most  recent  authorities,  omittinj^ 
the  discussion  of  disputed  (piestions  which  offer  no  hope  of  final  solution, 
as  the  orij^^in  of  the  Indians,  jj^lacial  man,  etc. 

Its  systematic  arranj^^ement,  its  convenient  size,  its  plain  and  terse  Ian 
jj;uage,  render  it  the  first  work  of  the  kind  adapted  to  the  use  of  schools  and 
academies.     The  time  has  arrived  when  some  work  relating  to  prehistoric 
or  ancient   America   should    he  hrought    into  the  list   of  our  educational 
l)ooks. 

.\fter  the  introductory  chapters  setting  forth  the  jilaii  adopted,  the 
classilicalioii  followed,  liic  materials  availahlc  for  the  study,  and  the  iiuthoil 
of  study,  the  author  arranges  the  remainder  of  his  work  in  three  divisions, 
as  follows:  that  relating  to  the  .Artie  or  Ivskimo  section,  that  relating  to 
the  .Atlantic  section,  including  tliat  part  oi'  the  continent  east  of  llie  Ro^-ky 
Mountains  and  north  of  the  Rio  (Irande,  and  that  rel.'iting  to  llie  l*;ieilic 
section,  emhraeing  the  western  jjortion  of  the  continent  including  all  of 
Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  the  Athajj.ascan  region. 

The  larger  portion  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  the  description  and  dis- 
cussioiv  of  the  char.'icteristic  types  of  the  different  sections.  Cnder  each 
section  the  chief  (piestions  relating  thereto,  as  the  distiiignisliing  features 
of  the  anti(|uities,  their  prohahle  age  and  authors,  the  movements  of  pojiu- 
lation  therein,  etc.,  are  discussed. 

A.  II.  KfaiK-  ( liuf^l.iiul)  ill  ".Man's  l';isl  and  I'ltsi'nt,"  ])|).  -Kl",».  says:  "I)r.  Cvriis '1  luiUias, 
lliaii  wiioiii  IK)  ;;riatcr  anlliniitv  (nu  .Maya  Intidglyplis)  could  he  (itioU'd."  etc. 

".Mtlioti^li  iii)t  acccjjting  on  all  points  llic  conclnsions  of  Prof.  Cyrus  flionias,  ii  is  iin- 
l)ossil)li.' not  to  render  justice  to  till' iniiiurlaiKc  of  his  worU.  to  the  inidlilnde  of  facts  wliii  ii 
lie  lias  L;roniied  lojLjelher  with  a  science  |irotonnd  in  litis  V(dniiie.  wlinii  is  destined  to  hiionic 
the  >■./(/(■;»«'((/;)  oi  all  those  desirous  oi  a  Unowlcdjic  of  .tncieiil  .Vinerica." — Mnniiiiy  al  Xn- 
ilnilluc.  in  IWiuhinpnhii'iL:  I'uris,  Mcli.  '.),  IS'.)'.). 

I'or  the  descriplion  of  the  v.-irions  remains  as  well  as  lor  tlie  acconnt  of  the  arts  and 
inditsli  ies,  el'.,  of  the  huiians.  we  have  old  v  words  (d  coninitnda  ti(/n  ' — .\t  n  ]  i.i  I  l.\ciiii  ^ 
/'«.s(,  .Murch  1'8,  1S<.)'.>. 

"Within  the  field  considered,  this  work  hy    Prof    Thomas  is  far   mor 
.inylhiiiy:  yel  wrillen,  :ind  il  mnsi  conli  ihutc  not  a  little  towards  hinh 
archacolojiy  in  .\inerica.     li  will  serve  admirably   the  purpose    lor   wliici 
l'ri>r.  ir.  //.  IIuIjiics.  ill  the  Amcriain  Aiitliro/joldfrlst,  jtimiury.  lsi»l», 

"The  l)o(d<  is  not  only  a  scientifically  serious  and  determined  etlnrt  to  c( 
yener.illv,  if  not  in  del.iil.  hut  it  is  a  most   enticinj;   piece  of  literar_\    work, 
introduction  to  the  further  study  of  archaiology  and   etlinoloffv   it    is   unparalleled 
iiicrciiil  Trihiinc.  July  17,  l.S'.IS. 

THK  ROHHKT  CLARKE  COMPANY,  IMmlisukks. 

31-35  Bast  Foprtm  Street,  Ci.ncinxati,  O. 


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